Microstructure and mechanical properties of butt joints of QCr0.8/1Cr21Ni5Ti equal-thickness dissimilar materials by electron beam welding

0　IntroductionThedissimilarmaterialsjointisusuallyemployedinindustrialproductiontomakefulluseofthematerialsperformanceadvantageorspecialstructuralpurpose.Thedissimilarmaterialsjoiningtechnologybetweencopperalloyandstainlesssteelhasattractedagreatdealofattention,botheffectiveassemblageputweldedcomponent’scoolingandhighstrengthintoeffect.However,becauseofbothmaterialschemicalandthermophysicalperformancedifferenceandcomplexityofweldingmetallurgy,thedefectsuchaspore,crackandbrittlephaseandarathe…     

Microstructure and fatigue crack growth behaviour of electron beam welding in 30CrMnSiNi2A steel

The effects of two post-weld heat treatment processes on the microstructure and fatigue properties of the electron beam welded joints of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel were studied. Electron beam local post-weld heat treatment ( EBLPWHT) , in a vacuum chamber, immediately after welding and a traditional furnace whole post-weld heat treatment (FWPWHT) were accepted. The experimental results show that, after EBLPWHT, the main microstructure of weld is changed from coarse acicular martensite into lath martensite, and base metal is changed from ferrite and perlite into upper bainite and residual austenite, however the microstructures of different zones of joints in FWPWHT conditions are tempered sorbite. The fatigue crack growth rate da/dN of welds and base metal are not obviously changed among EBLPWHT, FWPWHT test and as-welded (AW) test, as the mechanical properties of materials have a certain but not large effect on the da/dN of welded joints. The resistance to near threshold fatigue crack growth data of welded joints can be largely improved by EBLPWHT and it is related to microstructure and crack closure effect.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy prepared by lost foam casting

The microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 alloy prepared by lost foam casting(LFC) and various heat treatments have been investigated. The microstructure of the AZ91 alloy via LFC consists of dominant α-Mg and β-Mg17Al12 as well as a new phase Al32 Mn25 with size of about 5-50μm, which has not been detected in AZ91 alloy prepared by other casting processes. The tests demonstrate that the as-cast mechanical properties are higher than those of sand gravity casting because of chilling and cushioning effect of foam pattern during the mould filling. The solution kinetics and the aging processes at different temperatures were also investigated by hardness and electrical resistivity measurements. The kinetics of aging are faster at the high temperature due to enhanced diffusion of atoms in the matrix, so the hardness peak at 380℃ occurs after 10 h; while at the lower aging temperature(150℃), the peak is not reached in the time(24 h) considered.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar welded Mg–Al joints by ultrasonic spot welding technique

Abstract

Dissimilar spot welds of magnesium–aluminium alloy were produced via a solid state welding process, i.e. ultrasonic spot welding, and a sound joint was obtained under most of the welding conditions. It was observed that a layer of intermetallic compound (IMC) consisting of Al₁₂M₁₇ formed at the weld centre where the hardness became higher. The lap shear strength and failure energy of the welds first increased and then decreased with increasing welding energy, with the maximum lap shear strength and failure energy occurring at ～1250 J. This was a consequence of the competition between the increasing diffusion bonding arising from higher temperatures and the deterioration effect of the intermetallic layer of increasing thicknesses. Failure predominantly occurred in between the aluminium alloy and the intermetallic layer, which normally stayed at the magnesium side or from the cracks of the IMCs in the reaction layer.     

Microstructurai characterization of electron beam welded joints of TiAl-based intermetallic compound

The feasibility to use electron beam welding to join the nominal composition Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (at.%) alloy was assessed. The microstructure characterization and cracking susceptibility of the joints were evaluated by means of OM,SEM, XRD, and microhardness. It was found that the welded microstructure exhibited columnar and dendritic structures.Microstructural constituents in the fusion zone were a massive gamma structure and some amount of lamellar structure consisting of alternating platelets of α2 and γ. The major contributing factor to the susceptibility to solidification cracking was microsturctural change in this study for the suppression of α phase decomposition leading to produce more retained α2 britfie phase. Compared with transgranular cleavage fracture in the base metal, the weld metal exhibited mainly translamellar fracture.     

Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of alloy 690–SUS 304L butt joints formed by electron beam welding

Abstract

This study investigates the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of alloy 690–SUS 304L stainless steel dissimilar weldments formed by electron beam welding (EBW). Slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRTs) are performed in air and in a 0·01M Na₂S₂O₃ + 1 wt-%NaCl corrosive environment. The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of the weldments are analysed. Experimental results of this study reveal that the precipitation of chromium carbide is suppressed owing to the effect of rapid solidification of EBW in fusion zone (FZ). In addition, there is no chromium depletion found at the grain boundary at all. The interdendritic region of the FZ contains fine precipitates, which are a mixture of Ti rich phases with a rectangular shape and Cr rich phases with an oval shape. Fewer interdendritic phases are formed in the root than in the cap owing to the higher cooling rate in the root region of the weldment. Fracture tests indicate that all the specimens ruptured in the FZ by SSRTs preformed either in air and or in a corrosive environment. The tensile strength and total tensile elongation of the specimen deformed in the 0·01M Na₂S₂O₃ + 1 wt-%NaCl corrosive environment are lower than those of the specimen deformed in air. Fractographic investigations revealed that the fracture mode, in good accordance with mechanical behaviour and performance, transits from a ductile dimple rupture in the specimens tested in air to a mixed rupture of dimples and corrosion formation on fractured surface which obviously assisted the cracking in the specimens tested in the corrosive environment.     

Microstructure and fracture toughness of electron beam welded joints of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel

Two post-weld heat-treatments ( PWHT) , 900℃ oil quenched and low temperature tempered (PWHTA) and high temperature tempered and then 900~C oil quenched and low temperature tempered ( PWHTB ) , are employed to treat the weldment. Then the effect of two post-weld heat-treatment processes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fiacture toughness of electron beam welded joints of 30CrMnSiNt‘2A steel have been discussed. The results show that, after two kinds of PWHT the microstructure and hardness at every zones of EBW joints are nearly same. Although the welds have good mechanical properties, fiacture toughness of both weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ) is low, the CTOD values of welds are comparatively higher than that of HAZ. Microstructure and fiacture toughness of two EBW joints have no evident differences.     

Effect of cooling rate on the microstructure of electron beam welded joints of two-phase TiAl-based alloy

The analysis of the microstructural characterization and phase composition of electron beam welded joint zones of Ti- 43Al-9V-O. 3Y alloy has been done in this study. The welded seam is mainly composed of B2 phase, the partial γ ＋ α2 twophase lamellar structure and granular γm phase. And the lanthanon Y existed as YAl2 phase and served as grain refined. The impact of different cooling rates on joint microstructure, fracture characteristic and tensile strength were investigated. The high cooling rate restrained the structural transformation and resulted in the ordering structure. The fracture of the joint was brittle cleavage fracture because the ordering structure went against restraining the crack propagation. With the decrease of cooling rate, the transformation amounts of lamellar structure increased, and the fracture presented the layered and crosslayered characteristic.     

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Cu–Al joints by ultrasonic welding

Dissimilar joints of copper to aluminium were produced by high power ultrasonic welding (USW). The interfacial reaction between copper and 6061 aluminium alloy as a function of welding time was studied. The intermetallic compound (IMC) layer is mainly composed of CuAl₂ and Cu₉Al₄. The thickness of the IMC layer increases with the welding time. For a relatively long welding time (0·7 s) in USW, the dendritic solidification microstructure was observed in local regions, owing to the occurrence of the eutectic reaction, α-Al+θ→L, in the welding process. The lap shear load (or strength) of the joints first increases and then decreases with increasing welding time, and the failure of the joints occurred dominantly at the interface. This is mainly attributed to the development of IMC layer at the interface.     

Process of friction-stir welding high-strength aluminum alloy and mechanical properties of joint

The process of friction-stir welding 2A12CZ alloy has been studied. And strength and elongation tests have been performed, which demonstrated that the opportunity existed to manipulate friction-stir welding parameters in order to improve a range of material properties. The results showed that the joint strength and elongation arrived at their maximums ( 331 MPa and 4% ) at 37. 5 mm/min and 300 rpm. As welding parameters changing, joint tensile strength and elongation had similar development. Hardness measurement indicated that the weld was softened. However, there was considerable difference in softening degree for different joint zone. The weld top had lower hardness and wider softening zone than other zone of the weld. And softening zone at advancing side was wider than that at retreating side.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-xLi-3Al-1 Ce alloys

Several Mg-xLi-3Al-lCe alloys were prepared by vacuum induction heating. These alloys are Mg-5Li-3Al-lCe, Mg-8Li-3Al-lCe and Mg-14Li-3Al-1C e, respectively. The microstructure and phase composition of these alloys were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The mechanical properties of these alloys were measured with tensile tester. The results show that, Mg-5Li-3Al-1Ce has a single phase （α） structure, Mg-8Li-3Al-lCe has a double phases （α＋β） structure, Mg-14Li-3Al-1Ce has a single phase （β） structure. And some compounds distribute in the matrix. After being rolled, the grain size of all the alloys is refined. Under the condition of the same content of other alloying elements, the mechanical properties of Mg-5Li-3Al-1Ce are relatively high. With increasing Li content, the strength of both as-cast and as-rolled alloy decrease. For the as-cast alloys, with increasing Li content, the elongation increases. While for the as-rolled alloys, with increasing Li content, the elongation decreases. Ce has refining effect on these alloys.     

Tensile properties and failure analysis of Ti–6Al–4V joints by electron beam welding

The microstructural and mechanical characterization of electron beam welded joints of forged Ti–6Al–4V were investigated. Microhardness tests indicate that the hardness of the fusion zone(FZ) is higher than that of the heat-affected zone(HAZ) and base metal. The tensile results show that the mechanical properties of the welded joints are comparable with those of the base metal in terms of static strength and are in accordance with the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints. The ultimate tensile strength of the weld is equal to that of the hourglass joint, which indicates that the mechanical properties of the longitudinal FZ and those of the transverse FZ are the same. Macromechanical behavior and macrofracture and microfracture of the base material,joint, and weld specimens are observed. A comparison among the three types of specimen fracture phenomena reveals the following distinctive differences:(1) the fracture mode,(2) the micrograph of the dimple pattern at the central region, and(3) the size of the dimple at the central region and the transition region.     

Microstructure characterization and mechanical properties of Mg-9Li-5Al-1Zn-0.6RE alloy

Mg-9Li-5Al-1Zn-0.6RE alloy was prepared by vacuum induction heating. The microstructure and phases composition of the alloy were analyzed with optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. Then the effect of homogenization temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy was studied. The hardness of samples under different homogenization temperatures was measured. The results show that, the alloy is composed of a phase, β phase, Mg17Al12 and AlLi. RE added into the alloy is solved in a phase and β phase completely. After homogenization heat treatment, the needle-like a phase disappears. With the increase of homogenization temperature, the shape of a phase is spherical-like first, then vennicular-like, and large block-like finally. The variation of the shape of a phase causes the hardness of sample to change accordingly. The most favorable homogenization temperature for microstructure and mechanical properties is 150 ℃.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6A1-4RE-0.4Mn alloy

Mg-6Al--4RE-0.4Mn （mass fraction, %, RE=Ce rich mischmetal） alloy was prepared by steel mould casting technique. Solid solution and artificial aging （T6） were carried out. The microstructure and mechanical properties of both as-cast and T6 treated alloys were investigated at room temperature and 423 K. It is found that the intermetallic compounds of the as-cast and T6 treated alloys were mainly composed of Al11RE3, Mg17Al12 and Al6REMn6. The Vickers hardness （Hv） of the as-cast alloy is 63 and it increases to 70 after T6 heat treatment. T6 heat treatment plays a slight role in the tensile properties at room temperature, but the yield strength and elongation of T6 state at 423 K are distinctly improved. The yield strength and elongation of the as-cast alloy at 423 K are 71 MPa and 18%, respectively, and the values increase after T6 heat treatment, which is attributed to Al11RE3, Mg17Al12 and Al6REMn6 precipitates that impede the dislocation movement and gliding of grain boundaries effectively.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi Laves alloys

Two Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi Laves phase alloys with chemical compositions ofNi-39Ti-11Si and Ni-42Ti-8Si （%, mole fraction, the same below）, respectively, were fabricated by the laser melting deposition manufacturing process, aiming at studying the effect of Ti, Si contents on microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys. The Ni-39Ti-llSi alloy consisting of Ti2Ni3Si primary dendrites and Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi eutectic matrix is a conventional hypereutectic Laves phase alloy while the Ni-42Ti-8Si alloy being made up of NiTi primary dendrites uniformly distributed in Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi eutectic is a new hypoeutectic alloy. Mechanical properties of the alloys were investigated by nano-indentation test. The results show that the decrease of Si and the increase of Ti contents change the microstructures of the alloys from hypereutectic to hypoeutectic, which influences the mechanical properties of the alloys remarkably. Corrosion behaviors of the alloys were also evaluated by potentiodynamic anodic polarization curves.     

Diffusion welding process and joint＇s microstructure behavior of SiCW／6061Al composite

The rules such as process parameters affecting joint properties and the evolution principle of weld‘s microstructure have been researched by adopting diffusion welding process to connect SiCw/6061Al composite. Experimental results show that there exists a critical temperature region between solid and liquid phase line of SiCw/6061A1 composite, and the region will shrink with the increasing of welding pressure. When diffusion welding occurred under the critical temperature region, welding joint exhibits bad property of bonding, and the matrix and the reinforcement can‘t bond effectively. When diffusion welding occurred in the critical temperature region, the strength of welding joint changes widely with the variation of welding temperature. When welding temperature varies in 10℃, the strength of welding joint will change obviously.Only when welding temperature is higher than the critical temperature region, stable joint properties can be obtained. Simultaneously the matrix and the reinforcement has better interfacial bonded in diffusion welding interface, and no obvious interface reaction occurred, and thus diffusion welding of SiCw/6061Al composite can be successfully realized.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V compacts by metal injection molding

Ti-6Al-4V compacts were fabricated by metal injection molding(MIM). Influence of vacuum sintering time on mechanical properties and microstructure of the sintered compacts at 1 260 ℃ were investigated. The experimental results show that the compacts sintered at 1 260 ℃ for 3 -6 h, which was made from hydrogenation-dehydrogenation(HDH) powder(average particles size is 45 μm), have a relative density of 95.6%- 96.7%, ultimate tensile strength of 648 - 686MPa and 0.2% yield strength of 526 - 615MPa; but a lower elongation(＜4%) and that the compacts sintered at 1 260 ℃ for 2 - 6 h, which was made from 90% gas-atomized powder(average particles size is 32.5 μm) and 10 % HDH powder, have higher relative density(＞95 %), ultimate tensile strength of 800 -848MPa,0.2% yield strength of 712 - 762MPa and high elongation (7.4%- 9.5%). When the sintering time is increased,porosity decreases and microstructure of sintered products changes from equiaxed to typical Widmanstatten, the average sizes of prior β grains, α colonies and α phase thickness in the β grains increase accordingly. After HIP treatment,pores obviously become less, microstructure of alloy is refined and mechanical properties are greatly improved.     

Microstructure and properties of p-type （Bi0.25Sb0.75）2Te3 fabricated by spark plasma sintering

P-type thermoelectric material （Bi0.25Sb0.75）2Te3 was sintered by spark plasma sintering（SPS） process in the temperature range of 320-420℃. The microstructures of sintered materials were found to be well aligned, particularly when sintered at lower sintering temperatures. The electrical conductivity of the material became larger as the sintering temperature increased. The Seebeck coefficient showed a general decreasing tendency with an increase in sintering temperature. In terms of the power factor, the optimum sintering temperature was found to be 380 ℃ for a maximum value of around 2.6 mW/K.     

Magnetic properties and structure of Ni80Fe20/Ni48Fe12Cr40 bilayer films deposited on SiO2/Si（100） by electron beam evaporation

Ni80Fe20/Ni48Fe12Cr40 bilayer films and Ni80Fe20 monolayer films were deposited at room temperature on SiO2/Si（100） substrates by electron beam evaporation. The influence of the thickness of the Ni48Fe12Cr40 underlayer on the structure, magnetization, and magnetoresistance of the Ni80Fe20/Ni48Fe12Cr40 bilayer film was investigated. The thickness of the Ni48Fe12Cr40 layer varied from about 1 nm to 18 nm while the Ni80Fe20 layer thickness was fixed at 45 nm. For the as-deposited bilayer films the introducing of the Ni48Fe12Cr40 underlayer promotes both the （111） texture and grain growth in the Ni80Fe20 layer. The Ni48Fe12Cr40 underlayer has no significant influence on the magnetic moment of the Ni80Fe20/Ni48Fe12Cr40 bilayer film. However, the coercivity of the bilayer film changes with the thickness of the Ni48Fe12Cr40 undedayer. The optimum thickness of the Ni48Fe12Cr40 underlayer for improving the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect of the Ni80Fe20/Ni48Fe12Cr40 bilayer film is about 5 nm. With a decrease in temperature from 300 K to 81 K, the anisotropic magnetoresistance ratio of the Ni80Fe20 （45 nm）/Ni48Fe12Cr40 （5 nm） bilayer film increases linearly from 2.1% to 4.8% compared with that of the Ni80Fe20 monolayer film from 1.7% to 4.0%.     

Microstructure and storage properties of low V-containing Ti–Cr–V hydrogen storage alloys prepared by arc melting and suction casting

The microstructure and hydrogen storage properties of low V content （Ti0.46Cr0.54）100-xVx （x = 2.5-7.1, at%） and （TiyCr1-y）95V5 （y= 0.38-0.54） alloys were investigated. These alloys were prepared by arc melting and copper mould suction casting. The structures of as-cast （Ti0.46Cr0.54）100-xVx （x = 2.5, 5.0, and 7.1） alloy ingots evolve with V contents from pure Laves-（x = 2.5） to dual-phase TiCr2-BCC structures （5.0 and 7.1）, whereas the suction-cast （Ti0.46Cr0.54）100-xVx （x =2.5, 5.0, and 7.1） alloys only contain single BCC phase. The suction-cast alloy rod （Ti0.46Cr0.54）95V5, containing only 5.0 at% V is shown to possess the optimum hydrogen absorption capacity, with the maximum hydrogen content of 3.14 wt%. Furthermore, the hydrogen storage properties of the suction-cast low V alloys （TiyCr1-y）95V5 （y = 0.38-0.54） are sensitive to Ti/Cr ratios and only those alloys with Ti/Cr ratios close to the CN14 cluster [TiTCrs] have good hydrogen storage properties.