W-band CPW RF MEMS circuits on quartz substrates

This paper presents W-band coplanar waveguide RF microelectromechanical system (MEMS) capacitive shunt switches with very low insertion loss (-0.2 to -0.5 dB) and high-isolation (/spl les/ -30 dB) over the entire W-band frequency range. It is shown that full-wave electromagnetic modeling using Sonnet can predict the performance of RF MEMS switches up to 120 GHz. Also presented are W-band 0/spl deg//90/spl deg/ and 0/spl deg//180/spl deg/ switched-line phase shifters with very good insertion loss (1.75 dB/bit at 90 GHz) and a wide bandwidth of operation (75-100 GHz). These circuits are the first demonstration of RF MEMS digital-type phase shifters at W-band frequencies and they outperform their solid-state counterparts by a large margin.     

高隔离度宽频带MEMS双膜桥开关

利用一种新型双边加直流驱动电极的电容耦合式MEMS并联膜开关与直接接触式并联膜开关进行级联,形成MEMS双膜开关.通过对其尺寸和结构的优化,降低开关阈值电压,Coventor软件模拟表明,开关的阈值电压小于20V;通过对其匹配设计改善开关的高频性能,HFSS软件模拟的结果表明,在DC～20GHz整个频带内,开关的插入损耗优于-0.1dB,反射损耗低于-30dB,隔离度低于-20dB,在 谐振点处隔离度能达到-40dB.     

RF MEMS开关的设计分析

针对具有低损耗、高隔离度性能的微机电系统(Micro-Electro-Mechanical System,MEMS)开关,介绍了串联DC式和并联电容式的开关结构模型,并对并联电容式MEMS开关的工作原理、等效电路模型和制造工艺流程进行了描述,利用其模型研究了开关的微波传输性能,设计了一款电容耦合式开关并进行了仿真。由仿真结果可得,开关"开态"时的插入损耗在40 GHz以内优于-0.3 dB;开关"关态"时的隔离度在20～40 GHz相对较宽的频带内优于-20 dB。     

Distributed 2- and 3-bit W-band MEMS phase shifters on glass substrates

This paper presents state-of-the-art RF microelectromechanical (MEMS) phase shifters at 75-110 GHz based on the distributed microelectromechanical transmission-line (DMTL) concept. A 3-bit DMTL phase shifter, fabricated on a glass substrate using MEMS switches and coplanar-waveguide lines, results in an average loss of 2.7 dB at 78 GHz (0.9 dB/bit). The measured figure-of-merit performance is 93/spl deg//dB-100/spl deg//dB (equivalent to 0.9 dB/bit) of loss at 75-110 GHz. The associated phase error is /spl plusmn/3/spl deg/ (rms phase error is 1.56/spl deg/) and the reflection loss is below -10 dB over all eight states. A 2-bit phase shifter is also demonstrated with comparable performance to the 3-bit design. It is seen that the phase shifter can be accurately modeled using a combination of full-wave electromagnetic and microwave circuit analysis, thereby making the design quite easy up to 110 GHz. These results represent the best phase-shifter performance to date using any technology at W-band frequencies. Careful analysis indicates that the 75-110-GHz figure-of-merit performance becomes 150/spl deg//dB-200/spl deg//dB, and the 3-bit average insertion loss improves to 1.8-2.1 dB if the phase shifter is fabricated on quartz substrates.     

Inline capacitive and DC-contact MEMS shunt switches

This paper presents inline capacitive MEMS shunt switches suitable for X/K-band and Ka/V-band applications. The inline switch allows for a low- or high-inductance connection to the ground plane without changing the mechanical characteristics of the MEMS bridge. Excellent isolation and loss are achieved with this design, and the performance is very similar to the standard capacitive MEMS shunt switch. Also, a new metal-to-metal contact MEMS shunt switch is presented. A novel pull-down electrode is used which applies the electrostatic force at the same location as the metal-to-metal contact area. A contact resistance of 0.15-0.35 Ω is repeatable, and results in an isolation of -40 dB at 0.1-3 GHz. The measured isolation is still better than -20 dB at 40 GHz. The application areas are in high-isolation/low-loss switches for telecommunication and radar systems     

High-isolation CPW MEMS shunt switches. 2. Design

For pt.1 see ibid., vol.48, no.6, p.1045-1052 (2000). In this paper, the second of two parts, the equivalent RLC model of the shunt switch is used in the design of tuned two- and four-bridge “cross” switches from 10 to 40 GHz. The cross switch attained an insertion loss of less than 0.3-0.6 dB, a return loss below -20 dB from 22 to 38 GHz in the up state, and a down-state isolation of 45-50 dB with only 1.5 pF of down-state capacitance (C_d). Also, an X-band microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switch with an insertion loss of less than 0.2 dB and an isolation of 35 dB is presented. This is done by inductively tuning the LC series resonance of the shunt switch. The MEMS bridge height is 1.5-2.5 μm, resulting in a pull-down voltage of 15-25 V. Application areas are in low-loss high-isolation communication and radar     

高隔离度S波段MEMS膜桥开关

常规的 MEMS膜桥开关在 1 0 GHz以上频段才具有低插损、高隔离度 (>2 0 d B)的优点。文中介绍了一种应用于微波低频段—— S波段的高隔离 MEMS膜桥开关 ,给出了开关的设计与优化方法 ,建立了开关的等效电路模型。通过双膜桥结构、选择高介电常数的介质膜、微电感结构膜桥这些措施 ,达到提高开关隔离度的目的。利用 HFSS软件仿真的结果表明 ,该开关在微波低频段 (3～ 6GHz)有着很好的隔离性能。开关样品在片测试的电性能指标 :插损 <0 .3 d B,隔离度 >40 d B,驱动电压 <2 0 V     

Wideband DC-contact MEMS series switch

The demonstration of a wideband DC-contact MEMS series switch on an alumina substrate is reported. The switch is based on a cantilever beam design. The tip of the cantilever beam was formed into a fork tip design, and its RF performance was measured and compared with a regular rectangular tip. This design reduced up-state capacitance from 10 to 3.8 fF. The beam with fork tip exhibited high isolation: -39, -32 and -17.3 dB at 5, 10 and 77 GHz, respectively. The measured insertion loss was -0.142, -0.172 and 0.36 dB at 5, 10 and 77 GHz, respectively. The switch had low actuation voltage (⩽39 V) and a relatively fast switching time of 45 s. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a high-performance cantilever beam design DC-contact MEMS series switch at W-band frequencies.     

基于SP4T开关的4位MEMS开关线式移相器设计

设计了一款4位MEMS开关线式移相器,由SP4TMEMS开关和微带传输线构成,工作于X波段。单刀四掷(single pole 4throw,SP4T)开关用于切换两条不同电长度的信号通道,即参考相位通道和延迟相位通道。每个SP4T开关包含4个悬臂梁接触式RF MEMS串联开关。介绍了4位MEMS开关线式移相器的总体设计,并给出了其关键部件SP4T开关和相位延迟线的设计细节。采用ADS软件仿真分析了器件的电气性能。仿真分析得到:SP4T开关在中心频率10GHz处的回波损耗为-36dB,插入损耗约为0.18dB;移相器各相位的回波损耗均低于-15dB,插入损耗为-0.8～-0.4dB。这种射频MEMS移相器具有小型化、低功耗和高隔离度的优点。     

X-波段MEMS单刀双掷开关的研究

利用X-波段MEMS单刀单掷膜开关和成熟的微带线技术设计了一种X-波段MEMS单刀双掷膜开关,其模拟结果为;阈值电压为19V左右,工作频率为8～12GHz,在中心频率（10GHz）处,导通开关的插入损耗为-0．2dB,截止开关的隔离度为-21dB,开关的回波损耗为-43dB。     

基于滤波器综合分析法的118 GHz单刀二掷开关

采用滤波器综合分析方法, 基于分立式AlGaAs/GaAs异质结PIN二极管, 根据其等效寄生参数, 综合出单刀二掷开关集总参数滤波器模型, 以此分析其等效分布参数电路, 设计出了118 GHz星载辐射计用单刀二掷开关准单片, 开关电路尺寸6×2.5×0.1 mm3.通过开关模块封装用波导-微带过渡和键合金带插损的分析研究, 研制出了低插损的118 GHz开关模块, 在110~120 GHz, 测得开关插损小于3.0 dB, 插损典型值2.6 dB;开关隔离度大于22 dB;开关响应时间、导通时间、关断时间、恢复时间分别小于18 ns、20 ns、10 ns、18 ns, 该准单片作为通道切换开关可集成应用于118 GHz收发组件中.     

基于微机电系统开关的四位移相器设计

为了解决相控阵雷达小型化和低损耗的问题,设计了一个工作频率为2.2 GHz的射频微机电系统(MEMS)四位开关线型移相器。首先分析了直接接触式MEMS串联开关的插入损耗和隔离度,并得到仿真结果。在此基础上设计了基于该开关的移相范围为0~180o的四位移相器电路,相移量为12o每步。采用HFSS软件对其进行仿真,得到移相精确度、插入损耗和隔离度等关键结果,移相器工作在2.2 GHz时,隔离度大于20 dB,插入损耗小于1 dB。该设计与传统移相器相比体积更小,且具有更小的插入损耗和更大的隔离度。     

单刀双掷RF MEMS开关的研究与设计

介绍了一种基于横向金属接触的DC-5GHz单刀双掷RF MEMS开关的研究与设计．横向金属接触开关包括了一套有限的共面波导（FGCPW）传输线和左右摆动的悬臂梁．为了降低开启电压,设计了一种曲折型的折叠梁结构,通过理论分析与仿真实验验证了该结构的可行性,并利用MetalMUMPs工艺加以实现．测试结果显示,该开关在5GHz处的插入损耗为0．8dB,回波损耗大于20dB,隔离度为40dB．测得最低开启电压为33V．     

RF MEMS开关工艺技术研究

RFMEMS开关是用MEMS技术形成的新型电路元件,与传统的半导体开关器件相比具有插入损耗低、隔离度大等优点,将对现有雷达和通信中RF结构产生重大影响。文章介绍了RFMEMS开关的基本工艺流程设计,工艺制作技术的研究。实验解决了种子层技术、聚酰亚胺牺牲层技术、微电镀技术的工艺难题,制作出了RFMEMS开关样品,基本掌握了RFMEMS器件的制作工艺技术。RFMEMS开关样品测试的技术指标为:膜桥高度2μm～3μm、驱动电压<30V、频率范围0～40GHz、插入损耗≤1dB、隔离度≥20dB,样品参数性能达到了设计要求。     

RF MEMS单刀四掷矩阵开关的研究

介绍了一个RF MEMS单刀四掷矩阵开关的设计，用四个串联式、电阻接触型、悬臂梁RF MEMS开关制作在微带电路板上完成。在频带1～5GHz内，单刀四掷矩阵开关的插入损耗〈0．8dB，开关隔离度〉38dB，驻波系数〈1．2。悬臂梁开关的激励电压为直流电压35～45V。     

A low-loss single-pole six-throw switch based on compact RF MEMS switches

A low-loss single-pole six-throw (SP6T) switch using very compact metal-contact RF microelectromechanical system (MEMS) series switches is presented. The metal-contact MEMS switch has an extremely compact active area of 0.4 mm /spl times/ 0.3 mm, thus permitting the formation of an SP6T MEMS switch into the RF switch with a total area of 1 mm/sup 2/. The MEMS switch shows an effective spring constant of 746 N/m and an actuation time of 8.0 /spl mu/s. It has an isolation loss from -64.4 to -30.6dB and an insertion loss of 0.08-0.19 dB at 0.5-20 GHz. Furthermore, in order to evaluate RF performances of the SP6T MEMS switch, as well as those of the single-pole single-throw RF MEMS series switch, we have performed small-signal modeling based on a parameter-extraction method. Accurate agreement between the measured and modeled RF performances demonstrates the validity of the small-signal model. The SP6T switch performed well with an isolation loss from -62.4 to -39.1dB and an insertion loss of 0.19-0.70 dB from dc to 6 GHz between the input port and each output port.     

双膜桥微波MEMS开关

介绍了一种双膜桥微波MEMS开关 ,给出了开关的设计与优化方法 ,建立了开关的仿真模型 ,使用硅表面微机械工艺制造了双膜桥开关样品 ,其主要结构为硅衬底上制作CPW金属传输线电极和介质层 ,然后制作具有微电感结构的金属膜桥 ,提高了开关隔离度。利用HFSS软件仿真的结果表明 ,该开关在微波低频段 (3～ 6GHz)有着很好的隔离性能。研制的开关样品在片测试的电性能指标为 :插损小于 0 .3dB ,隔离度大于 4 0dB ,驱动电压小于 2 4V。     

一种雪花型MEMS单刀五掷开关的研究与设计

针对MEMS单刀多掷(SPMT)开关插入损耗及隔离度较差的问题,设计了一种基于雪花型功分器的单刀五掷(SP5T)MEMS开关,通过雪花型功分器实现信号的均衡分配和低损耗传输.通过设计H形上电极结构,有效减小开关弱接触,增强开关接触稳定性,实现信号的高隔离.采用HFSS仿真软件,对开关的插入损耗、隔离、驱动电压和应力分布...     

W-band single-layer vertical transitions

Vertical single-layer transitions operating at W-band frequencies have been developed. The designs are uniplanar, use electromagnetic coupling, and do not require via holes or air bridges. The first transition uses coplanar-waveguide-mode coupling and results in an insertion loss of better than 0.6 dB over the whole band, with a loss of 0.25 dB from 85 to 110 GHz. The return loss is better than -10 dB from 75 to 110 GHz. The second transition uses microstrip-mode coupling and results in a 0.2-dB insertion loss over the whole W-band. These transitions can prove very useful for millimeter-wave packaging and vertical interconnects     

High-isolation CPW MEMS shunt switches. 1. Modeling

This paper, the first of two parts, presents an electromagnetic model for membrane microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) shunt switches for microwave/millimeter-wave applications. The up-state capacitance can be accurately modeled using three-dimensional static solvers, and full-wave solvers are used to predict the current distribution and inductance of the switch. The loss in the up-state position is equivalent to the coplanar waveguide line loss and is 0.01-0.02 dB at 10-30 GHz for a 2-μm-thick Au MEMS shunt switch. It is seen that the capacitance, inductance, and series resistance can be accurately extracted from DC-40 GHz S-parameter measurements. It is also shown that dramatic increase in the down-state isolation (20⁺ dB) can be achieved with the choice of the correct LC series resonant frequency of the switch. In part 2 of this paper, the equivalent capacitor-inductor-resistor model is used in the design of tuned high isolation switches at 10 and 30 GHz