Time delay modeling and compensation of dithered RLG POS with antivibrators and filter

A high rate sampling and digital filter can demodulate and remove the dither noise of RLG caused by mechanical dither. However, the time delay caused by antivibration system and digital filter severely reduce the measurement precision, and become a key problem. To solve the problem, a time delay modeling and compensation method of dithered RLG POS was proposed. An optimized multi-degree uncoupled antivibration system was designed. The dynamic response time delay model based on antivibrator characteristics was established. A linear FIR digital filter was designed to remove dither signal of RLG, the filtering time delay model was accurately established. The RLG POS can accurately measure space–time information by time delay compensation. The experimental results show that the attitude errors are reduced to 0.0028°, 0.0044° and 0.0021° from 0.0033°, 0.0058° and 0.0104°, using proposed time delay compensation method. It contributes to realize high quality image of optical camera without ground control points.     

Influence of Cr content on tribological properties of Ni3Al matrix high temperature self-lubricating composites

High temperature self-lubricating composites Ni₃Al-BaF₂-CaF₂-Ag-Cr were fabricated by powder metallurgy technique. In this paper the effect of Cr content on tribological properties at a wide temperature range starting from room temperature to 1000 °C was investigated. It was found that Ni₃Al matrix composite with 20 wt% Cr exhibited low friction coefficient of 0.24-0.37 and a wear rate of 0.52-2.32×10⁻⁴ mm³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹. Especially at 800 °C it showed the lowest friction coefficient of 0.24 and a favorable wear rate of 0.71×10⁻⁴ mm³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹. This implied that 20 wt% Cr was the optimal Cr content and its excellent tribological performance could be attributed to the balance between strength and lubricity.     

Charge compensation by in-situ heating for insulating ceramics in scanning electron microscope

With a steady temperature increase under high vacuum (HV) in an environmental scanning electronic microscope, we observed charge-free characterization and fine secondary electron (SE) images in focus for insulating ceramics (alumina (Al₂O₃), aluminum nitride (AlN), pure magnesium silicate (Mg₂SiO₄)). The sample current I_sc increased from −8.18×10⁻¹³ to 2.76×10⁻⁷ A for Al₂O₃ and −9.28×10⁻¹² to 2.77×10⁻⁶ A for AlN with the temperature increased from 298 to 633 K. The surface conductance σ increased from 5.6×10⁻¹³ to 5.0×10⁻¹¹/Ω for Al₂O₃ and 1.1×10⁻¹² to 1.0×10⁻⁷/Ω for AlN with the temperature increased from 363 to 593 K. The SE image contrast obtained via heating approach in high vacuum with an Everhart–Thornley SE-detector was better than that via conventional approach of electron–ion neutralization in low vacuum (LV) with a gaseous SE-detector. The differences of compensation temperatures for charge effects indicate dielectric and thermal properties, and band structures of insulators. The charge compensation mechanisms of heating approach mainly relate to accelerated release of trapped electrons on insulating surface and to increase of electron emission yield by heating.     

Thermal diffusivity measurement of Au nanofluids of very low concentration by using photoflash technique

In this paper, the application of photoflash technique to measuring the thermal diffusivity of gold nanofluids of very low concentration at room temperature was presented. The nanofluid samples were prepared from the pulse laser ablation procedure. The thermal diffusivity was obtained by fitting the theoretical temperature signal to the experimental data, and it was found to increase linearly from 1.47 × 10⁻³ cm² s⁻¹ to 1.68 × 10⁻³ cm² s⁻¹ as the concentration increased from 1.11 mg/L to 3.18 mg/L. The increase in thermal diffusivity in these multidispersed nanofluids was attributed to the higher nanoparticle concentration as well as to the increasing presence of the smaller size nanoparticles.     

Modeling and compensation of MEMS gyroscope output data based on support vector machine

The modeling and compensation method of the angular rate error of MEMS gyro MG31-300, based on support vector machine, is described in this paper. Reference angular rates were generated by the single-axis rate turntable. The output data of MG31-300 under different input angular rates were collected and analyzed. Considering the nonlinear and random characteristics of the angular rate error, the support vector machine model is established, which uses the output voltage of gyro as the input and provides angular rate error as the output. The resolution of the angular rate error is improved by this modeling method. The result shows that the fitting error of the model was 0.0701°/s (1σ). Finally, within MG31-300 measuring range (−300°/s to 300°/s), some testing points besides the training samples were selected to testify and verify the model. The results indicate that, the support vector machine model has high precision and good generalization ability.     

Ni3Al matrix high temperature self-lubricating composites

A Ni₃Al matrix high temperature self-lubricating composite Ni₃Al-BaF₂-CaF₂-Ag-Cr was fabricated by the powder metallurgy technique, and tribological behavior at a wide temperature range from room temperature to 800 °C was investigated. The results indicated that the composite exhibited low friction coefficients (0.30-0.36) and wear rates (0.65-2.45×10⁻⁴ mm³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹). It was found that the low friction coefficient was attributed to the synergistic effects of Ag, fluorides and chromates formed in the tribo-chemical reaction at high temperatures. The low wear rate of the composite was due to the high strength and the excellent lubricating properties.     

Studies of high temperature sliding wear of metallic dissimilar interfaces IV: Nimonic 80A versus Incoloy 800HT

Wear variations of Nimonic 80A slid against Incoloy 800HT between room temperature (RT) and 750 °C, and sliding speeds of 0.314 and 0.905 m s⁻¹ were investigated using a ‘reciprocating-block-on-cylinder’, low debris retention configuration. These were considered alongside previous observations at 0.654 m s⁻¹.Different wear types occurring were mapped, including high transfer ‘severe wear’ (RT and 270 °C, also 0.905 m s⁻¹ at ≤570°C), low transfer ‘severe wear’ (0.314 m s⁻¹ at 390 °C to 510 °C oxide abrasion assisted at 510 °C), and ‘mild wear’ (0.314 m s⁻¹ at ≥570 °C; 0.905 m s⁻¹ at ≥630 °C). Wear surfaces at 750 °C were cross-sectioned and profiled.     

运载火箭上面级惯性与天文组合导航系统设计

针对运载火箭上面级惯性导航随时间累积而误差增大以至不能满足长时间工作要求的问题,对采用星敏感器和地球敏感器修正惯性导航误差的方案进行了研究。首先,导出了上面级常用坐标系定义和姿态转换矩阵。然后,根据惯性导航的误差传播特性、星敏感器测量方程和地球敏感器的模拟测量方程,给出了组合导航的状态方程和观测方程。最后,设计了基于Matlab/dSpace仿真平台的星敏感器在导航回路中的半物理仿真实验。实验结果表明,组合导航使惯性导航位置误差矢量和从1.1719×104m减小到1.0367×103m,速度误差矢量和从11.2827m/s减小到3.6626m/s,姿态误差从0.1°减小到5′,说明了该组合导航方案能够有效修正惯性导航时间累积误差,半实物仿真实验验证了惯性/天文组合导航方案的可行性与正确性。     

A DOE nano-tribological study of thin amorphous carbon-based films

A design of experiment (DOE) matrix of 150 nm non-hydrogenated amorphous C and Cr doped amorphous C films was produced to investigate the effect of four key coating process parameters (use of an adhesion layer, Cr magnetron current, cathodic substrate bias voltage and Ar flow to the chamber) using a new rapid method of nano-scale wear test under conditions relevant to MEMS and similar devices. The condition of nano-wear was produced by controlled oscillation of the sample mounting within a nanoindentation system under ultra-low normal load. Specific wear rates were low, typically in the range 6-24×10⁻¹⁷ m³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹. The results were processed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure which showed that: hardness was reduced in the Cr containing films whilst specific wear rate and data scatter increased, increasing the cathodic substrate bias voltage reduced the specific wear rate due to increased coating hardness, the use of a Cr adhesion layer reduced the specific wear rate and scatter of results with Cr doped films but had no effect on pure a-C films, and Ar flow rate had no significant effect on specific wear rate but strongly interacted with the effect of the cathodic bias voltage.     

A compensation method for measuring the junction temperature of a p +-p-n + silicon structure

The principle of determining the temperature of an active junction is considered. The method is based on measuring the temperature dependence of the forward bias voltage using the compensation method that provides the direct calibration of the junction temperature as a function of the bias voltage. An example of a microwave diode on a p ⁺-p-n ⁺ silicon structure is used to determine the dependences of the junction temperature on the magnitude of the flowing direct current and applied pulsed power with a variable frequency.     

Studies of high temperature sliding wear of metallic dissimilar interfaces III: Incoloy MA956 versus Incoloy 800HT

Wear variations of Incoloy MA956 slid against Incoloy 800HT between room temperature and 750 °C, and sliding speeds of 0.314, 0.654 and 0.905 m s⁻¹ were investigated using a ‘reciprocating block-on-cylinder’ (low debris retention) configuration.Three forms of wear depending largely on sliding temperature were observed: ‘severe wear’ with high transfer between room temperature and 270 °C, ‘severe wear’ with low transfer between 390 and 570 °C and ‘glaze formation’ (retarded by increased sliding speed) at 630 °C and above. The differences in wear behaviour are discussed, with wear behaviour mapped and wear surfaces at 750 °C (0.314 and 0.905 m s⁻¹) cross-sectioned and profiled.     

单轴旋转惯导系统中陀螺漂移的精确校准

基于惯导系统的误差传播特性和轴向陀螺对经纬度误差的影响规律,提出了精确校准轴向陀螺漂移的方法以解决在单轴旋转惯导系统中单轴旋转只能自动补偿与转轴垂直的陀螺漂移,不能补偿轴向陀螺漂移的问题.首先,介绍了单轴旋转惯导系统自动补偿的基本原理.然后,在静基座的条件下分析了轴向陀螺漂移、初始方位和姿态角误差、初始速度误差等对经纬度的影响规律.提出了一种利用经纬度误差作为观测量,采用最小二乘法对轴向陀螺漂移进行精确校准的新方法.最后,利用激光陀螺单轴旋转惯导系统进行了静态导航试验和跑车试验.实验结果显示,该方法对轴向陀螺漂移的辨识精度达到o.000 5(°)/h,系统的定位精度优于1 nm/72 h.该方法能够有效地辨识轴向陀螺漂移,使系统达到较高的导航精度,具有很强的工程实用价值.     

Study of sample temperature compensation in the measurement of soil moisture content

Since the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum is susceptible to sample temperature fluctuations, we investigate the influence of sample temperature on the predictive power of calibration model for soil moisture content (MC) and propose the multi-source information fusion technology based on back propagation neural network (BPNN) to compensate for sample temperature effect. With the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as the pre-processing method and the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) regression as the modeling method, a model at 20 °C to predict MC of the soil samples at other temperatures was established. The results show that except for 20 °C, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) are large. We analyze the predicted results with the dual-factor analysis of variance without duplication and the result shows that the effect of sample temperature on the prediction model for soil MC is significant. A temperature compensation model was then established with combining of soil MC and sample temperature based on BPNN. The predicted results showed that the prediction precision of the model was improved significantly.     

Improved system for the automatic calibration of standard resistors in the meg-ohm range

An automated measuring system has been developed to improve the calibration of high value standard resistors in the meg-ohm range at the National Institute for Standards (NIS), Egypt. This system is suitable for the calibration of the standard resistors from 100 kΩ to 100 MΩ using the DMM-based method by the substitution technique where the unknown resistor and the standard resistor are indirectly compared in the same position using a dummy resistor as a short-term reference standard. The system operation is automatically controlled by using a Lab VIEW program which is especially developed for this purpose. The uncertainty for the high value standard resistors measurement of this system is estimated. The performance of this system is also evaluated by comparing the measurement results obtained from this technique with those obtained by the direct comparison DMM-based method. It is found that the measurement uncertainty of with this method spans from 4.1 × 10⁻⁶ to 27 × 10⁻⁶, while it spans from 40 × 10⁻⁶ to 110 × 10⁻⁶ for the direct comparison method. The relative differences of the deviation from nominal values of the working standards resistors measured by the two methods are found to be within their expanded uncertainties.     

Evaluation of flowmeters for heat metering

Heat flowmeters are expected to be reasonably priced, be very reliable, and have high measurement accuracy. Various types of heat flowmeters have been developed and they are widely used in large residential and industrial buildings. In this study, three types of heat flowmeters (turbine, electromagnetic and ultrasonic) were tested for accuracy, effect of installation position and vibration, durability and performance in the field for several installation positions and in the presence of vibration. We used a liquid flow standard system and a customized durability test system in accordance with the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) R 75-2 heat meter testing method. The field test was conducted in eight different locations from winter to summer. All flowmeters were calibrated before and after the field test, and the measurement deviation and the relative expanded uncertainty were calculated. The mean deviations obtained were–0.21%,–0.07%, and 0.11%, with the relative expanded uncertainties 0.48%, 0.17%, and 0.40% for turbine, electromagnetic, and ultrasonic flowmeters, respectively. The results of position and rotation tests, mean deviations by rotation angles at 90°, 180°and 270°relative to 0°(horizontal position) were–1.24%,–1.07% and–0.80%, respectively. For the vibration tests at 1 m/s² and 5 m/s² vibration acceleration, the turbine flowmeter, the electromagnetic flowmeter and the ultrasonic flowmeter showed deviations that ranged from −0.2% to −0.5%, −0.6% (2.6 m³/h), and 0.0% (negligible), respectively. In the durability tests, the accuracy of all three types of heat flowmeters remained at ±1% or less, showing sufficient durability. In the field test, the deviation of the turbine flowmeter and the ultrasonic flowmeter showed ±2.5% or less deviation. However, the electromagnetic flowmeter seems to be inaccurate below 6.9% of the maximum flow rate.     

Measurement uncertainty estimation of health risk from exposure to natural radionuclides in soil

Cancer mortality risk were estimated due to external exposure to ⁴⁰K in soil. Uncertainty estimation was performed for the risk considered as a measurand. It was presented uncertainty estimation using two methods. One method is based on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement Framework (GUF) and other represents Monte Carlo method. For the Monte Carlo method, the mean of the obtained distribution that represents mortality cancer risk estimation, due to one year exposure to ⁴⁰K with mean activity concentration of 708 Bq/kg in soil, is 12.9 × 10⁻⁶ with 90% confidential interval (k ≈ 1.64) of (4.7–25.5) × 10⁻⁶. According to GUF the mean value is estimated as 10.9 × 10⁻⁶, with 90% confidential interval of (0.9–20.8) × 10⁻⁶. Uncertainty of assessed risk obtained by numerical simulation is slightly different with asymmetrical boundaries related to the mean value, comparing to the uncertainty estimated using GUF.     

A three-axes-compensated inductive magnetometer for measurements in high pulsed magnetic fields

A high-sensititity magnetometer intended for studying the magnetic properties of materials in pulsed magnetic fields of up to 43 T is described. A distinctive feature of the magnetometer is its method for compensating pickups generated in the magnetometer sensing element by a pulsed field. The commonly used uniaxial high-order compensation is replaced by a triaxial compensation of the lowest (quadrupole) order, combined with a transverse arrangement of the main probe coils. This method has allowed us to achieve a compensation level of the signal in the working coil (with an inner diameter of 1.4 or 1.75 mm) of the magnetometer without a sample of up to 10⁻⁶ for the longitudinal and 10⁻⁴ for the transverse field components. The magnetic moment sensitivity of the magnetometer is 10⁻⁴ mA·m² in fields below 10 T and 10⁻³ mA·m² at a field pulse amplitude of 35 T. A deviation of the compensation is below 2×10⁻⁴ for a temperature increase from 77 to 300 K and below 5×10⁻⁵ after sample replacement. The sample temperature is controlled by a fast-acting temperature control system in a range of 6–300 K to an accuracy of 0.3–0.05 K.     

Electroanalysis of ascorbic acid using poly(bromocresol purple) film modified glassy carbon electrode

We report a simple method for determination of ascorbic acid (AA) by using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with poly(bromocresol purple) (poly(BCP)/GCE). Compared with a bare GCE, the poly(BCP) film exhibited the obvious electrocatalytic effect towards ascorbic acid oxidation, which reduced the oxidation overpotential about 240 mV with obviously increased current response. Under the optimized conditions, the catalytic current increased linearly with the concentration of AA in the range of 2.0 × 10⁻⁵–7.0 × 10⁻⁴ M with the detection limit of 6.5 × 10⁻⁶ M (S/N = 3) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5). The interferences from different species and the repeatability of the poly(BCP)/GCE for the determination of AA were also investigated. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of AA in vitamin C injection and tablet with satisfactory results.     

A simplified theory for the oxidative wear of steels

A simple model, based on linear oxidation, is proposed to represent oxidative wear by flaking. The theory developed predicts that log (N/ .w) varies linearly with θ⁻¹, where N is the normal applied force, .w is the wear rate per time and θ the absolute temperature of the metal substrate. The results of tests using En1A pins on N75 and En1A tracks show reasonable agreement with the theoretical predictions for θ values between 300°C and 500°C for both the N75 track and the En1A track. In these regions oxidation may reasonably be expected to constitute the majority of the wear.     

Effect of capillary formation on friction and pull-off forces measured on submicron-size asperities

Asperities with hemispherical peaks were fabricated on a silicon substrate using a focused ion beam. Pull-off and friction forces were measured on each asperity using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in high vacuum (HV) of 2 × 10^–5 Pa. The probe of the AFM cantilever had a flat square tip, approximately 1 × 1 m² in area. The radius of curvature of the asperity peaks ranged from 70 to 610 nm. The results showed that the pull-off force was roughly proportional to this radius. The friction force was proportional to the pull-off force. Effects of the substrate temperature on pull-off force on a plane (the flat substrate) and friction force on an asperity were also examined. The pull-off force on the flat substrate increased with increasing contact time at a substrate temperature of 100 °C or lower, but was independent of contact time at 190 °C or higher. This suggests that the capillary cannot form at a substrate temperature of 190 °C or higher. The friction force increased with lower sliding velocities at 100 °C or lower, suggesting the capillary has a lubricating effect that prevents direct solid contact.