血浆的粘度特性

蒸馏水、盐水、血浆、血清等均被用作生物摩擦磨损研究中的润滑剂。由于血浆在成分上与人体组织液相近，作为生物摩擦磨损的润滑剂，更接近于真实情况，但对其粘度特性并未认真考察。本文采用生理盐水稀释，对不同浓度的抗凝新鲜血浆的粘度特性进行了研究。并对其影响因素进行了讨论。结果表明：在我们的实验条件下，血浆表现出非牛顿性，影响因素中以切变率的影响作用较大。     

人工关节材料的表面润滑设计与应用

人工关节的摩擦磨损问题仍然是基础研究中最重要的问题,借助表面改性技术改善假体的摩擦学性能是人工关节未来发展的必经之路。从润滑角度考虑,对假体关节材料摩擦性能的研究主要集中在表面功能化润滑结构设计以及新型仿生润滑剂研究两方面。针对功能化润滑结构,介绍表面织构设计以及聚合物刷的应用,分析表面织构参数对不同运动工况下摩擦副摩擦性能的影响,阐述表面织构的润滑机制;总结不同种类的聚合物刷结构对摩擦体系耐磨性能的调控,阐明"刷型"结构在摩擦界面的水润滑特点,提出环境介质对聚合物刷结构及性质的影响作用。针对关节润滑剂,介绍传统的关节滑液组分向聚合物仿生润滑剂的拓展。指出微/纳结构的嵌套设计与协同润滑以及润滑剂结构仿生与功能仿生的结合,将是未来的重要发展方向。     

镶嵌固体润滑剂的硬质合金摩擦学性能研究

在硬质合金YT5表面利用微细电火花加工小孔,并装填MoS2固体润滑剂以改善基体表面的摩擦磨损性能.在UMT摩擦试验机上进行摩擦磨损试验,结果表明:装填固体润滑剂MoS2的微孔表面比光滑表面的摩擦系数显著降低,改善了摩擦表面磨损工况,表现出良好的减摩和润滑效果.结合SEM和EDX分析微孔固体润滑的机理:在摩擦过程中,存储于微孔中的固体润滑剂受到相对摩擦和挤压作用而粘着、拖覆在基体表面,形成一层固体润滑膜,从而起到减摩润滑作用.表面微孔润滑技术是提高基体表面摩擦磨损特性的有效方法,但需通过合理设计微孔结构尺寸,兼顾微孔表面的减摩润滑作用和基体的物理机械性能之间的平衡.     

水基边界润滑剂的摩擦特性

本文介绍了采用Ｍ－２００摩擦磨损试验机在所给定的各级负荷下,对所合成的用于水基边界润滑系统的边界润滑剂,进行的摩擦特性的试验,结果表明：在以水为溶剂的边界润滑系统中,负荷对摩擦特性的影响有效地反映该系统的润滑性能的优劣,与大挂等人所测定的温度对边界润滑剂的摩擦特性影响具有同样的效果。     

Sn-Ag-Cu自润滑滚子轴承的高温摩擦学特性

采用真空熔渗技术制备Sn-Ag-Cu高温自润滑滚子;在滚珠隔离式无保持架高温平面推力轴承试验装置上,对自润滑滚子轴承的高温摩擦特性进行试验研究;应用SEM/EDS技术分析轴承滚道摩擦表面的形貌和成分,研究试验温度、润滑剂合金与轴承滚动摩擦磨损之间的关系。研究表明:在400～600℃温度范围内,轴承的摩擦因数随着温度的的升高逐渐降低,当温度达到润滑剂合金熔点600℃时,摩擦因数达到最低值0.024;当温度为400℃时,轴承滚道摩擦表面以黏着磨损为主;随着温度升高,自润滑材料中的润滑剂合金逐渐析出涂覆在滚道表面,与滚道表面的高温氧化物共同影响轴承的摩擦学特性,因此在摩擦表面出现部分黏着磨损与氧化磨损;达到600℃后,滚道表面涂覆形成的润滑膜增多,因此氧化磨损和黏着磨损得到减轻,润滑效果最好。     

镀银膜轴承在油和脂润滑下的摩擦性能

试验研究镀银膜轴承在干摩擦、润滑油和润滑脂复合润滑下的摩擦性能。试验结果显示:在中低转速下,镀银膜轴承在银膜和液体润滑剂(油和脂)复合润滑下的摩擦因数仅相当于银膜干摩擦下摩擦因数的10%左右,且变化平稳;在高转速下,试验轴承在银膜和液体润滑剂复合润滑下的摩擦因数随转速增加而增加,且银膜与润滑脂复合润滑条件下的摩擦因数随转速增加得更快,但仍小于银膜干摩擦下的摩擦因数;镀银膜轴承在银膜和液体润滑剂(油和脂)的复合润滑下的磨损小于银膜干摩擦时的磨损;中低转速下,镀银膜轴承在液体润滑剂(油和脂)复合润滑下的摩擦磨损性能远优于银膜干摩擦时的摩擦磨损性能。     

润滑剂对轮轨摩擦与磨损的影响

利用MMS-2A磨损试验机模拟轮轨系统在润滑油、二硫化钼锂基脂、植物油和石墨钙基脂4种润滑剂润滑下的摩擦与磨损行为,研究润滑剂对轮轨副摩擦、磨损特性的影响.结果表明:与干态相比,4种润滑剂均使摩擦副的摩擦因数减小,表面磨痕深度减小,磨损量降低,其中石墨钙基脂的减摩和抗磨效果最好;试验结束后,轮轨试样接触表面的硬度均有不同程度的增加,其中涂有石墨钙基脂的轮轨试样的表面硬度增加最小.     

滚动轴承的纳米材料润滑技术

纳米材料润滑是一种改善轴承滚动表面性能的新技术。介绍了纳米材料的结构特性及其润滑机理，研究表明，纳米材料润滑剂可以在摩擦表面形成润滑薄膜，可以减小摩擦系数、填补与修复摩擦表面的某些缺陷，有益于解决滚动轴承的许多工作性能问题，如摩擦磨损、摩擦力矩与噪声等。     

机械润滑机理及稀油润滑系统设计——生物仿真设计

机械润滑是在机械设备的摩擦副之间加入润滑剂,用来控制摩擦,降低磨损,以达到延长设备使用寿命的目的。本文在分析了机械润滑形成原理的基础上,提出了建立预知主机维修、免除润滑维修、节能环保的生物仿真稀油集中润滑系统方案。     

UHMWPE/HA复合关节材料的生物摩擦学研究

采用热压成型工艺制备了超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)/羟基磷灰石(HA)复合关节材料,利用人工髋关节模拟磨损试验系统(MTS),研究了该类复合材料与CoCrMo合金组合关节在人血浆润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能。实验结果表明,添加HA能有效提高UHMWPE关节材料的表面硬度,降低其磨损率。人血浆润滑条件下,UHMWPE及其复合材料的磨损机制主要表现为研磨磨损和疲劳磨损,磨损颗粒尺寸随HA粉体添加量的增加而增大。     

Comparison of friction and lubrication of different hip prostheses

It is well documented that an important cause of osteolysis and subsequent loosening of replacement hip joints is polyethylene wear debris. To avoid this, interest has been renewed in metal-on-metal and ceramic-on-ceramic prostheses. Various workers have assessed the lubrication modes of different joints by measuring the friction at the bearing surfaces, using different lubricants. Measurements of friction factors of a series of hip prostheses were undertaken using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) fluids, silicone fluids, synovial fluid and different concentrations of bovine serum as the lubricant. The experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions of film thicknesses and lubrication modes. A strong correlation was observed between experiment and theory when employing CMC fluids or silicone fluids as the lubricant. Mixed lubrication was found to occur in the metal-on-metal (CoCrMo/CoCrMo) joints with all lubricants at a viscosity within the physiological range. This was also the case for the metal-on-plastic (CoCrMo/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene) joints. The ceramic-on-ceramic (Al2O3/Al2O3) joints, however, exhibited full fluid film lubrication with the synthetic lubricants but mixed lubrication with the biological lubricants. Employing a biological fluid as the lubricant affected the friction to varying degrees when compared with the synthetic lubricants. In the case of the ceramic-on-ceramic joints it acted to increase the friction factor tenfold; however, for the metal-on-metal joints, biological fluids gave slightly lower friction than the synthetic lubricants did. This suggests that, when measuring friction and wear of artificial joints, a standard lubricant should be used.     

不同润滑条件下HIP-Si3N4/GCr15摩擦副摩擦特性的研究

在干摩擦、水润滑、锂基脂润滑和锂基脂＋MoS2润滑不同条件下,利用MPX-2000型盘销式摩擦磨损试验机,对HIP－Si3N4/GCr15摩擦副进行了摩擦磨损性能的对比试验研究,通过扫描电子显微镜对试件的表面形貌进行观察分析。结果表明:磨损速率的表现,Si3N4为水润滑＞干摩擦＞锂基脂润滑＞锂基脂＋MoS2润滑;GCr15为干摩擦＞水润滑＞锂基脂润滑＞锂基脂＋MoS2润滑。在锂基脂＋MoS2润滑条件下,HIP－Si3N4/GCr15摩擦副摩擦特性最佳。     

在乳化液润滑条件下几种常见材料的摩擦磨损特性研究

本文研究了在乳化液润滑条件下，四种常见材料（尼龙、铸铝、40Cr、45^#钢）的摩擦磨损特性。利用M－200摩擦磨损实验机，对这四种材料进行了在不同载荷、转速条件下的摩擦磨损性能对比实验。结果表明尼龙适合在较低载荷与转速下工作，异种材料之间配合的摩擦特性要优于同种材料间的摩擦特性。     

Effect of Bio-Lubricant and Biodiesel-Contaminated Lubricant on Tribological Behavior of Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Combination

This article addresses the issue of friction and wear characteristics of diesel engine cylinder liner–piston ring combinations under different lubricating conditions using a pin-on-disc wear tribometer. The discs were made out of actual engine cylinder liner material using a casting process. Pins were made out of top compression ring material. The tests were conducted on a pin-on-disc tribometer for wear and friction characteristics of the cylinder liner and piston ring combination with diesel-contaminated rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant, diesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), biodiesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), and used (150 h) commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40). Experimental results demonstrated that the rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant and biodiesel-contaminated synthetic lubricant exhibited better performance in terms of wear, friction, and frictional force under similar operating conditions. Thus, usage of newly formulated bio-lubricant and biodiesel in the long run may have a positive impact on engine life.     

油润滑下MoSi2材料的摩擦磨损性能

运用M-200型摩擦磨损试验机测定了油润滑条件下MoSi2与45调质钢、45淬火钢和CrWMn钢配对时的摩擦磨损性能，采用扫描电镜和微探针分析了摩擦副表面的形貌，探讨了磨损机理：结果表明：采用20号机械油润滑可有效地降低MoSi2材料的磨损率及摩擦因数；与低硬度的45调质钢和45淬火钢对摩时，MoSi2材料的主要磨损机制为晶间断裂、疲劳断裂、轻微粘着磨损和磨粒磨损；MoSi2材料与高硬度的CrWMn钢对摩时，主要磨损机制表现为粘着磨损、微犁削式磨粒磨损，并在偶件表面材料凸点的前端形成楔块。     

铜包石墨含量对铜锰铝复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

为改善铜锰铝合金的烧结性能,并提高其在干摩擦下的摩擦磨损性能,以铜包石墨作为自润滑相加入到铜锰铝合金中,采用等离子真空压力烧结方法制备铜锰铝/石墨复合材料,分析铜包石墨含量对复合材料的密度、硬度的影响,探讨不同复合材料在干摩擦和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:相比真空和氢气还原气氛下的烧结方式,等离子体烧结铜锰铝...     

Impact of plasma hardening on the wear resistance of 38XC steel

The impact of plasma hardening on the wear resistance of 38XC steel was studied. It has been found that the wear resistance increases by 53.7 times under the condition of dry friction compared to the normalized state and by 12.7 times compared to the improved state. During plasma hardening, the wear of 38XC steel under dry friction is equal to the normalized steel 15 with lubrication; and the wear is not increased in case of a 1.5-fold increase in the load. The addition of HADO revitalizant to oil contributed to an approximately twofold decrease in the wear of 38XC steel with plasma hardening during wearing-in after cutting off the lubricant.     

Lubrication and wear modelling of artificial hip joints: A review

The tribological performance of artificial hip joints is a critical issue for their success, because adverse tissue reaction to wear debris causes loosening and failure. Many studies on wear and lubrication of hip prostheses have been published in the last 10 years, mostly on experimental tests. Theoretical/numerical models have been proposed for investigating geometrical and material parameters also. This paper reviews recent literature on lubrication and wear models, stressing simplifying hypotheses, input data, methods and results. It is pointed out that actually lubrication and wear are described neglecting each other while new advanced models including both aspects could be helpful.     

Biological reactions to wear debris in total joint replacement

The vast majority of total hip prostheses currently implanted consist of a hard metal or ceramic femoral head articulating against an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup. Over the last 10 years, evidence has accumulated to show that these prostheses are prone to failure due to late aseptic loosening and few survive beyond 25 years. With an increasing need to implant hip prostheses in the younger, more active patient the need to understand the mechanisms of failure and to develop artificial hip joints using alternative materials have become major issues in the orthopaedic community. This review focuses initially on our current understanding of the biological reactions to UHMWPE prosthetic wear debris in vivo and in vitro since this is believed to be the main cause of late aseptic loosening. While the precise mechanisms of osteolysis induced by UHMWPE wear debris have not been elucidated, the major message to emerge is that it is not the wear volume that determines the biological response to the debris, but the concentration of the wear volume that is within the critical size range (0.2-0.8 micron) for macrophage activation. The review then considers whether the problem of wear-debris-induced osteolysis may be overcome with the use of new generation metal-on-metal or ceramic-on-ceramic prostheses. For metal-on-metal prostheses, the prospects for increasing the osteolysis free life of the implant are good but additional biological problems associated with the nanometre size and reactivity of the wear particles in vivo may emerge. For the ceramic-on-ceramic prostheses, although initial prospects are encouraging, more data are needed on the characteristics of the wear particles generated in vivo before predictions can be made. It is concluded that the pre-clinical testing of any new materials for joint replacement must include an analysis of the wear particle characteristics and their biological reactivity in addition to the usual assessment of wear.     

复合润滑结构表面在油润滑下的减摩性能*

为研究不同表面处理方式对巴氏合金/45钢配副表面减摩性能的影响,采用热压固化工艺将六方氮化硼封装于表面织构内,制备复合润滑结构表面;在油润滑下进行销-盘磨损试验,使用递归定量分析（Recurrence quantification analysis,RQA）参数划分磨损过程;研究复合润滑结构表面在磨合期和正常磨损期的减摩性能,并与纯织构表面减摩性能进行对比。结果表明：复合润滑结构表面拥有较低摩擦因数和显著减摩效果,其减摩性能优于纯织构表面;相比无织构表面,复合润滑结构表面在磨合期内的平均摩擦因数下降77.9%,在正常磨损期内的平均摩擦因数下降73.5%且磨合期的时长缩减75.0%;较大织构孔径的复合润滑结构表面的减摩效果更好且磨合期更短;纯织构和复合润滑结构表面的减摩效果均在较高速度和载荷下更显著;各试样表面在磨合期的摩擦因数越低,对应进入正常磨损期后就越低。