Depth-profiling of beryllium on graphite with ion beams

The surface layer of beryllium-coated graphite was analysed by backscattering and nuclear reaction methods using a 2.5 MeV accelerator. For the Be analysis the nuclear reactions ⁹Be(p, d)⁸Be, ⁹Be(p, )⁶Li, ⁹Be(d, p)¹⁰Be, ⁹Be(d, t)⁸Be, ⁹Be(d, )⁷Li and ⁹Be(³He, p)¹¹B are compared with backscattering of ⁴He⁺ and protons. For the analysis of carbon, which provides complementary information to the depth profiling of Be, and for the analysis of oxygen, which is the third element of importance in the system, elastic backscattering of ⁴He⁺ and protons is applied. It turns out that the backscattering analysis with protons of 1.3 MeV presents the best compromise for a quick and straightforward measurement of all three elements. The other methods have their merits for a more detailed analysis.     

Characterization of silicon oxynitride films using ion beam analysis techniques

Heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis (HIERDA) is the ideal technique for quantitative analysis of silicon oxynitride films on silicon because of its unique ability to measure simultaneously all elements of interest (i.e., H, C, N, O and Si), thereby permitting key parameters such as the O/N-ratio to be determined in a single measurement. However, high-energy accelerators suitable for such HIERDA measurements are becoming much less readily available. Hence, the present paper investigates and calibrates an alternative IBA technique for simultaneous O, N and C analysis – namely, the use of (d,p) and (d,) nuclear reactions. Under optimum analysis conditions (850 keV deuterons and 150° detector angle), the Si background level sets a lower detection limit of 1×10¹⁶ nitrogen atoms/cm² and 3×10¹⁵ oxygen atoms/cm². H analysis is carried out separately, using low-energy ERDA and a 2 MeV ⁴He beam. Absolute cross-sections have been obtained for each of the (d,p) and (d,) groups. Comparison with data in the recent Handbook of Modern Ion Beam Materials Analysis shows reasonable agreement (10–15%) for the (d,p) reactions on oxygen and carbon. However, in the case of nitrogen, the measured cross-section values are 70% larger than the Handbook data. Several silicon oxynitride samples have been analyzed, first at UWO using 850 keV deuterons, and subsequently at ANU using HIERDA and a 200 MeV Au beam. The resulting O/N-ratios agree to within 10%. The relative importance of radiation damage effects is briefly discussed.     

秦山第二核电厂大修期间场所弱贯穿辐射调查

在秦山第二核电厂多次大修期间,对泵类设备、反应堆换料水池、蒸汽发生器、阀门类设备的辐射源项和弱贯穿辐射进行了监测。这些设备表面主要沉积的是⁵⁸Co、⁶⁰Co、⁵⁴Mn、⁵¹Cr、⁹⁵Nb、⁹⁵Zr、¹²⁴Sb、⁵⁹Fe、⁵⁷Co和^110mAg等放射性核素,发射的β射线能量主要在100 keV~500 keV范围内。给出了所监测设备表面的$\dot{H}$·^*(10)、$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)和$\dot{H}$·′(3)值,3种泵类设备的$\dot{H}$·′(3)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为1.31±0.09,$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为7.8±0.4;蒸汽发生器热端衬板和冷端衬板的$\dot{H}$·′(3)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为1.40±0.20,$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为15.1±3.2;4种阀门类设备的$\dot{H}$·′(3)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为1.32±0.17,$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)的平均值为14.6±3.5;堆芯水池和换料水池的$\dot{H}$·′(3)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为1.29±0.10,$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为8.5±1.1。所有弱贯穿调查设备的$\dot{H}$·′(3)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)总体平均值为1.32±0.12,$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)总体平均值为11.4±4.1。结合测量结果,建议主泵、余排泵、蒸汽发生器检修人员和换料水池去污人员,开展眼晶体剂量和皮肤剂量监测。     

Charged-particle activation methods for the analysis of carbon and oxygen in high-purity gallium

Methods for the instrumental analysis of C and O at trace level in high-purity gallium were developed. The ¹²C (d, n)¹³N and ¹⁶O(t, n)¹⁸F reactions were used between 2.5 and 3.5 MeV, allowing analyses down to tens of ppb/weight. The ¹⁶O(p, )¹³N reaction at 15 MeV was also used; in this case ¹³N has to be separated radiochemically.     

Cobalt cross sections for 14 MeV neutrons

14 MeV cross sections for the reactions ⁵⁹Co(n,2n) ^58m+gCo, ⁵⁹Co(n,p) ⁵⁹Fe and ⁵⁹Co(n,) ⁵⁶Mn were measured relative to the ⁵⁶Fe(n,p) ⁵⁶Mn reaction employing the activation technique. Accuracies of about 1% were achieved for the (n,) reaction and 2% for the others. The isomeric cross section ratio was measured for the ⁵⁹Co(n,2n) reactions.

Nuclear reactions – ⁵⁹Co(n,2n) ^58m+gCo, ⁵⁹Co(n,p) ⁵⁹Fe, ⁵⁹Co(n,) ⁵⁶Mn, E_n = 14.3, 14.7 MeV: measured activation cross sections relative to ⁵⁶Fe(n,p) ⁵⁶Mn.

⁵⁹Co(n,2n) ^58m,gCo, E_n = 14.3 MeV; measured isomeric cross section ratio. Natural targets. Ge, NaI and 4πβ detectors.     

Determination of O concentrations in musamples of biological fluids

The ¹⁸O(p, )¹⁵N reaction has been developed for the analysis of musamples of biological fluids containing ¹⁸O-enriched water. Samples as small as 50 μl have been used. Well characterized Ta₂O₅ targets were prepared from these fluids and irradiated with several hundred nA of protons from the 3 MV Van de Graaff at Lucas Heights. The broad (47 keV) 846 kV resonance in this reaction was used to measure ¹⁸O concentrations down to natural backgrounds (0.2 at.%) in a few minutes of accelerator running time. Concentrations of ¹⁸O from 0 to 5 at.% were measured in body fluids in small Australian lizards directly after doping with ¹⁸O-enriched water and then again after several days of roaming around in their natural desert environments. The changes in these levels were related to the metabolic rates of these animals.     

Thin-layer activation of hip-joint prostheses for tribological tests

Thin-layer activation as a method of measuring wear has been applied in a tribological study of artificial hip joints made from CoCrMo forged alloy. The activation of CoCrMo alloy using protons, deuterons, ³He, and -particles has been studied systematically. Excitation functions are reported for the reactions ⁵⁹Co(d, p)⁶⁰Co and ¹⁰⁰Mo(, n)¹⁰³Ru.     

利用中国实验快堆生产放射性同位素的可行性研究

中国实验快堆（CEFR）不仅能进行各种燃料、材料辐照实验,也是放射性同位素生产的优良平台。本文对CEFR的辐照性能进行了描述,并利用计算程序对适宜在CEFR上生产的同位素³²P、³³P、³⁵S、⁸⁹Sr、¹⁴C、⁶⁰Co进行理论计算,得到了产量和比活度等参数。计算结果表明,在CEFR堆芯辐照可得到纯度极高的³²P、³³P、³⁵S,利用快中子的（n,p）反应可得到无载体的⁸⁹Sr,在CEFR反射层布置慢化材料可得到比活度较高的¹⁴C、⁶⁰Co。以上结果表明,在CEFR上生产同位素是可行的。     

GIC4117串列加速器外束PIXE/PIGE分析系统

本文介绍在北京师范大学GIC4117串列加速器上建立的外束PIXE/PIGE分析系统,和基于此系统的薄样品外束PIXE/PIGE定量分析方法。给出了2010年Teflon滤膜采集的361个气溶胶样品外束PIXE分析得到的各元素平均探测限和最低探测限,并同真空PIXE分析探测限进行了比较。利用标准样品给出了激发曲线不同坪区薄样品外束PIGE分析F和Na的探测限,通过测定¹⁹F(p, p′γ)¹⁹F激发的197 keV γ射线得到的F的探测限可达73.9 ng•cm^-2,Na的探测限可达198.9 ng•cm^-2。     

秦山第二核电厂阀门类设备弱贯穿辐射调查

在秦山第二核电厂8次大修期间,对反应堆冷却剂系统(RCP)、余热排出系统(RRA)、化学和容积控制系统(RCV)、反应堆换料水池和乏燃料水池冷却和处理系统(PTR)4个系统主要阀门的辐射源项和弱贯穿辐射进行了监测。测得RCV系统阀门沉积的放射性核素主要是^110mAg,RCP、RRA和PTR系统阀门内沉积的主要是⁵⁸Co、⁶⁰Co、⁵¹Cr、⁹⁵Nb、⁹⁵Zr等放射性核素,伴随的β射线能量主要在500 keV范围内。测量给出了4类阀门的公式′(0.07)和H·′(3)值,测得H·′(3) /H·^*(10)值在1.24左右,H·′(0.07) /H·^*(10)值在14左右。结合测量结果,给出了部分阀门需要对检修人员开展眼晶体剂量和皮肤剂量监测的建议。     

Charge collection and noise analysis of heavily irradiated silicondetectors

Measurements performed on high-resistivity silicon detectors irradiated with proton and neutron fluences, up to 3.5×10¹⁴ p/cm², and 4.0×10¹⁵ n/cm² respectively, are presented. The charge collection efficiency (CCE) and the output noise of the devices have been measured to carry out a detector performance study after irradiation. The CCE is found to slowly decrease for fluences increasing up to approximately 1.8×10¹⁴ p/cm². For higher particle fluences, the device inefficiency increases rapidly because full depletion could not be reached (up to 75% for the highest fluence: 4×10¹⁵ n/cm ²). A complete analysis of the noise of the irradiated devices has been carried out assuming a simple model which correlates the main noise sources to the fluence and the leakage current. A linear dependence of the square of the noise amplitude on the fluence has been observed: a value of the leakage current damage constant has been found to be in good agreement with the values reported in literature, obtained with current-voltage (IV) analysis. An extension of the noise analysis is carried out considering the detectors irradiated with very high fluences, up to 4×10¹⁵ n/cm²     

Hydrogen dynamics in electrochromic multilayer systems investigated by the N technique

The resonant reaction ¹H(¹⁵N, γ)¹²C was used to determine the depth distribution of hydrogen in two electrochromic multilayer systems. The systems can be bleached and colored by applying an external voltage. To test models explaining this effect by a change of H content (c_H) in electrochromic layers, H profiles of the systems were measured as a function of the applied voltage. For NiO_x, c_H was found to vary as predicted, whereas for WO₃, c_H changes were smaller than expected. Additionally, H uptake into the ITO electrode was observed.     

北京大学4.5 MV静电加速器核反应分析系统

为满足对聚变堆面向等离子体材料中氘氚滞留问题的研究,北京大学4.5 MV静电加速器在原束线基础上新增核反应分析系统,该系统使用能量0.8～3.6 MeV的H⁺、D⁺、³He⁺和⁴He⁺粒子束流,可对核反应微分截面和样品中元素浓度的深度分布进行测量分析。本文对核反应分析原理、核反应分析系统的设备布局和实验方法进行了讨论,并以D(³He,p)⁴He核反应为例,分析了微分截面计算和样品中氘元素浓度深度分布的数据结果,其深度分辨小于1.5 μm,实验误差约为7.5%。     

Investigations of lattice location and mobility of carbon in GaAs using the channeling technique

In order to get information about the lattice location and the mobility of ¹²C in GaAs wafers, the channeling technique in combination with nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) is a powerful method. The targets were implanted with ¹²C ions (2.6 × 10¹³−2.6 × 10¹⁵cm⁻²) at energies between 60 and 3000 keV. This corresponds to implantation depths of about 0.1 to 3 μm. Using the nuclear reaction ¹²C(d, p)¹³C a depth distribution of the implanted carbon is obtained. The relationship between the concentration of ¹⁴C in random and along the 100 and 110 axial directions gives information about the substitutional lattice location of carbon within the GaAs crystal. In addition, we measured lattice defect depth distributions with a 1.5 MeV ⁴He⁺ beam before and after thermal annealing at temperatures up to 600°C.     

锦屏深地核天体物理实验(JUNA)进展

锦屏深地核天体物理实验（JUNA）项目将利用中国锦屏深地实验室（CJPL）的良好条件,在天体物理伽莫夫能量窗口开展核天体关键反应²⁵Mg(p,γ)²⁶Al、¹⁹F(p,α)¹⁶O、¹³C(α,n)¹⁶O和¹²C(α,γ)¹⁶O的直接测量。目前已成功完成400 kV强流加速器和ECR离子源的研发,获得了400 keV、10 mA的质子束流和一价氦离子束流及800 keV、2 mA二价氦离子束流。大功率固体靶的研制及实验数据获取系统的建立也已成功完成。超低本底快中子探测器、4π BGO探测器阵列以及大立体角带电粒子探测器阵列已研制组装完成,并测量了地面和锦屏地下实验室的本底水平。总体来说,JUNA项目整体进展顺利,完成了中期设立的目标并通过了基金委评估（A级）和国际评估。     

Determination of sulphur and copper depth distribution in patina layers using nuclear reaction techniques

A method for Cu and S profiling in patina layers was developed by applying a combination of nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). The copper profiling was performed by using the 1327 keV γ-ray deexciting the third excited state to the ground state of ⁶³Cu produced by the reaction ⁶³Cu(p,p^′γ)⁶³Cu. For the determination of sulphur the 2230 keV γ-ray was used deexciting the first excited state to the ground state of ³²S formed through the reaction ³²S(p,p^′γ)³²S, which exhibits three sharp resonances at projectile energies 3.094, 3.195 and 3.379 MeV. The relevant cross-sections were measured in the energy range between 3.0 and 3.7 MeV in steps of 20 keV at 125° to the incident proton beam direction. The technique was tested using artificially produced and natural copper patina layers. Supporting information on the depth distribution of the constituent elements of the patina samples was obtained by p-RBS (E_p: 1.5 MeV, θ: 160°).     

CARR堆冷中子瞬发伽玛活化分析系统及实验研究

利用中国先进研究堆（CARR）在国内首次开展了冷中子瞬发伽玛活化分析（CNPGAA）实验,采用定制加长的电制冷高纯锗（HPGe）探测器和先进的数字多道谱仪DSPEC®-502进行测量,获得了NH₄Cl样品中元素冷中子瞬发伽玛谱和本底谱等数据,同时利用伽玛放射源¹⁵²Eu、¹³⁷Cs、⁶⁰Co以及NH₄Cl产生的瞬发伽玛射线对探测器在宽能区0.1~8 MeV进行能量刻度。为降低环境辐射本底,HPGe探测器外围采用环形锗酸铋（BGO）康普顿谱仪,10 cm铅以及含⁶Li和¹⁰B材料对中子束流准直屏蔽。此外,利用金片活化法测量了CARR堆运行功率为15 MW时有无冷源情况下冷中子导管B(CNGB)末端1 m处的中子注量率,结果显示有冷源时中子注量率可提高一个量级。     

杭州地区大气210Pb与210Po水平及所致公众剂量评价

大气中的²¹⁰Pb与²¹⁰Po,主要来自地表土壤氡的衰变,是铀系最后两个长寿命子体。为测量大气²¹⁰Pb与²¹⁰Po水平,研究建立了以²⁰⁶Pb为载体、离子交换为分离手段的²¹⁰Pb方法,以及以²⁰⁹Po为示踪剂加α能谱的²¹⁰Po方法。运用所建立的分析方法,对杭州地区开展了大气气溶胶²¹⁰Pb与²¹⁰Po水平分析。2012年连续监测结果表明,杭州地区大气²¹⁰Pb年平均水平为(1.31±0.69)mBq/m³,范围为0.12～2.74 mBq/m³;²¹⁰Po年平均水平为(0.29±0.18)mBq/m³,范围为0.06～0.89 mBq/m³。杭州地区大气²¹⁰Pb与²¹⁰Po水平与国内其它城市较为一致,比欧美约偏高一个量级。根据监测结果,对大气²¹⁰Pb与²¹⁰Po以吸入方式所致公众待积有效剂量作了初步估算,公众剂量水平为1.5～13.8 μSv/a,平均剂量为7.0 μSv/a。     

固体219Rn源的γ能谱法放射性纯度检验

对利用从铀矿石中提取得到的²²⁷Ac制备的固体²¹⁹Rn源进行了γ能谱分析,确定了²²⁷Ac的4个子体核素²²⁷Th、²²³Ra、²¹⁹Rn和²¹¹Bi的活度,并分析了能对²¹⁹Rn造成干扰的²²²Rn、²²⁰Rn母体核素²²⁶Ra、²²⁴Ra的活度。待²²⁷Ac及其子体达到放射性平衡后,通过测量²²⁷Th的235.97、256.25 keV,²²³Ra的154.21 keV,²¹⁹Rn的401.81 keV,²¹¹Bi的351.059 keV共5条γ射线,最终确定固体²¹⁹Rn源中²²⁷Th、²²³Ra、²¹⁹Rn和²¹¹Bi的活度为（1 069±3）、（1 079±5）、（1 095±13）、（1 096±14）和（11 089±4） Bq,固体²¹⁹Rn源的平均活度为（1 093±8）Bq;通过测量²²⁴Ra子体²¹²Pb的238.632 keV、²⁰⁸Tl的583.191 keV γ射线以及²²⁶Ra子体²¹⁴Bi的609.312、1 120.287 keV γ射线得到²²⁶Ra与²²⁴Ra的平均活度分别为5.12 Bq及0.433 Bq,远低于固体²¹⁹Rn源的平均活度,说明固体²¹⁹Rn源放射性纯度较高。以上结果表明,此源有望制成标准固体²¹⁹Rn源以用于延迟符合法测²²³Ra、²²⁷Ac装置的刻度。     

The cross section for the K(n,p)Ar reaction between 14.2 and 17.2 MeV

Activation techniques have been used to measure the cross section for the ⁴¹K(n,p)⁴¹Ar reaction between 14.2 and 17.2 MeV. Neutrons were produced by the ³H(d,n)⁴He reaction, and the mixed-power method was used to measure the neutron flux through the ²⁷Al(n,)²⁴Na reaction. The activated samples were counted for the 1294 keV, 1.827 h γ-activity of ⁴¹Ar and the 1369 keV, 15.03 h γ-activity of ²⁴Na using a 16% Ge(Li) detector and a 4096-channel analyzer. The cross sections for the ⁴¹K(n,p)⁴¹Ar reaction using the mixed-power method were found to be 53 ± 3 mbarn at 14.2 ± 0.2 MeV, 47 ± 3 mbarn at 15.2 ± 0.2 MeV, 41 ± 3 mbarn at 16.2 ± 0.2 MeV and 36 ± 4 mbarn at 17.2 ± 0.2 MeV. The associated-particle method was also used for measuring the neutron flux in order to check the mixed-powder result at 14.2 MeV. The average cross section for three associated-particle runs at 14.2 MeV was found to be 50 ± 3 mbarn which, within experimental error, agrees with the mixed-powder value.