Effects of single electrodes of Ni(OH)2 and activated carbon on electrochemical performance of Ni(OH)2–activated carbon asymmetric supercapacitor

Nickel hydroxide consisting of loosely packed nanospheres was synthesized as positive electrode material for an asymmetric capacitor based on Ni(OH)₂ and activated carbon (AC). Two series of supercapacitors were fabricated to investigate the effects of the single electrodes of Ni(OH)₂ and AC on the electrochemical performance of asymmetric Ni(OH)₂–AC capacitor. Parameters including cell voltage window, specific capacitance and cyclic stability were assessed. In one series of supercapacitors, mass of Ni(OH)₂ was excessive while mass of AC was varied, the AC electrode thus constrained both the capacitance and the upper limit of cell voltage. Deficiency of AC resulted in lower specific capacitance and narrower cell voltage window but benefited to cyclic stability. In the other series of supercapacitors, the mass of AC was excessive whereas the mass of Ni(OH)₂ was changeable in each cell, Ni(OH)₂ electrode thus dominated both the capacitance and the lower limit of cell voltage. As a consequence, deficiency of Ni(OH)₂ led to higher specific capacity and wider cell voltage window as well as lower cyclic stability. These results can contribute to improving understanding of and optimizing performance of asymmetric Ni(OH)₂–AC capacitor.     

Voltage-tuned relativistic backward wave oscillator

A relativistic backward wave oscillator for the 10-GHz range with the oscillation frequency tuned within about 5% by changing the accelerating voltage from 600 to 350 kV has been developed. Discrete variations in the voltage and the corresponding frequency tuning from pulse to pulse is rapidly performed by changing the anode-cathode distance in the vacuum diode without breaking vacuum in the working volume. During this, the electron beam power remains almost constant, while the output microwave power varies within 0.4–0.8 GW. The introduction of a dielectric cylinder into the accelerating gap provides a smooth voltage drop from 600 to 350 kV with the corresponding frequency tuning during a 20-ns pulse.     

Investigations of electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC) materials – a comparison of test methods

A comparison between various methods for determining the capacitance and resistance of electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC) with cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic charge‐discharge methods and cell voltage jump experiments are presented. Therefore, a commercially available electrochemical double layer capacitor was used. For the validation of the screw cell measurements the electrode foils were isolated and extracted from the commercial capacitor. The results support the adequacy of the screw cell tests for electrode materials on a laboratory scale. The comparison of methods shows in part strong differences. The reasons will therefore be discussed. Consequently, the determination of specific values requires methods which respect the influence of the actual tests or measurement frequency and exhibit the importance of an internationally accepted specification for electrochemical double layer capacitors material investigation.     

A Capacitive Dilatometer for Measuring the Magnetostriction,Piezoelectric Effect,and Linear Thermal-Expansion Coefficient

We describe a capacitive dilatometer for measuring the magnetostriction, piezoelectric effect, and linear thermal-expansion coefficient in the temperature range from 1.85 to 350 K in external magnetic fields of up to 90 kOe under a voltage of 1 kV, which operates on the basis of a Quantum Design PPMS commercial facility for studying the properties of solids.     

世界钽粉生产工艺的发展

论述了国内外电容器级高压钽粉、中压钽粉、高比容钽粉的生产工艺发展过程。在钽粉生产工艺发展过程中,各种先进的装备被应用,各钽粉生产厂家围绕着钽粉比容的提高,杂质含量的降低,物理性能的优化等综合性能的改善,不断开发出新工艺、新技术,使钽粉适应并推动着钽电容器的发展。     

Micro-capacitors based on electrochemically grown vertical arrays of gold nanowires as electrodes

This paper describes the development of micro-capacitors with electrodes based on electrochemically grown vertical gold nanowire arrays. A high aspect-ratio anodized aluminum oxide template integrated on silicon dioxide/silicon substrates was exploited for fabricating a vertical array of nanowires with a high surface to volume ratio. Bismuth ferric oxide thin films were deposited to create high dielectric material between the electrodes using room temperature electrodeposition. This nanofabrication process may be compatible with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process, therefore, this capacitor can be used for protecting and regulating the surge voltage biased to the CMOS circuits. This capacitor achieved a high density capacitance of 3.1 μF/m² at 1 MHz, which was measured using a parallel plate set-up.     

The potential transformer bridge with current comparator formeasuring the voltage dependence of compressed-gas capacitors

In this paper, an alternative method for measuring the voltage dependent capacitance variation (VDCV) of compressed-gas capacitors is described. In the proposed method, the VDCV of the capacitor under test is measured by comparing it with a capacitor standard supplied with the secondary (low) voltage of a potential transformer. This transformer has its primary parallel connected with the capacitor under test. The paper presents and criticizes the test results obtained in which an uncertainty of at least 0.5 ppm is achieved     

Performance of Electric Double Layer Capacitors using Active Carbons Prepared from Petroleum Coke by KOH and Vapor Re-Etching

The electrochemical storage of energy in a special kind of active carbon materials used as capacitor electrodes is considered. Petroleum coke was used for preparation of carbons with different porosities by KOH and vapor etching with catalysis of FeCl3 in turn. Carbon electrodes were fabricated and used as electrodes of double layer capacitors.Nitrogen adsorption was used to characterize the porous structure of the carbons. The electrochemical performance of the capacitors in 6mol/L KOH was investigated with constant current charge and discharge experiments. A specific capacitance larger than 160F/g was achieved with an electrode composed of 75% active carbon with a specific surface area of 1180m^2/g and 20% graphite as conductive agent. Evaluation of capacitor performance was conducted by different techniques, e.g. voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Characteristics of the capacitor were also discussed. A hybrid power source consisting of nickel-hydrogen and double layer capacitor was demonstrated by powering successfully a simulated power load encountered in communication equipment.     

水下等离子体声源的正交试验设计与分析

水下等离子体声源在民用和军用领域都有广泛的应用,其发声机理和系统最优化设计是当前的研究热点。为了使声源的输出峰值压力y尽可能大,设计了放电电极间距(2mm,3mm,4mm)、储能电容容量(1uF,2uF,5uF)和充电电压(12kV,16kV,20kV)的三因素三水平正交试验方案,严格按照正交试验安排表进行试验,并用直观分析法对试验结果进行分析。结果表明:最优化的试验组合方案为A1B3C2,即放点电极间距2mm,储能电容容量5uF,充电电压16kV,估计出其峰值压力为9.864MPa,并通过试验验证了平均峰值压力为10.165MPa,与正交试验结论相符。该研究成果为水下离子体声源性能试验研究和最优化设计提供了依据。     

A microprocessor-based switched-battery capacitance meter

A microprocessor-based, switched-battery capacitance meter has been developed. It consists of an analog part, based on a previously designed capacitance meter, and a digital part in which a microprocessor and a timer perform the main functions. The capacitance is measured indirectly by means of a time constant measurement. Two phases of the measurement process are involved in measuring the capacitance. The first phase, when a capacitor is charged, is based on the software counter-timer measurements. The second phase, when the capacitor is discharged, requires a hardware timer controlled by the microprocessor. The digital hardware reflects a different approach than used for the previous construction     

微小电容测量仪500fF/1MHz溯源方法研究

fF量级高频微小电容测量在军工电子产品领域有着重要作用,针对微小电容测量仪500fF/1MHz点无法溯源的现状,研制了惰性气体封装的500fF高频标准电容器作为传递标准。建立高频小电容测量模型,基于“反算法”估算出500fF高频标准电容器分布参数,称作“理论推导”溯源方案,不确定度优于0.15%;利用3台同等量级的高频微小电容测量传递标准,称作“计量比对”溯源方案,不确定度优于0.07%。利用以上2种方案对同1台仪器开展溯源,实验数据结果基本一致,能够满足用户使用要求,为更低容值、更高频率的微小电容的溯源提供了可参考的路径。     

高性能BaTiO_3/PVDF介电复合材料及其薄膜电容器应用

选用柔性高分子材料聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）作为基体,纳米钛酸钡陶瓷（BaTiO3）作为填充相,采用简单的溶液共混以及流延工艺制备BaTiO3/PVDF薄膜。通过SEM观察了复合材料体系的微观结构,研究了BaTiO3/PVDF介电复合材料的介电性能。把所制备的BaTiO3/PVDF复合材料薄膜（70mm×30mm×25μm...     

基于电压串联加法的1000kV国家工频电压计量标准

国家高电压计量站使用了特殊设计的准确度达0.01级的1000kV串联式标准电压互感器成功地进行了1000kV工频电压加法试验,比值差和相位差测量不确定度均小于等于2×10^-5和0.06′。所得量值与800kV电容式工频电压比例标准装置测量结果比对,比值差的最大偏差为2.7×10^-5,相位差的最大偏差为0.11′,均没有超出双方的90%置信概率区间。     

Fabrication and characterization of novel silicon-compatible high-density capacitors

System integration and miniaturization demands are driving component technologies towards integrated thin films with higher volumetric efficiencies and component densities. Among the various system components, achieving higher densities with capacitors, integrated in thin film form has been a major challenge for the past few decades. This paper reports the first proof-of-concept demonstration of a novel silicon-compatible high-density capacitor technology. The key novelty stems from the tremendous enhancement in surface area from thin and porous copper nanoelectrodes and conformal alumina dielectric on such nanoelectrodes. Atomic Layer Deposition was chosen as the dielectric process because of its self-limiting, defect-free and conformal deposition on 3-D structures. Alumina with its moderate permittivity and superior dielectric properties over large voltage ranges was employed as the representative dielectric. Thin copper particulate electrodes with conformal counter electrodes showed 10 times higher capacitance density compared to the planar devices, with similar leakage properties. Thicker electrodes showed enormous enhancement in surface area but inferior leakage properties. Combination of compositional and morphological techniques was used to show alumina conformality on complex 3-D structures of copper particulate electrode. Capacitance–Voltage and Current–Voltage characterizations were carried out to confirm the feasibility of the novel high density 3-D capacitor structure.     

The theory of the standard screened capacitor

A transformation formula for the standard screened capacitor with additional electrodes, which forms part of the GéT 158-96 State Standard, is derived and analyzed. The formula connects the voltage applied to the capacitor with the electric-field strength at the center of the capacitor, and enables the voltage applied to the additional electrodes to be chosen in the optimum way, and ensures that the electric field at the center of the capacitor is uniform. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 7, pp. 37–39, July, 2007.     

电容器级钽粉关键技术与开发研究

引述了Ta电容器与Al电容器、多层陶瓷电容器相比突出的性能与应用特征，分析了Ta电容器片式化、小型化促进电容器级Ta粉高比容化发展的新趋势，叙述了航空、航天和军工领域对高压电容器高可靠性能的需求，以及对中高压Ta粉向更高电压、更低SER方向发展的引领，回顾了电容器用高比容Ta粉、中高压Ta粉发展应用进程，介绍了经典氟钽酸钾（K2TaF7）金属Na还原法、电子束熔炼法、球磨片式化法生产的高比容Ta粉、高压Ta粉、中压（片状）Ta粉的性能、产品品级及关键技术，分析了30～80kμFV／gTa粉耐压性能影响因素，介绍了Ta粉高比容化、高压化新技术、装置、产品形貌、性能及优缺点，在此基础上提出了电容器级Ta粉高比容化、高压化创新进步的思路。     

碳基电化学双层电容器及复合电源系统的研制

碳基电化学超电容器作为一种新一代储能系统具有广泛的应用.多种测试及研究手段表明本文制备的炭材料具有适合电化学超电容器用途的特殊结构和型貌.直流充放电、循环伏安以及交流阻抗等实验显示了使用该材料组装的电容器具有良好的电化学性能,活性物质的比容量为168.5F/g,在大功率充放电条件下的活性物质的能量密度>5.0Wh/kg,同时具有10⁵以上的循环寿命,脉冲放电实验证明超电容器能有效改善镍氢电池的大电流脉冲放电性能.     

Reference trimmer disc capacitor for frequencies up to 200 Mc

Conclusions The above disc capacitor can be used for various purposes as a reference single-valued effective capacitance, or as a many-valued capacitance set at will to any value within its range, for testing or research purposes.The KVCh-8M capacitors are particularly convenient for determining the frequency characteristic of effective capacitances of other capacitors by the substitution method. In this method the measured capacitor is replaced at the high frequency by the KVCh-8M capacitor, which is set to the appropriate value by adjusting the distance between its plates.The preliminary adjustment is made with the capacitor screen removed, and the final adjustment through the opening in the screen.The actual capacitance of the disc trimmer is then calculated from (4) having measured its capacitance on a low-frequency bridge. Such a method of checking capacitors is very simple, since it does not require any accurate high-frequency capacity measuring devices. It is quite sufficient to have any type of Q-meter.     

用ATR法测量晶体的压电系数和电光系数

提出了一种测量晶体压电系数和电光系数的新方法。晶体厚度和折射率的变化导致衰减全反射(ATR)谱的同步角发生移动,进而引起反射率的变化。选择两个不同阶导模的工作角,施加电压分别测出反射光强的变化,可得到压电系数和电光系数。反射率相对于厚度和折射率的灵敏度分别可达到10^8m^-1和10^3。该方法可同时测量压电系数和电光系数,测量灵敏度高,样品结构简单,实验装置简便,所需的测量电压低。     

Determination of an Absolute Capacitance by a Horizontal Cross Capacitor

A cross capacitor is a calculable one whose capacitance is ideally determinable from one length measurement of its electrodes. In the Electrotechnical Laboratory of Japan (ETL), a horizontal cross capacitor was constructed. In this model, ease of checking alignment of the horizontal electrode bars, and a simple driving mechanism to move the guard electrode, were emphasized. Because the movable guard electrode rests on, and is guided by, the horizontal electrode bars no special supporting mechanism is necessary. The displacement, which defines the length of the capacitor, is observed by interference fringes using a Hg198 source. The sensitivity obtained for electrical measurement is better than 0.01 aF and for length measurement better than 1/30 fringe. The errors of this capacitor are examined in detail and confirmed by experimental tests. The absolute capacitance was determined as 0.1 pF with an accuracy better than 1 ppm.