轮轨多点接触计算新方法曲线通过验证

建立包含多点接触轮对振动方程的车辆-轨道系统动力学模型,对轮轨多点接触计算和判定新方法-迹线极值法进行车辆曲线通过验证,给出曲线通过接触点在车轮踏面上位置、轮轨接触点数和轮轨法向力.结果表明,迹线极值法能够解决轮轨多点接触问题并获得准确的轮轨多点接触几何参数和系统振动特性;当发生轮缘根部和轮缘两点接触时,采用多点接触方法得到的结果比采用单点接触方法得到的结果更为合理可信,当不发生轮缘根部和轮缘两点同时接触时,多点接触法与单点接触法得到的结果几乎完全一致;与新用车轮踏面相比,测试得到的磨耗后车轮踏面在其名义直径位置凹陷区域附近容易形成踏面两点接触.证实了轮轨多点接触新方法的正确性和有效性.     

地铁线路曲线段磨耗状态下轮轨滚动接触有限元分析

基于城市轨道交通曲线段不同磨耗程度的典型钢轨和车轮的实测型面,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立曲线段轮轨三维弹塑性接触有限元模型,对三种不同轮轨磨耗型面匹配工况下的地铁车辆的曲线通过性能以及轮轨接触应力进行计算分析,分析不同磨耗状态下车轮和钢轨接触时的接触应力和轮轨应力的分布状态,并研究其对钢轨磨耗的影响。发现钢轨使用初期,由于轮轨廓形不一致,轮轨间易出现应力集中,应力集中部位易出现磨损;随着钢轨侧磨的增加,轮轨接触状态逐渐由一点接触变为两点接触,且接触点的塑性变形部分和弹性部分的过渡区间易出现裂纹;两点接触状态下,外侧轨距角处接触面积及应力集中区域远大于钢轨侧面部分,轨距角易出现较大的接触压力,易加速钢轨磨耗与疲劳伤损的产生。     

重载铁路不同磨耗阶段车轮与曲线钢轨的接触分析

应用轮轨型面测量仪在大秦重载线路上跟踪测量不同磨耗阶段的货车车轮和钢轨型面,并选取典型的轮轨型面,针对曲线轮缘贴靠位置,建立轮轨三维接触有限元模型,进行弹塑性计算分析。计算结果表明:在相同的载荷工况下,随着轮缘的磨耗,轮轨接触斑面积呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势,初期车轮轮缘根部局部剧烈磨耗,逐渐扩大到整个轮缘剧烈磨耗,然后从III型面开始,轮缘和踏面磨耗均匀,轮缘磨耗进入相对稳定的磨耗阶段直至磨耗到限;在曲线位置处,各个磨耗阶段的车轮型面与磨耗稳定期钢轨型面相匹配时的等效应力均明显小于与标准钢轨相配合时的等效应力,而且磨耗后的钢轨型面能够显著改善轮缘贴靠时的应力分布情况,减小轮轨间等效应力,能相对减轻轮轨磨耗;综合考虑轮轨接触斑面积、等效应力的大小与分布情况,III型车轮型面的综合指标相对较优。     

车轮踏面凹形磨耗对轮轨相互作用的影响研究

为了研究踏面凹形磨耗车轮的动力学行为,改进Kik-Piotrowski方法提出一种可考虑轮对摇头和轮轨多点接触的非Hertz接触模型,结合车辆—轨道耦合动力学理论计算具有实测踏面凹形磨耗车轮的CRH2高速动车组在钢轨上运行时的轮轨动态相互作用行为。计算结果表明,改进的Kik-Piotrowski方法可以很好地模拟磨耗车轮与钢轨的多点接触和非Hertz接触行为,轮轨法向力、轮轨蠕滑力以及接触斑形状都与CONTACT计算结果比较接近。对于踏面凹形磨耗的车轮,接触区域分布在车轮磨耗边缘的两个孤立位置,当接触斑从一个区域向另一区域转换时存在瞬时的两点接触。由于两点接触的过渡,接触区域在两个位置转换时造成的冲击效应并不明显。与无磨耗车轮的动力学响应对比,该类车轮踏面凹形磨耗对轮轨力的影响从总体上来说不大,对轮轨横向力的影响略大于对轮轨垂向力的影响,磨耗会增加轮轨垂向力和轮轨横向力的高频成分。     

冲角对低地板车辆轮轨接触状况的影响

针对城市轨道交通中低地板车辆车轮经常出现的轮缘严重磨耗现象,研究其轮轨接触状况,由于城市轨道交通中小半径曲线较多,存在较大的冲角,为研究冲角对轮轨接触状况的影响,利用轮轨型面测量仪测量运用中的70%低地板车辆车轮与钢轨型面,建立具有不同冲角的车轮与钢轨接触模型,在横向力与牵引力矩作用下应用非线性有限元法进行弹塑性接触计算,分析不同工况下的等效应力及接触斑的变化规律,研究冲角、横向力与牵引力矩对钢轨接触状况的影响。通过计算分析得出以下结论：具有不同冲角的轮轨接触斑形状几乎相同,踏面接触斑近似矩形,轮缘接触斑相对狭长,容易造成轮缘磨耗;冲角增大,轮缘接触斑相对踏面接触斑的超前值增大;随着冲角的增大,轮轨最大等效应力逐渐增大,磨耗功率增大,故在轮轨型面匹配和车辆结构设计中应尽量将轮轨冲角控制在1°以内。     

轮缘润滑对列车曲线通过动态响应影响分析*

为研究轮缘润滑对重载列车曲线通过性能的影响,建立重载列车-轨道三维耦合动力学模型,该模型主要包含重载列车系统模型、有砟轨道系统模型和考虑多点接触和复杂接触状态的轮轨滚动接触模型。利用该模型对比分析惰行工况和驱动工况下,轮缘润滑对重载列车曲线通过时轮轨动态相互作用的影响。研究结果表明：轮缘润滑对机车曲线通过时的轮轨动力相互作用影响显著,在机车轮对通过小半径圆曲线过程中,当存在轮缘润滑时,外侧轮缘位置处的轮轨纵向蠕滑力明显较无轮缘润滑时明显降低,轮对导向能力削弱;在惰行和牵引工况下通过圆曲线时,存在轮缘润滑的轮对冲角均明显增大;轮缘润滑对重载列车钩缓系统响应影响不大。     

基于有限元理论的轮轨接触力学特性仿真研究

轮轨接触的力学特性研究对保障列车的安全运行至关重要。选择动车组车轮LMa踏面与标准CHN60钢轨,借助有限元理论,分别计算两种轮径在不同轴重以及不同横移量下的轮轨接触应力变化情况。计算结果表明:随着轴重的增加,轮轨接触应力会增大;当车轮有横移时,发现靠近轮缘侧的轮轨接触应力大于远离轮缘侧的;同种工况下,增大轮径可以适当改善轮轨受力状态。     

基于元胞自动机方法的地铁车轮磨损动态建模与仿真

为解决轮轨之间的磨耗预测问题,以地铁车轮为研究对象,利用元胞自动机方法建立轮轨磨耗动态分析模型,将轮轨接触问题以局部演变规则表征,解析元胞的移动规则、受损规则、切削规则和脱落规则的自组织演变过程,实现了车轮在钢轨上宏观磨耗的动态过程模拟,获得地铁运行过程中轮缘高度、轮缘厚度、轮缘综合值的变化情况,并且,同时考虑车轮和钢轨磨损的相互作用,采用皮尔逊相关系数对仿真结果与实测结果进行对比,发现具有极强相关和强相关性,验证了仿真模型的有效性。研究结果表明:建立的轮轨接触元胞自动机模型适用于车轮磨损的动态演变过程,设置的局部演化规则是合理的,形象地描述了车轮型面的变化过程,轮缘高度、轮缘厚度及轮缘综合值的仿真结果与实测结果对比证明了元胞自动机方法在车轮磨损上的可行性。工作为轮轨磨损预测提供了一种新思路,在指导镟轮合理周期的制定方面具有一定的参考价值。     

整车无砟轨道钢轨波磨计算模型

概述了钢轨波磨研究现状及现有钢轨波磨计算模型。基于刚柔耦合的车辆轨道耦合动力学模型、改进的轮轨非赫兹滚动接触力学模型、钢轨材料摩擦磨损模型和磨耗叠加计算模型,建立整车-无砟轨道钢轨波磨计算模型。其中刚柔耦合的车辆轨道耦合动力学模型可以同时考虑钢轨、轨道板柔性以及钢轨周期离散支撑条件等因素;改进的三维非赫兹接触模型考虑不均匀磨损对轮轨接触的影响;材料摩擦磨损模型考虑自旋对磨耗的贡献。钢轨波磨计算模型考虑了轮轨之间的动力作用对波磨形成和发展的影响,以及波磨导致接触表面改变后其对轮轨接触及动力学的反馈作用。该模型可以模拟整车八个车轮和钢轨相互作用所形成的波磨。利用该模型再现了现场残余波磨的初期演化情况,该项研究可为钢轨波磨的减缓和治理提供理论基础和技术手段。     

基于轮轨型面匹配数值模拟的地铁车轮异常磨耗原因分析

通过线路测试和数值仿真对某B型地铁列车车轮异常磨耗现象进行深入分析。结合轮轨接触几何关系和轮轨滚动接触理论进行轮轨静态接触分析;基于UM软件建立该地铁车辆动力学仿真模型和磨耗预测模型,计算轮对运动状态和车轮磨耗水平。通过对比不同轮轨匹配的仿真结果来分析该地铁车辆发生轮缘和踏面异常磨耗的原因,进而提出相应的控制措施。结果表明,该地铁线路小半径曲线占比较大且钢轨轨底坡异常。地铁车辆轮缘和踏面异常磨耗是由较大轨底坡线路条件下轮轨型面匹配关系不合理所导致。将全线轨底坡修正成1/40对车轮异常磨耗现象的减缓效果有限。为有效减轻该地铁车辆车轮异常磨耗,可考虑将车轮踏面外形由S1002镟修为LM。     

轮轨接触界面摩擦管理研究进展

列车向着高速与重载方向迅速发展,显著加剧了轮轨接触界面间的损伤。通过在轮轨接触界面进行摩擦管理能够有效地降低轮轨之间的磨损、显著提高列车的运行安全性以及降低运营成本。对轮轨接触界面摩擦管理研究现状进行综述,并介绍轮轨界面摩擦控制对轮轨作用力、黏着、磨耗、滚动接触疲劳以及振动与噪声影响的研究进展;展望了轮轨接触界面摩擦管理未来研究方向,即应针对不同应用环境和接触部位,研发合理的摩擦控制材料,以克服摩擦管理过程中对轮轨损伤及使用局限性等问题;应探究车轮踏面/轨顶面和轮缘/轨距面摩擦控制方式,严格控制摩擦材料喷涂量使两接触面不相互干扰,优化改进轮轨接触界面摩擦管理的最佳应用参数;应研发环境友好型的轮缘/轨距面润滑剂与车轮踏面/轨顶面摩擦控制剂,稳定调控轮轨接触界面的黏着特性。     

On-line and off-line wheel/rail contact algorithm in the analysis of multibody railroad vehicle systems

An on-line and off-line hybrid contact algorithm for modeling wheel/rail contact problems is developed based on the elastic contact formulation. In the hybrid algorithm developed in this investigation, the off-line tabular search is used for predicting the location of tread contact points, while the on-line iterative search is used for predicting flange contact points. By so doing, a computationally efficient procedure is achieved while keeping accurate predictions of contact points for severe contact scenarios such as sharp curve and turnout negotiations. The use of the proposed hybrid algorithm can eliminate the time-consuming on-line iterative search for the second points of contact. Since the location of the second point of contact is pre-computed by the contact geometry analysis, the occurrence of two-point contact can be predicted by using the look-up table at the one-point contact configuration. A flange climb simulation demonstrates that the proposed hybrid contact search algorithm can be effectively used for modeling wheel/rail contacts in the analysis of general multibody railroad vehicle systems. This paper was presented at the 4th Asian Conference on Multibody Dynamics(ACMD2008), Jeju, Korea, August 20–23, 2008. Hiroyuki Sugiyama received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 2005. Dr. Sugiyama is currently an Assistant Professor at Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan. His research interests include the development of computer formulations for contact problems in vehicle systems and the large deformation problems of constrained multibody systems. Kohei Araki received his BS degree in Mechanical Engineering from Osaka City University in 2006. Mr. Araki is currently a Master’s student at Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan. His research interest is in the modeling of wheel/contact problems in railroad vehicle dynamics. Yoshihiro Suda received his Doctoral degree from the University of Tokyo in 1987. Dr. Suda is currently a Professor at the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. His research interests are in the dynamics of railroad vehicles and automobiles, in-telligent transportation systems (ITS) and personal mobility vehicles. He is currently serving as an Associate Editor of the IMechE Journal of Multi-Body Dynamics.     

Multi-point contact of the high-speed vehicle-turnout system dynamics

The wheel-rail contact problems, such as the number, location and the track of contact patches, are very important for optimizing the spatial structure of the rails and lowering the vehicle-turnout system dynamics. However, the above problems are not well solved currently because of having the difficulties in how to determine the multi-contact, to preciously present the changeable profiles of the rails and to establish an accurate spatial turnout system dynamics model. Based on a high-speed vehicle-turnout coupled model in which the track is modeled as flexible with rails and sleepers represented by beams, the line tracing extreme point method is introduced to investigate the wheel-rail multiple contact conditions and the key sections of the blade rail, longer nose rail, shorter rail in the switch and nose rail area are discretized to represent the varying profiles of rails in the turnout. The dynamic interaction between the vehicle and turnout is simulated for cases of the vehicle divergently passing the turnout and the multi-point contact is obtained. The tracks of the contact patches on the top of the rails are presented and the wheel-rail impact forces are offered in comparison with the contact patches transference on the rails. The numerical simulation results indicate that the length of two-point contact occurrence of a worn wheel profile and rails is longer than that of the new wheel profile and rails; The two-point contact definitely occurs in the switch and crossing area. Generally, three-point contact doesn’t occur for the new rail profile, which is testified by the wheel-rails interpolation distance and the first order derivative function of the tracing line extreme points. The presented research is not only helpful to optimize the structure of the turnout, but also useful to lower the dynamics of the high speed vehicle-turnout system.     

Translohr有轨电车导向轨轮接触模型研究*

基于调研上海张江Translohr有轨电车线路导向轨磨耗的基础上,推断出导向轮与导向轨的两种稳定的接触状态：两导向轮的踏面与倒V形导向轨的两个顶面接触,以及一侧导向轮轮缘与导向轨一侧轨腰接触状态。在忽略接触点位置变化的前提下,提出导向轮与导向轨之间的接触关系可简化为四点单边弹簧的等效力学模型。在Matlab/Simulink环境中建立Translohr有轨电车的动力学模型,其中动力走行部模型中引入Dummy体以简化空间四连杆的导向机构。仿真计算Translohr有轨电车在不同半径曲线上的轮轨接触状态,并实际测量了Translohr有轨电车在上海张江线路的轮轨导向力。仿真结果说明在40 m半径曲线上处于导向轮踏面与导向轨顶面接触接触状态,在25 m半径的曲线上出现一侧导向轮踏面和轮缘接触状态。仿真得到的轮轨导向力数值与实际测量结果具有较好的一致性。建立的导向轮轨模型可用来研究Translohr有轨电车导向轨侧磨产生的条件和影响因素。     

消除桥式起重机“啃道”现象的再研究

起重机车轮与轨道间有时会发生“啃道”现象，双点接触圆顶轨道是彻底消除“啃道”现象的结构形式。它能承受侧向力，不需要车轮缘，免除了轮缘与轨道的摩擦，阻力减小，寿命延长，并使车轮承载能力增大２．５－４．５倍。     

Temperature in a twin-disc wheel/rail contact simulation

Temperature in a machine element contact is critical in determining wear mechanisms and the conditions at which wear transitions occur. Calculations have shown that the temperature in a wheel/rail contact under severe contact conditions may lead to a transition from severe wear to catastrophic wear. Such high lateral loads and slips can occur in wheel flange contact at railway track curves.The aim of this work was to use a thermal camera to measure the temperatures in a twin-disc simulation of a wheel/rail contact. Disc body and contact temperatures were studied for a number of different contact conditions. Disc emissivity values were determined using an independent calibration test.Measured temperatures were compared with those derived using analytical models which equate frictional heat generated in the contact with heat dissipation due to conduction, convection and radiation. Good correlation was found between the experimental and analytical results. This is despite the fact that its emissivity values were assumed constant throughout the test.     

轮轨配合对重载货车轮轨磨耗的影响*

在中国既有线路的参数设置下,建立标准LM车轮与R60轨和R75轨配合时的轮轨接触和磨耗模型,对比研究不同轮轨配合时的磨耗性能。计算表明R75轨轮轨接触点集中分布在轨侧、轨头和轨顶三个区域,接触线不连续。在当轮对横移小于3 mm时,两种钢轨滚动圆半径差和接触角差基本一致,轮对横移大于3 mm时,R75轨的滚动圆半径差和接触角差稍小。R75轨与LM车轮配合时,在车轮踏面和轮缘、钢轨轨顶和轨角两段圆弧的过渡段的接触斑面积和应力变化剧烈。车辆在直线上运行时,R75轨的轮轨磨耗将增大数倍,动态通过800 m半径曲线时,外轨磨耗增大约45%。轮轨配合的理论分析表明R75轨不适应我国重载运输,采用提高强度的R60轨更符合我国重载铁路的实际情况。     

起重机轮轨弹塑性接触有限元分析

利用ANSYS9.0软件对起重机轮轨弹塑性接触进行有限元分析,分别对点接触和线接触状态轮轨的弹性和弹塑性两种情况进行有限元分析,得出了轮轨间弹性接触和弹塑性接触应力的分布情况.