水工隧洞衬砌混凝土温控防裂技术研究

水工隧洞衬砌混凝土受到压力和裂缝间距的不确定因素影响,导致裂纹的可控性不好,因此构建一种基于裂缝形成、分布、裂缝宽度和间距联合估计的水工隧洞衬砌混凝土温控防裂技术。基于水工隧洞衬砌混凝土裂缝的开裂位置以及开裂宽度估计,采用预应力检测方法,建立水工隧洞衬砌混凝土温控裂纹估计模型,通过变形、扭转进行形状分析,考虑配筋量、衬砌曲率、内水压力的影响,根据施工进度、温度应力、地质条件、混凝土性能多维参数分析,实现水工隧洞衬砌混凝土的裂缝宽度和间距联合估计,实现混凝土温控防裂。实验结果表明,该方法应用在水工隧洞衬砌混凝土温控防裂中,能准确确定初裂间距,水工隧洞衬砌裂缝宽度计算结果准确,计算负载较低。     

关于卸荷岩体尺寸效应的数值仿真研究

准确地估计岩体的强度和变形参数,对于实际工程的设计和施工以及边坡岩体的稳定性分析,都具有十分重要的意义。而含有多级裂隙岩体的参数确定,一直是岩土工程中的一个重要及困难的问题。以某电站厂房开挖边坡为工程背景,运用数值仿真模拟试验方法研究了卸荷岩体的尺寸效应问题,并采用先小尺寸后大尺寸、先小裂隙后大裂隙、逐级模拟的分级计算方法,取得了边坡岩体的卸荷宏观力学参数。     

基于成像测井技术的地下岩体裂隙分布规律预测研究

在水利工程地质勘察中,常规的综合测井方法只能从测井曲线的形态变化上大致推测裂隙的存在位置,不能查明裂隙的具体形态及产状特征。文章通过超声成像测井能够获取钻孔中裂隙的位置、形态、倾角、倾向等参数的特点,采用将多个钻孔超声成像资料进行联合对比分析,分析裂隙的性质,进而查明地下岩体构造裂隙的分布规律。     

岩体粗糙裂隙网络渗流分析的子单元法

岩体粗糙裂隙的细部特征对区域整体渗流分析影响很大,以往渗流分析往往没有考虑粗糙裂隙细部特征以及其对整体渗流分析的影响。提出子单元法来分析岩体粗糙裂隙网络渗流,则可以较好的分析上述影响。子单元法将每一裂隙当成一个单元,裂隙内部则分成若干子单元,裂隙单元的总体水力特征受所有的子单元联合作用控制,而细部水力特征由单一子单元体现。根据单裂隙开度分布统计规律模拟裂隙开度分布,将单裂隙等长分段(子单元),根据模拟开度参数求得裂隙中任一子单元的平均隙宽,进一步推导裂隙的单宽流量公式和子单元结点的水头公式。利用岩体裂隙网络渗流理论,结合粗糙单裂隙等宽流量公式,求得各裂隙结点水头,进一步求得裂隙的单宽流量,进而求得裂隙子单元水头和流速。通过分析可得粗糙裂隙网络渗流与平滑裂隙网络存在明显不同:(1)裂隙网络中任一裂隙单宽流量计算公式不同,粗糙裂隙的等效水力隙宽小于平均隙宽;(2)裂隙内水头分布形式不同,光滑裂隙呈直线状分布,而粗糙裂隙呈阶梯状分布;(3)组成裂隙网络渗流传导矩阵的计算公式不同,粗糙裂隙网络考虑了裂隙细部水力特征对渗流的影响;(4)粗糙裂隙子单元法考虑了裂隙开度分布不均匀对裂隙过流能力的影响,更加合理。本研究可为实际工程提供参考。     

拱坝坝肩稳定的随机分析

以有限元法为基础,利用子结构法分析拱坝坝体和岩体的相互作用问题.利用Bayes法对错动带的力学随机参数进行了估计,将裂隙岩体材料参数看作是空间随机场,引入区域化变量以反映其在空间上的随机性和相关性,用变异函数反映了岩石力学参数区域化特征,用克里格方程对各单元材料参数进行了估计.据此,可充分利用地质资料,人为判断最大可能滑动的部分结构面,对不易判断的滑动面,利用破坏追踪搜索获得.该方法可充分考虑各种不确定性以及各种破坏失稳模式的相关性,利用可靠度理论对坝肩的稳定性进行评价.应用该方法对某高拱坝的拱肩稳定进行分析,结果表明,本文提出的计算方法简单,计算结果合理可靠.     

土体表面干缩裂隙的形态参数定量分析方法

为了解土体干缩裂隙演化规律,基于MATLAB软件开发了裂隙图像分析系统,通过对裂隙图像进行二值化、桥接去杂、骨架提取等操作,进而提取出裂隙率、裂隙长度、平均宽度、隙宽分布率、分维等裂隙形态参数,实现了平面裂隙图像的无损、连续、动态识别和形态参数定量分析。该裂隙网络图像分析程序为土体干缩裂隙的动态演化分析提供了依据,可用于边坡稳定性分析、环境污染控制等众多领域。     

基于随机动力学的边坡安全坡角估值方法探讨

对于广泛分布大量裂隙的岩质边坡,有些并无明显的软弱面,裂隙的分布方位对边坡稳定性就起着控制作用,但在实际工作中,往往存在安全坡角取值不准确的问题。传统方法是找到边坡内部裂隙的优势分组,应用赤平投影方法估计边坡安全坡角。随机动力学稳定性分析认为,最危险滑动面的滑动方向为边坡的倾向方向,岩壁上测量出的每一条裂隙都是随机的,对边坡的失稳都会造成一定的影响,裂隙可形成单一滑动面破坏或裂隙之间可随机组合形成楔形体进而对边坡造成破坏。以大连港东换流站的开挖边坡为实例,采用随机动力学方法与赤平投影分析相结合进行对比分析,给出合理的安全坡角。     

基于概率熵判据的大坝位移预警概型比较

基于数理统计原理,依据概率分布采用小概率估计方法拟定大坝位移预警指标是实现大坝安全监控的常用手段.借助系统可靠度分析方法,选取能够良好刻画系统服役性态的威布尔(Weibull)分布(三参数及二参数)、伽玛(Gamma)分布和对数正态(Log-normal)分布,针对大坝典型坝段位移监测序列,分别建立其概率分布模型,实现对分布参数的求解,再以最大熵原理为判据,选取能最客观描述大坝服役性态的分布,结合大坝失事概率,完成概率分布模型比较研究和位移预警值估计工作.实例表明:相较于其他分布,三参数Weibull分布能最客观描述典型坝段服役性态,故利用其对坝段位移预警值进行估计更加可靠.     

裂隙岩体热流模型研究

基于裂隙岩体地区渗流场和温度场的相互作用机理和流体力学及传热学基本原理,研究了裂隙岩体地区一、二维温度场的分布,进而对裂隙水流量、流体性质、水岩温差等影响温度场分布特征的物理量进行了分析,建立了单裂隙岩体地区温度场模型。根据现场温度场数据,就可以计算裂隙岩体渗漏流量、流速等水文地质参数。     

坝基裂隙岩体三维灌浆数值模拟

坝基灌浆工程地质条件复杂且具有隐蔽性,如何建立能准确反映岩体内裂隙分布情况的三维随机裂隙网络模型,并进行浆液扩散特征的研究是灌浆数值模拟的关键和难点。现有研究大多通过岩体揭露面统计资料估计裂隙的几何参数,无法有效反映复杂裂隙真实特征,且灌浆模拟研究中多将裂隙简化为单一裂隙或规则裂隙网络。本文采用Monte Carlo法建立三维随机裂隙网络模型;提出三维裂隙宾汉姆流体灌浆数学模型,实现对随机裂隙内宾汉姆浆液扩散特征的研究;运用该模型对某水电站坝基裂隙岩体灌浆过程进行模拟,结果表明：浆液主要在与灌浆孔相交的裂隙内流动,灌浆压力在灌浆孔附近衰减速率最快且对浆液扩散的影响较为显著。同传统裂隙灌浆模拟相比,该方法能有效反映复杂裂隙的真实特征,获取更贴近实际工程的灌浆结果,为保障灌浆工程的安全建设和经济合理性提供了理论依据。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。