X80管线钢不同缺陷类型的磁记忆检测试验研究

为探究X80管线钢不同缺陷类型的力磁耦合特性,设计了平板试件与穿孔、边缘切槽3种不同试件,通过金属磁记忆检测方法对X80管线钢试件不同缺陷类型的磁记忆信号特征进行了试验研究.采用材料试验机对试件导入不同程度的塑性损伤与应力集中,通过光学应变测量系统获取试件表面的实时应变情况,同时采用磁记忆检测仪对试件表面诱发磁场的法向分量与切向分量进行卸载离线检测.结果表明:随着塑性损伤程度的增加,无缺陷试件的磁记忆信号法向分量与切向分量从平缓趋向波动,但未出现明显的峰值;含穿孔与切槽试件磁记忆信号法向分量在缺陷处出现过零点与反对称双峰,切向分量出现单峰值,并且渐趋明显.初步探究了X80管线钢塑性损伤与磁记忆信号之间的关联性,为油气管道塑性损伤程度的无损定量评价奠定了基础.     

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金属磁记忆(MMM)检测技术在埋地管道缺陷的非开挖检测和早期损伤诊断方面极具应用潜力。在本期刊载的论文"X80管线钢不同变形状态的磁记忆检测试验研究"中,西南石油大学机电工程学院杨晓惠博士等人,通过X80管线钢静载拉伸试验,分析了在弹塑性变形状态下试件表面的磁记忆信号变化规律,并利用改进的J-A磁机械模型合理解释了磁信号的反转变化。     

弹塑性变形阶段力磁效应的有限元模拟

金属磁记忆研究的是由铁磁材料内部应力和应变引起的材料磁性质的变化,而不同类型的形变(弹性和塑性)对材料磁化的影响机制各不相同.本文利用线性强化弹塑性模型,结合材料不同变形阶段对材料磁化影响的物理模型,提出了贯穿所有变形阶段的力磁耦合模型.为了研究不同变形阶段金属磁记忆检测信号的变化,基于上述模型利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,对不同应力载荷下铁磁材料试件表面漏磁场的分布进行了模拟研究.模拟结果表明,弹性变形对金属磁记忆信号的影响并不明显,而小的塑性形变会使磁信号发生锐变.     

基于磁记忆的受弯钢梁力-磁效应试验

建筑钢结构磁记忆检测技术的关键问题是确定磁记忆信号与内应力之间的关系。由于应力与应变是一一对应关系,故本文通过研究磁记忆信号与应变的关系,得到其与应力之间的关系。分析表明:钢梁下翼缘表面法向漏磁场强度与拉应变有着一定的关系,不论是处于弹性阶段,还是塑性阶段,磁记忆信号曲线变化与其应变变化趋势表现一致,磁记忆信号曲线可以反映应变的变化状态。钢梁腹板表面磁记忆信号与其水平压应力之间呈线性关系,无明显的拐点;但不同钢梁试件在相同应变下磁记忆信号强度存在差值,目前仅能作出定性评判。     

拉伸载荷作用下中碳钢磁记忆信号的机理

测量了中碳钢试件表面各点的磁记忆信号，并观察断口的组织，研究了外载荷对磁记忆信号的影响和金属磁记忆的微观机理．结果表明：在弹性变形阶段内，随着载荷的增加中碳钢试件表面各点磁信号值由初始无规律分布逐渐向磁有序状态转变；进入塑性变形阶段后，位错对磁畴运动的钉扎使磁有序转变过程停止，磁信号几乎不再随载荷而变化．对于在弹性和塑性加载范围内卸载的两个试件，表面磁信号均具有不同程度的时效现象，试件的断口呈现韧窝及准解理混合断裂形式．     

试件残余塑性变形与金属磁记忆检测信号的关系

对带缺口Q235试件进行静载拉伸实验,在卸载后,沿测量路径检测磁信号。结合有限元分析结果,研究弹性变形阶段,试件应力集中状态和磁信号之间的联系,以及塑性变形阶段,试件残余塑性应变状态和磁信号之间的联系。结果表明:磁信号和应力集中状态及塑性变形状态有显著的关联。磁信号不仅可以用来判断缺陷的位置和尺寸,也可用于研究塑性变形的分布。     

不同初始磁状态U75V钢变形阶段的磁记忆参数表征

通过对经退磁处理和未消磁的U75V钢光滑试件进行静载拉伸试验研究了初始磁状态对试件表面磁信号的影响。结果表明:消磁试件长度范围内的表面磁场在弹性阶段呈现很好的线性分布。进入塑性后,切向磁场出现局部弯曲。利用切向磁场均值和法向磁场斜率变化可以区分弹塑性阶段以及确定弹性阶段的应力幅值;未消磁试件随着载荷增加其表面磁场波动幅度减小,由初始无规律分布逐渐转向磁有序状态。利用未消磁试件长度范围外的磁记忆信号曲线的磁场均值及斜率变化可以有效表征不同的变形阶段。     

金属磁记忆技术检测低碳钢静载拉伸破坏的实验研究

为探索磁记忆现象的物理机制,在地磁场环境中,静载拉伸低碳钢板状试件.对应试件加载前、静载拉伸过程中不同的载荷水平以及断裂后等不同阶段,分别采用EMS-2003磁记忆诊断仪检测试样表面磁场强度垂直分量信号的变化.结果发现,加载前各试件初始磁状态对试件断裂后信号有影响.试件拉伸过程中塑性变形阶段内磁信号无较大数值变化,断裂后信号突变.拉伸过程中过零点漂移,最后集中在断口处.过零点对判定损伤破坏的铁磁构件危险区域具有一定意义.     

拉伸情况下含裂纹16MnR钢的磁记忆检测实验

利用磁记忆方法检测压力容器用钢裂纹扩展和塑性变形的可行性.利用压力容器常用材料16MnR制作拉伸试件,在其上预制垂直于试件长度方向的不同几何尺寸的裂纹,在材料试验机上进行拉伸实验.利用磁记忆传感器检测试件表面裂纹尖端磁场强度法向分量信号,研究不同拉伸阶段裂纹尖端磁信号的变化规律,利用铁磁学基本理论研究和解释复杂实验现象.在对拉伸载荷变化和磁信号变化规律进行分析的基础上,提出了载荷梯度参数的概念,实验表明:利用该参数可以较好地表征压力容器用钢的弹塑性应变.     

管线钢半穿孔损伤的金属磁记忆检测研究

油气运输管道出现穿孔、裂纹及塑性变形等机械损伤后易导致安全隐患并造成重大事故。该文采用金属磁记忆法对半穿孔损伤的X80管线钢试件进行检测分析,通过金属磁记忆微量磁场检测系统测量机械损伤诱发磁场的法向分量信号,并采用ARAMIS三维光学全场动态应变测量系统实时获取试件表面应变分布。根据结果得出两者之间的非线性关系,并验证金属磁记忆法检测管线钢半穿孔机械损伤的可行性,为X80管线钢构件或输运管道的定量无损评估提供基础依据。     

铁磁性材料的力磁效应机理探讨与实验研究

基于sablik-jiles-atherton模型和材料的自发磁化规律,在理论上探讨了更为简洁的力磁关系模型,分析了铁磁性材料在外应力和地磁场作用下的漏磁测量机理,获得了试件表面漏磁场信号切向最大、法向过零的特点.结合试件的弹塑性分析,得到在出现应力集中的缺陷位置漏磁信号变化剧烈,即梯度突然变大.利用Q235A钢材为实例,测量了试件在不同应力状态下的漏磁信号,得出在弹性范围内漏磁信号随拉力增大而增大,实验结果与理论有较好的符合,该工作为深入探讨铁磁性材料的力磁关系奠定了一定的理论基础,为检测铁磁试件的潜在缺陷提供了实验依据.     

Variation of Residual Magnetic Field of Defective U75V Steel Subjected to Tensile Stress

Variation of the stress‐induced magnetic field of the U75V rail steel under tension was investigated in this research. Various magnetic responses were registered by a magnetometer in the elastic and plastic deformation stages, which can be explained by the microstructural changes in magnetic domains. Two types of defective specimens were also tested to correlate the stress concentration with the magnetic field. It is found that the tangential component of the magnetic field B_x is much more sensitive to local stress concentration than the normal component B_z. The tangential component B_x reaches a peak value at the rupture position, and the peak magnitude is proportional to the concentrated stress caused by the defect. This observation is different from the Q235 steel, whose tangential component B_x and the normal component B_z are equally effective. Such discrepancy might be due to that U75V fails in a more brittle pattern than the Q235 steel. The average value of the B_x along the loading axis can determine the overall stress state of the structure, while the peaks in the B_x curve tell the local stress concentration caused by cracks and dislocation.     

Mapping of Deformation-Induced Magnetic Fields in Carbon Steels Using a GMR Sensor Based Metal Magnetic Memory Technique

Giant magneto-resistive (GMR) sensor based metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique is proposed for mapping of deformation-induced self-magnetic leakage fields (SMLFs) in carbon steel. The specimens were subjected to different amounts of tensile deformation and the deformation-induced SMLFs were measured using a GMR sensor after unloading the specimens. 3D-nonlinear finite element modeling was performed to predict stress–strain state in a steel specimen under tensile load. The experimentally obtained SMLF images were correlated with the finite element model predicted stress–strain states. Studies reveal that the MMM technique can detect the plastic deformation with signal-to-noise ratio better than 20 dB. The technique enables the mapping of plastic deformation in carbon steels for the evaluation of the severity of deformation. The study also reveals that deformation-induced SMLF is influenced by the presence of initial surface residual stress, introduced by shot peening. The intensity of SMLF signal is found to increase with increase in tensile load and decrease with shot peening.     

构件形状对金属磁记忆检测的影响

金属磁记忆检测是无损检测领域的新技术,而某些形状构件的应力集中和缺陷不能用该方法检测.为了研究构件形状对磁记检测的影响,计算了处于地磁场中的管道壁内的磁场.结果表明,管道和压力容器等适宜用磁记忆检测.     

压力矫直厚壁钢管的载荷-挠度模型研究

依据弹塑性理论,对压力矫直理想弹塑性材料的厚壁钢管过程进行分析,针对其弹塑性弯曲阶段的塑性变形是否深入到内径,分别给出了2种情况的载荷-挠度数学模型,并通过有限元分析软件Ansys和实验对该模型进行了验证,结果表明该模型具有较高的精度。     

Local stress–strain field intensity approach to fatigue life prediction under random cyclic loading

According to the characteristic of the local behavior of fatigue damage, on the basis of stress field intensity approach, a theory of local stress–strain field intensity for fatigue damage at the notch is developed in this paper, which can take account of the effects of the local stress–strain gradient on fatigue damage at the notch. In order to calculate the local stress–strain field intensity parameters, an incremental elastic-plastic finite element analysis under random cyclic loading is used to determine the local stress–strain response. A local stress–strain field intensity approach to fatigue life prediction is proposed by means of elastic-plastic finite element method for notched specimens. This approach is used to predict fatigue crack initiation life, and good correlation was observed with U-shape notched specimens for normalized 45 steel.