定域性电化学增材制造三维微螺旋构件工艺

针对电化学增材制造已有较多探究，但研究内容多为工艺参数对柱体成形质量的影响，工艺参数对微螺旋构件的影响尚缺乏系统研究。通过单因素试验法研究极间电压、脉冲占空比和初始极间隙对微螺旋结构直径、体沉积速率和表面形貌的影响，采用数字显微镜及扫描电镜对微螺旋构件进行检测，得出极间电压为4.0～4.4 V时，可以制备出直径均匀、形状规整的微螺旋结构，微螺旋结构体沉积速率由210μm³/s增长至5 728μm³/s；而电压增至4.6 V时，微螺旋结构出现大量瘤状沉积。当初始极间隙从5μm增加到20μm时，微螺旋结构平均直径由128μm增长至163μm。极间电压为4.2 V、初始极间隙为10～20μm时，随着初始极间隙的增大，微螺旋结构底部明显变粗，直径波动较大。研究结果表明，采用三轴联动控制阳极运动轨迹，定域电化学增材制造三维微螺旋构件，是三维金属微结构一种可行的技术方法。试验优化参数为极间电压4.2 V、脉冲占空比60%和初始极间隙5μm时，得到微观形貌质量较好、直径均匀的微螺旋构件(圈数为2圈、螺距为400μm)。     

脉冲电压幅值与电解液流动状态对无掩模定域性电沉积微镍柱的影响

为探究脉冲电压幅值与电解液流动状态对无掩模定域性电沉积微镍柱的影响,采用体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜SEM 对电沉积的微镍柱进行观察、检测,并计算了平均沉积直径和速率.在实验的基础上通过控制变量法研究了脉冲电压幅值与电解液流动状态对沉积微镍柱平均直径、平均沉积速率和表面形貌的影响.研究表明,当脉冲电压幅值在3.8～4.4...     

电沉积3D打印图案化微结构工艺优化与应用

通过单因素实验研究了阳极扫描速率和加工电压对成形件整体轮廓、微观形貌及沉积层厚度的影响规律。结果表明：随着阳极扫描速率的增大,成形沉积层的厚度逐渐减小,成形件表面的均匀性与微观结构致密性将得到逐步改善;随着加工电压的增大,沉积层厚度呈现先线性增加后急剧增大的趋势,成形件的直线度、表面均匀性与致密性呈现出先提高后降低的趋势,并逐渐转变为树枝晶状生长。当阳极扫描速率为25μm/s、加工电压为4.6 V时,电沉积3D打印的图案化结构可实现最小层厚0.97μm的打印,内部沉积层之间、沉积层与阴极基底之间均结合紧密。     

极间距对6061铝合金微弧氧化的影响

目的通过改变极间距来控制膜层在试样表面的局部生长。方法通过改变阴极面积来营造均匀与非均匀的电场环境。分别进行微弧氧化试验,根据时间-电压曲线、弧光放电现象、膜层厚度分布等,分析了非均匀电场环境下,极间距对6061铝合金微弧诱发和生长过程的影响。结果非均匀场强下,极间距从2 mm增大到50 mm时,终止电压先从550 V降低到450 V,随后又逐渐上升到650 V;微弧诱发时间从10 s增加到310 s后,又减小到90 s;中心区域膜层厚度从7.5μm减小到1.5μm,后又增加到4μm,边缘区域的厚度则从0μm缓慢增加到4μm。微弧氧化在较小极间距的情况下,极间距的增大会降低反应速率和提高膜层的均匀性。结论极间距的变化会对膜层的生长速率、膜层厚度以及膜层的形貌特征产生很大影响。通过调整合适的极间距可以控制膜层的生长区域,实现膜层的局部优先生长。     

射流电沉积镍工艺研究

通过射流电沉积瓦特镍电解液研究了电压、电解液温度、射流速度、主盐浓度、阳极喷嘴口径对沉积电流、沉积速率、电流效率的影响.结果表明:在电压为45V,温度为50℃,阴阳极间距离为17mm,NiSO4·6H2O浓度为280g/L时,从沉积电流、沉积速率、电流效率来看,效果最好.电压的增大使得沉积电流、沉积速率、电流效率增大,当电压增大到45V后,电流效率不再增大,而是趋于平稳,到55V后,沉积层烧焦.试验还发现,电解液流速和阳极喷嘴口径越大,沉积速率、电流效率也越大.     

线阴极滚印式掩膜电解加工微坑阵列试验研究

目的 为了解决现有电解加工技术中难以使用同一装置在多种型面零件表面一次性大面积制备高精度微坑阵列的现状。方法 提出一种可用于多种型面零件批量加工微坑阵列的线阴极滚印式掩膜电解加工技术,设计了一种滚筒式掩膜复合线阴极的阴极工具装置,采用铜丝(直径500μm)作为阴极,图形化的聚氯乙烯(PVC)作为掩膜,在10%NaNO₃电解液、0.1 mm极间间隙条件下,在不锈钢304材料工件表面进行电解微坑试验,探究电压、阴极工具旋转速度、阴极尺寸对加工微坑阵列形貌的影响,通过超景深显微镜、扫描电子显微镜以及奥林巴斯显微镜对电解后的工件试样表面进行表面微观形貌观测。结果 选用10.5 V的电压、0.2 r/min的旋转速度可在工件表面加工出高精度、高一致性的微坑阵列,其微坑直径分布范围为402.8～440.3μm,深度范围为66.2～74.2μm,微坑粗糙度范围为0.42～0.83μm。与传统的圆环型阴极电解加工结果对比,线阴极电解加工出的微坑阵列直径偏离掩膜孔尺寸小、定域性高。结论 使用线阴极滚印式掩膜电解加工方法可在不锈钢304材料工件平面、内圆柱面及外圆柱面制备大批量、高精...     

阴极等离子体电解沉积工艺参数对放电与沉积过程的影响

为进一步认识和控制阴极等离子体电解沉积过程,研究了工艺条件对锌沉积时放电和沉积过程的影响,用扫描电镜和金相显微镜分别观察沉积层的表面和截面形貌,用能谱仪和X射线衍射仪进行沉积层元素和物相分析。结果表明,极间电压增大到约200V以上的某一电压值时阴极上发生等离子放电,初始放电电压与电解槽中的溶剂种类、氯化钠添加量有关,随乙醇和氯化钠添加量的增大而降低。要在阴极上实现锌的沉积,就应控制工艺条件使初始放电电压尽量低,且极间电压宜维持在初始放电电压以上10~20V。采用水和乙醇混合作溶剂比只用水作溶剂容易实现稳定的阴极沉积,沉积层厚度明显大,但沉积物表面的颗粒较粗大,致密性要差。     

Pb-30%Bi包晶合金定向凝固的两相微观组织研究

对Pb-30%Bi包晶合金进行定向凝固试验,研究了在不同生长速率、不同试样直径条件下获得的两相微观组织,并对其组织的形成及微观组织尺度进行分析。试验结果表明,当生长速率V由1μm/s逐渐增大到100μm/s时,微观组织经历胞状初生α相+胞间包晶β相到枝晶状α相+枝晶间β相微观组织的转变。当生长速率V≤0.5μm/s时,在小直径(1.8 mm)试样中发现不完全带状组织,而在大直径(7 mm)试样中却得到了振荡组织。同时发现,初生α相的一次枝晶间距λ与凝固速率V之间存在λV0.16=241.0μm1.16s-0.16的关系,这与Hunt模型和Trivedi模型较好地吻合。     

基于超短电压脉冲的Cu2O微区电沉积研究

目的 实现基于纳秒级超短电压脉冲的Cu2O微区电沉积。方法 开发了可视化超短电压脉冲微区电化学加工系统,通过脉冲发生器施加纳秒长的超短电压脉冲到微电极与工作电极之间使局部极化发生,采用原位倒置光学显微镜实时监控微区电沉积的动态过程。使用扫描电子显微镜对Cu2O微结构的微观形貌进行表征,研究不同加工参数,包括电极间距、脉冲长度和微电极运动速度对微区电沉积Cu2O的尺寸及微观形貌的影响。结果 电极间距、脉冲长度和微电极运动速度均对沉积的Cu2O微圆盘的直径和晶粒形貌有显著影响。电极间距的增大,使沉积的Cu2O微圆盘的直径和晶粒尺寸均有所减小。电压脉冲长度越小,Cu2O微圆盘的面积越小。微电极移动的速度越快,Cu2O微圆盘的直径越小,结晶性变差。电极间距为14 µm、脉冲长度为30~40 ns以及降低微电极运动速度能够获得轮廓清晰的微区电沉积结构。结论 基于纳秒级超短电压脉冲可视化微区电化学加工系统成功地在ITO导电玻璃表面沉积了直径为50~100 µm的Cu2O微圆盘,为高效率Cu2O基光电器件的微加工提供了简单有效的方法。     

基于氧化铝模板直接电沉积法镍纳米线的制备与表征

在未氧化铝和氧化铝之间经过降压剪薄阻挡层直接进行电沉积,采用不同电压进行电沉积制备了镍纳米线,并采用SEM,TEM和X射线衍射对所制备的镍纳米线进行了表征,研究了电沉积电压对纳米线结构的影响。结果表明：镍纳米线的外形决定于氧化铝模板的形貌,其直径和最大长度分别依赖于模板孔洞的直径和长度,当电沉积电压为1,1.5和2V时制备的镍纳米线为多晶结构,随着电沉积电压的升高,镍纳米线为沿[220]择优取向的单晶结构（电沉积电压分别为3V和4V）,当电沉积电压进一步升高时,择优取向由[220]转为[111]方向（电沉积电压5V）。     

背压正流式恒间隙法电解加工实验研究

以一种可实现恒定加工间隙的方法为对象,设计了电解液背压式正向流动的方式,以提高加工过程的稳定性。采用有限元方法开展了流场仿真研究,优化了出液口结构。分析表明:与开放式正向流动相比,背压式正向流动加工间隙内的流场更均匀稳定。为了验证流场设计的合理性,开展了恒间隙法脉冲电解加工对比实验。结果显示:与开放式正向流动相比,背压式正向流动加工过程的电流波动量从23%下降到4%,加工表面粗糙度值从Ra1.237μm下降到Ra0.608μm。实验结果证明采用背压式正向流动有助于提高恒间隙法电解加工的稳定性和表面质量,为电流效率曲线的精确测定提供了有效途径。     

脉冲电化学光整加工的流场及间隙特性

通过系统的试验研究，分析了工作液流场分布、流量、加工间隙等工艺参数对加工质量的影响。研究结果表明：合理控制加工间隙和工作液流场分布，对保证加工表面的质量极为重要；在优选的工艺参数下，可快速获得优质表面。     

进电方式对P型硅极间电阻影响的试验研究

研究了不同进电方式条件下P型硅极间电阻的变化特征,并从进电有效接触面积的角度对其进行分析.通过对电阻率4.7 Ω·cm的P型硅进行放电切割,获取的单脉冲放电电压、电流波形验证了试验分析的正确性.结果表明,面进电方式下P型硅的极间电阻最小,且进电有效接触面积越大,P型硅的极间电阻就越小,放电切割电流就越大.     

铜电解短路的阴极电流变化与结瘤形貌

铜电解精炼生产过程中,结瘤引起的阴阳极间短路会造成明显的电流效率损失和产品质量下降,检测阴极电流的变化趋势可以快速且准确地判断短路是否发生.本文通过在实验室构建铜电解系统对单个结瘤短路前后的现象进行研究,探究结瘤生长全过程的阴极电流变化规律,观察分析结瘤形貌的变化特点,并进一步利用COMSOL Multiphysics...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.