基于LS-DYNA仿真的射流加工参数分析

目的通过LS-DYNA对磨料射流冲蚀切削进行仿真,研究相关工艺参数对切削参数的影响。方法采用磨料水射流对Al_2O_3陶瓷进行了单点冲蚀仿真和切削仿真研究,其中水和磨料粒子采用SPH方法建模,氧化铝陶瓷工件采用FEM方法建模,并通过SPH-FEM耦合算法,实现射流冲蚀切削过程的仿真。结果分析射流冲蚀过程仿真和切削过程仿真可知,射流加工前期,由于射流中磨粒碰撞与反弹,使壁面成不规则"V"型。初始阶段,切深随计算时间呈线性增加,同时壁面对磨粒产生制约作用,从而使加工处的孔深基本不再增加。由于磨粒在冲蚀处壁面底部的冲蚀作用,使凹坑底部宽度增加并迅速趋于稳定。同时切削仿真与冲蚀仿真也存在一定区别,主要由于切削过程设定了移动速度。结论将仿真结果与实验结果进行比较可知,切削深度随着泵压的增大而成线性增大,切深随磨料流量的增大而增大,随靶距和横移速度的增大而减小。其中切深与磨料流量、靶距、横移速度均为非线性关系,工件最大切深与计算时间不呈线性关系增长。     

高压隔膜泵单向阀阀隙流场的冲蚀磨损特性分析

目的 探究高压隔膜泵单向阀阀隙流场冲蚀磨损产生的原因及主要影响因素。方法 基于固液两相流基本理论和冲蚀模型,考虑颗粒保护效应及磨蚀效应,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法模拟单向阀阀隙流场的冲蚀磨损行为,探究矿粉颗粒体积分数、颗粒粒径、单向阀半锥角、胶垫突出高度等参数对单向阀冲蚀磨损特性的影响。结果 矿粉颗粒紧贴阀芯壁面的剪切运动是造成阀芯发生冲蚀磨损失效的主要原因。当矿粉的体积分数由0.1增大到0.5时,由冲蚀造成的最大冲蚀磨损速率随之减小,由磨蚀造成的平均冲蚀磨损速率随之增大。当矿粉粒径为0.025~0.048 mm时,随着矿粉粒径的增大,平均冲蚀磨损速率随之增大。当矿粉粒径超过0.048 mm时,平均冲蚀磨损速率逐渐减小。当单向阀半锥角由30°增大到45°时,阀隙流场的最大流速由12.23 m/s减小至9.19 m/s,矿粉颗粒对阀芯壁面的最大冲蚀磨损速率减小了41.16%。阀隙流场的最大流速和冲蚀磨损速率随着胶垫突出高度h的增大而增大,同时位置也发生了相应变化。结论 矿粉颗粒体积分数的增加会加重粒子对阀芯壁面的损伤程度,随着粒径的增加,泵阀的最大冲蚀磨损速率先增大后减小,增大半锥角可以缓解颗粒对壁面的冲蚀磨损,增大胶垫突出高度会导致冲蚀磨损区域逐渐向胶垫突出位置集中。     

在役油罐内壁除锈喷嘴外流场数值模拟

针对在役单层油罐改造成双层罐的除锈问题,选用磨料水射流喷嘴为研究对象,使用计算流体力学方法,进行了混合磨料水射流对油罐内壁除锈效果的数值模拟。以射流打击靶面的最大剪切力和冲蚀磨损率作为评价指标,研究结果表明:前混合磨料水射流达到相同的除锈效果相较于后混合磨料水射流所需的射流压力更低,射流入射压力为20 MPa时,除锈效果较理想且具有较好的经济性;剪切力在靶面上存在一个核心作用区,最大剪切力位置不在靶面中心处;冲蚀磨损率随磨料的体积浓度、磨料粒径、磨料密度的增大而增大,而最大壁面剪切力不随其增大而变化。     

气-固两相流雾化喷嘴的磨损分析

目的为了解决雾化法磁性磨料制备过程中,雾化喷嘴容易发生冲蚀磨损而无法形成有效流场的问题,分析雾化喷嘴的冲蚀磨损机理,为雾化喷嘴的设计提供理论依据。方法选用Al2O3硬质磨料颗粒、Si C材料的喷嘴,运用理论分析与计算机模拟(CFD)相结合的方法,探究雾化喷涂冲蚀磨损的机理,并研究雾化压力与最大冲蚀磨损率的关系。结果运用理论分析,得出了雾化喷嘴的冲蚀磨损形式为脆性断裂与微切削两种。运用CFD计算机模拟分析,得出了雾化喷嘴的冲蚀磨损分布图,其冲蚀磨损率随着雾化压力的增加而增加。当雾化压力为3 MPa时,雾化喷嘴的最大冲蚀磨损率达到了5.3×10-7 kg/(m2·s);当雾化压力为5 MPa时,雾化喷嘴的最大冲蚀磨损率达到了1.3×10-6 kg/(m2·s),较3 MPa时增加了59%。结论可以采取将硬质磨料注入与雾化工序分离的方法来改进雾化喷嘴的结构,从而减少在制备磁性磨料过程中硬质磨料颗粒对雾化喷嘴内壁的冲蚀磨损。     

冲蚀角对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)蒙皮涂层去除及重涂附着力的影响

为解决飞机CFRP蒙皮涂层高效去除问题,改善重涂涂层附着力,采用塑性磨料射流加工方法对CFRP蒙皮损伤涂层去除,通过分析单颗磨料的速度和冲击力,研究不同冲蚀角度下磨料对涂层的冲蚀行为,探究塑性磨料射流冲蚀角对表面形貌、去除机制、材料去除率、接触角与表面自由能及重涂涂层的附着力方面的影响。结果表明：塑性磨料对涂层的冲蚀机理为塑性变形去除,在30°～70°冲蚀角下,磨料对涂层的冲蚀模式为滑擦、耕犁和切削。随着冲蚀角的增加,颗粒的切向分力减小,法向分力增加,法向冲蚀的冲蚀模式为剪切和挤压变形去除材料去除率递减。在所选冲蚀角范围内,当冲蚀角为30°时,聚氨酯涂层的材料去除率最大。随着冲蚀角的改变,表面粗糙度、润湿性和表面自由能发生变化,当冲蚀角为70°时,重涂后的涂层附着力较好,较初始涂层附着力提高28%左右。研究成果可为飞机CFRP蒙皮涂层的高效去除及附着力的改善提供参考。     

高压磨料水射流加工中材料去除机理研究

本文根据脆、塑性断裂理论,通过高压纯水射流和磨料水射流对石材冲蚀试验,对冲蚀凹坑成型机理进行了研究。结果表明,高压纯水射流只有不发散的中心射流对材料具有去除作用。高压磨料水射流对材料表面冲击时形成"倒钟"型孔,材料去除机理是在成穴力、剪切应力和水楔的共同作用下,以脆性和塑性断裂方式实现去除。磨料水射流对材料的冲蚀区分为中心射流区、成穴区和喷砂区,材料的主要体积去除量处在成穴区。磨料水射流加工孔的直径和深度随靶距的增加而增加。磨料水射流从射流中心沿径向至射流边缘流速逐渐降低,磨料浓度逐渐增大,但射流能量最高的部位既不在射流中心也不在磨粒集中的射流边缘,而是在成穴区。     

基于CFD-DPM的射流泵中90°弯曲流道冲蚀仿真分析

随着国内钻井深度的不断增大以及井内低产层的逐渐增多,使得井内油液的开采难度进一步增大。虽然现有的深井射流泵可利用高压流体(人工从地面打压进井内的高压流体)来实现对油液的举升,但是该方法的生产成本较高,并且当被举升的油液中混有细小砂粒时,油液中的砂粒将会对射流泵造成一定冲蚀影响。为了降低射流泵的冲蚀磨损程度,并且提高采油效率与减少生产成本,根据油田层系(高低压油层)较多的特点,设计一种射流泵,该射流泵可以转化现有层间矛盾,把高压油液作为动力液来实现对低压油层的开采。通过对射流泵的整体结构进行分析后,发现该射流泵中存在一处90°弯曲流道,该流道内壁面为吸入液入口处的正对迎流壁面,所受砂粒的冲蚀磨损较大。为了得出砂粒对壁面的冲蚀磨损程度与影响因素,利用CFD与DPM模型对该冲蚀过程进行精确仿真,通过改变网格尺寸大小验证了仿真模型的网格无关性与仿真结果的收敛性后,利用控制变量法与数值模拟进一步分析流体速度、砂粒直径等对该流道的冲蚀影响规律。最终发现流速大于4 m/s或者砂粒直径大于0.7 mm时,最大冲蚀速率与每天的最大冲蚀厚度的增大幅度变得更加明显。就冲蚀区域而言,流道上所形成的冲蚀磨损区域...     

等离子喷涂Al2O3陶瓷涂层的冲蚀磨损特性

研究了在固体颗粒冲蚀条件下,不同冲击速度、不同磨料尺寸等因素对等离子喷涂Al2O3陶瓷涂层冲蚀磨损率的影响,并在不同条件下与20号钢进行了对比试验,分析了等离子喷涂Al2O3陶瓷涂层的冲蚀磨损特性及磨损机理,提出等离子喷涂Al2O3陶瓷涂层具有脆性特征的冲蚀磨损特性,它适用于细磨料低速冲蚀磨损条件.     

基于DSMC-CFD方法的气固两相流冲蚀预测研究

目的 研究气固两相流中固体颗粒间碰撞对冲蚀的影响。方法 使用Eulerian-Lagrangian方法,将气相作为连续相,通过Navier-Stokes方程求解,颗粒平移运动由离散相模型（DPM）求解。颗粒间碰撞运动采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗（DSMC）方法进行模拟,用少量采样颗粒代替真实颗粒计算颗粒间碰撞,碰撞的发生条件通过修正的Nanbu方法判定,碰撞过程遵循颗粒间碰撞动力学模型,采用Grant-Tabakoff随机颗粒-壁面碰撞反弹模型,计算颗粒与壁面的碰撞运动。将颗粒运动信息导入5种不同的冲蚀模型,并将计算与未计算颗粒间碰撞的冲蚀预测模拟结果与实验数据进行对比。结果 颗粒间碰撞位置主要分布在90°弯头外拱侧的颗粒高浓度区,随着颗粒质量流量的增大,颗粒碰撞次数增加,且直管段中碰撞次数占比增大。随着入口速度的增大,颗粒碰撞次数减少。使用DSMC-CFD方法计算的最大冲蚀位置沿弯管外拱轴线向高角度方向偏移,且数值比忽略颗粒间碰撞的CFD方法约低5%~15%,总冲蚀率则两者区别不大。结论 引入DSMC方法计算颗粒间的碰撞,可以节省大量算力。弯管处发生颗粒间碰撞,DSMC-CFD冲蚀预测方法更符合实际,使用DSMC-CFD方法的Oka模型与实验测得值最贴近。     

喷浆角度对金属表面冲蚀的影响

利用自主研发的喷浆试验平台，对Q235板进行了30°、45°、60°和90°这4个喷浆角度下的石榴石磨料射流冲蚀试验，结合Tulsa模型研究了磨料浆流对金属表面的冲蚀情况，并用Fluent有限元软件模拟了喷浆过程。结果表明，随着喷浆角度的增大，冲蚀长度逐步递减，最长冲蚀长度约为最短冲蚀长度的2倍。不同喷浆角下材料受到的冲蚀程度明显不同，冲蚀率呈现先增后减的趋势，在45°和90°时冲蚀率峰值分别为0.0462和0.0280 kg·m^-2·s^-1;冲蚀集中率与其在冲蚀区域内所对应位置基本呈线性关系。     

Characteristics of abrasive slurry jet micro-machining: A comparison with abrasive air jet micro-machining

Abrasive slurry jet micro-machining (ASJM) uses a well-defined jet of abrasive slurry to erode features in a solid target. Compared with abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), the present ASJM system operates at pressures that are roughly two orders of magnitude lower and uses a premixed slurry of relatively low concentration. The objective of the present study was to gain a better understanding of the mechanics of erosion in ASJM by comparing its performance in the micro-machining of holes and channels in borosilicate glass with that of abrasive air jet micro-machining (AJM), a process that is simpler and relatively well understood. A new ASJM system was developed and used to machine blind holes and smooth channels of relatively uniform depth that did not suffer from the significant waviness previously reported in the literature. The effect of particle velocity, particle concentration, jet traverse speed and jet impact angle were examined. A direct comparison of ASJM and AJM results was possible since novel measurements of the crushing strength of the aluminum oxide abrasive particles used in both experiments proved to be unaffected by water. Brittle erosion was shown to be the dominant material removal mechanism in both ASJM and AJM in spite of the significant flow-induced decrease in the local impact angles of many of the particles in ASJM. A new model of the rapid particle deceleration near the target surface helped explain the much smaller erosion rates of ASJM compared with those in AJM. The modeling of the erosion process during the micro-machining of channels showed that the effect of the local impact angle at the leading edge of the advancing jet was much more significant in ASJM than in AJM, primarily due to the narrower focus of the jet impact zone in ASJM. The differences in the water and air flow fields and associated particle trajectories were used to explain the steeper side walls and flatter bottoms of the holes and channels machined with unmasked ASJM compared to those with masked AJM. The respective structures of the water and air jets also explained the much sharper definition of the edges of these features using ASJM compared with maskless AJM. The results of the study show that ASJM can be used to accurately micro-machine channels and holes with a width of 350–500 μm and an aspect ratio of 0.5–1.3 without the use of masks.     

汽轮机末级叶片纳米涂层抗水蚀性能研究

采用高压脉冲水射流试验装置对不锈钢、司太立合金及CNx／TiN纳米复合涂层的性能进行测试，并采用扫描电镜对材料的失效破坏形貌及机理进行了分析。结果表明，纳米涂层具有优异的抗水蚀性能，可以作为汽轮机末级叶片抗水蚀用涂层。     

射流式冲蚀磨损试验机的研制

综合运用机械设计制造、流体力学原理及水工原理等知识，研制了一台造价低廉、操作方便的射流式料浆冲蚀磨损试验机。初步试验表明，该试验机所测性能稳定，数据可靠，适合用于模拟实际工况条件下材料冲蚀磨损机理分析及材料耐冲蚀性能测试。     

Abrasive enhanced electrochemical slurry jet micro-machining: Comparative experiments and synergistic effects

Abrasive enhanced electrochemical slurry-jet machining (ESJM) is presented as a new approach to the micro-machining of metals using a combination of abrasive slurry-jet machining (ASJM) and electrochemical jet machining (ECJM). A novel ESJM prototype was developed to generate a charged slurry jet consisting of a mixture of Al₂O₃ abrasive particles and an electrolytic solution of NaCl and NaNO₃. A DC potential of 30 V was applied between the nozzle and specimen. A series of micro-channels were machined in Stellite 12 using ASJM, ECJM and ESJM processes to investigate the relative effects of erosion and anodic dissolution on the material removal rate and surface finish in the combined process of ESJM. The results illustrated that the ESJM process results in significantly greater target mass loss rate than the separate erosion and corrosion processes. The magnitude of the synergistic effect on the rate of mass loss was found to vary from positive to negative as the erosion component increased with increasing particle kinetic energy (jet pressure) and particle concentration. The roughness of the channels machined using ESJM was between that obtained with ASJM and ECJM. The roughness decreased as the erosion component of the total mass loss increased.     

微磨料空气射流加工技术的发展

微磨料空气射流加工(MAJM)技术是对硬脆材料进行微细加工的一种非常有潜力的技术，特别是对复杂的三维微细结构的加工。微磨料空气射流加工技术是基于传统的喷砂技术发展起来的，通过由空气喷射磨料微粒形成高速气流冲击工件表面而去除工件材料。与其它的加工技术相比，微磨料空气射流加工具有环境友好、易于控制、无热影响区、切口质量好等优点。本文介绍了此技术的基本加工原理、特点以及加工过程中的影响因素，论述了微磨料空气射流加工的材料冲蚀机理和切口特征。重点分析了一些主要的加工参数，例如空气压力、磨料材料、尺寸、供给率、喷嘴的形状和尺寸、喷射距离以及工件材料，对切削性能和切口特征的影响。并提出了微磨料空气射流加工技术中有待进一步深入开展的研究工作。     

微磨料水射流加工脆性玻璃的冲蚀机理研究

微磨料水射流加工技术正成为制造微细结构零件重要的经济高效的微细加工技术。作者在玻璃上进行微磨料水射流微细槽加工的实验基础上,对微磨料水射流加工的表面形貌、材料冲蚀去除机理及加工工艺性能进行了研究。结果表明,玻璃加工表面沿着槽道的方向形成了波纹状形貌,呈非对称或对称的波形,波纹表面很光滑,波纹图案沿着射流冲击区的径向方向发展。由于黏性流体的阻滞作用,脆性玻璃在微磨料水射流加工过程中,在黏性流区域没有发现任何裂纹,材料的冲蚀去除主要是以塑性断裂的方式为主,形成了光滑的加工表面。适当地控制加工工艺参数,在低压下,微磨料水射流加工是一种用于脆性材料上微细通道的加工切实可行的方法,并可获得良好的加工表面质量。     

Effects of pulsating water jet impact on aluminium surface

It is well known that the collision of a high-velocity liquid mass with a solid generates short high-pressure transients which can cause serious damage to the surface and interior of the target material. To take advantage of this fact in the high-speed water jet technology, a special method of the generation of the high-speed pulsating water jet was developed recently and tested extensively under laboratory conditions. The method is based on the generation of acoustic waves by the action of the acoustic transducer on the pressure liquid and their transmission via pressure system to the nozzle. In this paper, results of investigation of the process of interaction of the pulsating jet and the aluminium sample are presented. Aluminium samples were exposed to pulsating jets generated under various operating conditions (such as operating pressure, stand-off distance and excitation amplitude of the acoustic generator). The effects of pulsating water jet impact on the aluminium surface were studied using methods of optical microscopy and image analysis. Topography of the surface created by the action of pulsating jet and characteristics of the surface were measured by the optical surface measuring system. Based on the analysis of obtained results, likely mechanism of the aluminium surface erosion and disintegration by the action of the pulsating water jet is discussed in the paper.     

Hydraulic erosion of concrete by a submerged jet

The hydraulic erosion of concrete is often found in civil and marine engineering construction. The present study explores the effects of several erosion parameters on the material loss of a concrete specimen subject to the hydraulic flow produced by a submerged jet. Such an investigation has rarely been reported in the literature. The concrete specimen has a typical compressive strength of 35 MPa, and the experimental parameters include the exposure time, incidence angle, standoff distance, and the hydraulic jet pressure. The impinging velocity is estimated based on the distance considered in the round jet model. The regression analysis shows the relationship between each parameter and the material loss. One finds that the material loss is proportional to the exposure time and the hydraulic pressure. The maximum erosion lies at an incidence angle of around 30° to 45° and is affected by the fourth-order polynomial of impinging velocity. The result of the present study provides a reference to engineering practice where concrete erosion is a concern.     

热喷涂与熔覆技术制备镍基涂层的空蚀性能

利用热喷涂和等离子熔覆技术分别制备了镍基涂层,采用SEM、X射线衍射、显微硬度、失重分析法对空蚀前后的涂层进行了对比研究,并在旋转圆盘空蚀实验机上进行了空蚀实验.SEM结果表明,等离子熔覆涂层与基体结合为冶金结合,内部组织致密,缺陷少;热喷涂涂层由堆积的变形粒子组成,与基体多为机械结合,涂层具有层状叠加组织结构,其中孔隙较多.Ni基熔覆涂层表现出较好的耐空蚀性能,其失重量与对比不锈钢接近.X射线衍射分析空蚀后的熔覆涂层表面物相发生了变化,空蚀前后的熔覆涂层截面硬度表明,镍基涂层的在空蚀过程中出现了加工软化.热喷涂涂层由于内部结合力较低,特别容易被空蚀微射流或冲击波过程所破坏.