闭式循环高温气冷堆氦气轮机的性能优化

1前言高温气冷堆氦气轮机是将氦气轮机与模块式高温气冷堆相结合,利用高温气冷堆产生的高温氦气直接推动涡轮做功进行高效率发电。与目前的蒸汽轮机相比较,氦气轮机发电系统结构紧凑,都安装在一回路压力边界内,采用中间冷却和回热等技术后热效率高。氦气的比热容大(约为空气的5     

高温气冷堆氦气轮机性能的初步研究

结合了模块式高温气冷堆与气体透平循环技术的高温气冷堆氦气轮机循环是核电领域中的全新概念,为高核电的安全性和经济性提供了新思路,具有很强的竞争优势。首先对高温气冷堆氦气轮机进行了初步研究,表明氦气轮机叶片级数多,叶片高度低。然后应用商业软件NUM ECA对平面叶栅在相同的进出口条件下分别以氦气和空气为工质进行了二维数值模拟计算,并进行了流场分析,揭示了氦气轮机与燃气轮机的区别。     

氦气轮机高温气冷堆(GT-HTGR)

氦气轮机高温气冷堆(GT-HTCR)就是在一回路直接采用氦气闭式循环燃气轮机(CT)的高温气冷核反应堆(HTGR)；氦气既是核反应堆的冷却剂，又是闭式循环燃气轮机的工质；这个闭式循环燃气轮机通常由高、低压压气机、涡轮、预冷器、间冷器、回热器组成，并采用电磁轴承。选择氦气为工质，是因为氦气具有很高的比热和导热系数，同时又是惰性气体。     

用于高温气冷堆发电设备的闭式循环氦气轮机装置

对HTGR-CT发电装置中的氦气轮机装置作了简要介绍．叙述其循环、工质以及影响循环效率的关键因素,并分析HTGR-CT发电装置布雷顿循环系统当前和近期的参数值。针对氦气轮机装置,论述了涡轮、压气机、热交换器、转子、轴承和热氦气管道等主要部件的设计和结构特点,并简要介绍了应用于氦气轮机的材料。最后指出在开发HTGR-CT发电设备中要重视两个关键技术问题：一是开发出用于大功率机组的安全、可靠的磁性轴承;二是免除放射性污染能进行安全运行和有效维护的问题。     

超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环发电系统热力学分析

为了对超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环发电系统热力学进行分析,首先构建了分流再压缩和一次再热耦合的超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环系统主要关键部件的数学分析模型,并基于Matlab软件进行计算分析。分别讨论了系统主要关键参数对系统循环效率的影响。从仿真结果可以看出存在最佳的分流系数,最优的压缩机入口温度、压力和再热压力,使得循环系统具有较高的循环效率。最后为能够全面地反映系统综合性能,引入了遗传算法作为优化分析方法,研究多参数对系统循环效率的综合影响,得到最高效率点的最优关键参数。     

闭式氦气轮机循环建模及循环特性优化分析

氦气闭式布雷顿循环可用作高温气冷堆热电转换装置,能够有效降低传统核电机组复杂程度,提升热电转换效率。为详细研究氦气闭式布雷顿循环特性,指导工程样机设计,基于Refprop提供的真实气体模型建立了简单、间冷、回热以及间冷-回热四种闭式布雷顿循环数学模型;然后通过对比分析方法,揭示了关键参数变化对循环特性的影响,重点阐述了间冷、回热对循环性能的作用机制。结果表明：1)回热器能够有效回收涡轮出口氦气热量,大幅提升循环热效率,并且能够降低系统达到最佳循环效率所需压比;2)间冷器虽然能够降低压缩系统功耗,但受间冷器流道内压损影响,需综合考虑系统复杂度、研制成本及循环性能等因素确定系统是否需要间冷器。     

一种新型回热式布雷顿-逆布雷顿联合循环

相对于已有的高温工质进入回热器回热后再进入底循环做功的回热式布雷顿-逆布雷顿联合循环模型,本文提出了一种新型的高温工质在底循环做功后再进入回热器回热的回热式布雷顿-逆布雷顿联合循环模型。对两种回热式布雷顿-逆布雷顿联合循环进行了第一定律性能分析与优化,得出了两种联合循环的最优热效率和最优比功的表达式,比较了两种联合循环的热效率及比功特性,并分析了回热器有效度对两种联合循环最优热效率和最优比功的影响。分析表明,增加回热器后能提高两种联合循环的热效率,与已有的联合循环相比,新型联合循环能在其顶循环压气机压比较小的情况下获得较大的热效率和比功。     

超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环研究进展

超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环的循环效率高(可达50％)、系统结构紧凑、压缩耗功少、降本潜力大,可与化石能源、核能和太阳能等多种形式热源相结合,应用前景广阔.从关键部件和循环系统的角度综述了国内外超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环在热源设备、动力设备、回热设备、冷却设备以及设计优化等方面的研究进展,分析了超临界二氧化碳关键部件的实验测...     

高温气冷堆氦气透平循环工质的热物性

在高温气冷堆氦气透平直接循环中,氦气既是堆芯的冷却剂,又是循环工质。氦气热物性数据来源多样且互相不一致,对目前应用较多的5种氦气热物性参数计算方法进行了比较分析。     

SCO2布雷顿循环发电系统与性能的综合分析比较

基于布雷顿循环的原理与特点,对典型循环结构的动力部件与换热部件布局的效率和功率性能进行了比较,分析了运行参数对循环效率的影响规律,同时进一步阐述了关键循环动力部件（叶轮机械包括压缩机与透平）与换热部件（热交换器）的综合技术性能及部件选择的差异性。研究表明:实验中循环操作参数取最低温度为32 ℃、最高温度为342 ℃、压比为1.65时,循环效率可达31.5%;最低循环温度下降和最高循环温度升高有利于改善循环效率,并且对于复杂循环一般存在最佳压比;根据循环输出功率大小,叶轮机械一般采用径流（<10 MW时）或轴流结构（≥10 MW时）;与常规换热器相比,印刷电路板式换热器具有更为紧凑的结构和高效的换热性能。     

Dynamic simulation of a space gas-cooled reactor power system with a closed Brayton cycle

Space nuclear reactor power (SNRP) using a gas-cooled reactor (GCR) and a closed Brayton cycle (CBC) is the ideal choice for future high-power space missions. To investigate the safety characteristics and develop the control strategies for gas-cooled SNRP, transient models for GCR, energy conversion unit, pipes, heat exchangers, pump and heat pipe radiator are established and a system analysis code is developed in this paper. Then, analyses of several operation conditions are performed using this code. In full-power steady-state operation, the core hot spot of 1293 K occurs near the upper part of the core. If 0.4 $ reactivity is introduced into the core, the maximum temperature that the fuel can reach is 2059 K, which is 914 K lower than the fuel melting point. The system finally has the ability to achieve a new steady-state with a higher reactor power. When the GCR is shut down in an emergency, the residual heat of the reactor can be removed through the conduction of the core and radiation heat transfer. The results indicate that the designed GCR is inherently safe owing to its negative reactivity feedback and passive decay heat removal. This paper may provide valuable references for safety design and analysis of the gas-cooled SNRP coupled with CBC.     

Effect of helium xenon as working fluid on the compressor of power conversion unit of closed Brayton cycle HTGR power plant

Helium is one of the best coolants in closed Brayton cycle power plants as it has superior transport properties; however, the main shortcoming is its compression, which is very difficult to achieve. It leads to a higher number of compressor stages, means bigger mass and big size of the compressor, which create dynamic issues in a compressor of the power conversion unit. All the helium compressors ever constructed have a very high number of stages such as Oberhausen II type 50 MW and JAEA 300 MW, high and low pressure compressors have 25 and 35 stages respectively. In this paper thermodynamic traits of mixing helium with an inert gas xenon were presented. Helium xenon mixture up to the molecular weight of <40 g/mol not only increases heat transfer coefficient but also significantly increase the loading of the compressor. A 7% higher heat transfer coefficient can be achieved with 15 g/mol helium xenon mixture. Therefore, a 15 g/mol helium xenon mixture compressor was designed and its performance analysis conducted using Ansys CFX. It is found that the use of 15 g/mol helium xenon mixture greatly increases the blade loading, which gives a higher total outlet pressure ratio. The obtained results indicated that only 18.75% stages of helium xenon compressor can generate requisite outlet pressure. Hence, the use of helium xenon over pure helium is advantageous as it reduces size and cost of turbo compressor of HTGR power plant.     

高炉余能余热驱动的内可逆闭式布雷顿热电冷联产装置火用经济性能分析

用有限时间热力学理论研究恒温热源条件下由一个内可逆闭式布雷顿热机循环和一个内可逆四热源吸收式制冷循环组成的高炉余能余热驱动的热电冷联产装置的火用经济性能,导出热电冷联产装置的利润率和火用效率与压气机压比的关系。利用数值计算,分析热电比和吸收式制冷循环总放热量在吸收器和冷凝器之间的分配率对利润率与火用效率关系的影响,并研究联产装置各种参数对最大利润率及相应火用效率特性的影响。     

Life cycle assessment and evaluation of energy payback time on high-concentration photovoltaic power generation system

In this study, the environmental load of photovoltaic power generation system (PV) during its life cycle and energy payback time (EPT) are evaluated by LCA scheme. Two hypothetical case studies in Toyohashi, Japan and Gobi dessert in China have been carried out to investigate the influence of installation location and PV type on environmental load and EPT. The environmental load and EPT of a high-concentration photovoltaic power generation system (hcpV) and a multi-crystalline silicon photovoltaic power generation system (mc-Si PV) are studied. The study shows for a PV of 100 MW size, the total impacts of the hcpV installed in Toyohashi is larger than that of the hcpV installed in Gobi desert by 5% without consideration of recycling stage. The EPT of the hcpV assumed to be installed in Gobi desert is shorter than EPT of the hcpV assumed to be installed in Toyohashi by 0.64 year. From these results, the superiority to install PV in Gobi desert is certificated. Comparing with hcpV and mc-Si PV, the ratio of the total impacts of mc-Si PV to that of hcpV is 0.34 without consideration of recycling stage. The EPT of hcpV is longer than EPT of mc-Si PV by 0.27 year. The amount of global solar radiation contributing to the amount of power generation of mc-Si PV is larger than the amount of direct solar radiation contributing to the amount of power generation of hcpV by about 188 kW h/(m² year) in Gobi desert. Consequently, it appears that using mc-Si PV in Gobi desert is the best option.     

基于全生命周期的地热发电系统环境影响评价

为明确不同类型地热发电系统“获取、转化”环节的钻井、建设、运行、退役等不同过程对地热发电系统的环境影响贡献,本文建立了基于热力学优化模型的闪蒸/双工质地热发电系统全生命周期环境影响评价模型。进而,选取西藏羊八井、广东丰顺、华北油田及青海共和四种典型地热热储,整理和收集了我国地热发电系统的环境影响全生命周期环境影响清单,分析了地热发电站六个不同过程对三个主要环境影响潜值评价指标：酸化潜值、富营养化潜值和全球变暖潜值的影响规律。发现钻井完井过程分别平均占到地热电站酸化潜值、全球变暖潜值和富营养化潜值的46.28%、45.90%和27.52%,地下系统和地上系统的环境影响贡献相当;地热梯度与地热电站的全生命周期环境影响潜值有着负相关关系,梯度越大,环境影响潜值越低。。     

生物质气化高温燃料电池一体化发电技术研究

介绍了国内外生物质气化高温燃料电池一体化发电技术的研究现状，主要包括高温燃料电池的特点和研究现状；一体化发电技术的理论模拟；国外相关的试验研究和一体化示范工程。分析了生物质气化高温燃料电池一体化发电技术在我国应用的可行性，提出了目前需要解决的关键技术问题。     

回热式闭式空间核能布雷顿循环系统性能分析及优化

随着深空探测的不断发展,作为最具发展潜力的能源之一,空间核动力在国内外得到大量关注和研究.空间核动力系统中热电转换技术至关重要,在大功率阶段下,布雷顿循环动态热电转换系统因其功率较大,效率较高等优点得到广泛应用和发展,对其进行特性分析和参数优化具有重要意义.对运用闭式布雷顿循环的次临界安全空间(S4)反应堆系统建立回热...     

Thermo-economic analysis and optimization of the very high temperature gas-cooled reactor-based nuclear hydrogen production system using copper-chlorine cycle

An improved very high temperature gas-cooled reactor (VHTR) and copper-chlorine (Cu–Cl) cycle-based nuclear hydrogen production system is proposed and investigated in this paper, in order to reveal the unknown thermo-economic characteristics of the system under variable operating conditions. Energy, exergy and economic analysis method and particle swarm optimization algorithm are used to model and optimize the system, respectively. Parametric analysis of the effects of several key operating parameters on the system performance is conducted, and energy loss, exergy loss, and investment cost distributions of the system are discussed under three typical production modes. Results show that increasing the reactor subsystem pressure ratio can enhance the system's thermo-economic performance, and the total efficiencies and cost of producing compressed hydrogen from nuclear energy are respectively lower and higher than that of generating electricity. When the system operates at the maximum hydrogen production rate of 403.1 mol/s, the system's net electrical power output, thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, and specific energy cost are found to be 38.77 MW, 39.3%, 41.26%, and 0.0731 $/kW·h, respectively. And when the system's hydrogen production load equals to 0, these values are respectively calculated to be 177.25 MW, 50.64%, 53.29%, and 0.0268 $/kW·h. In addition, more than 90% of the system's total energy losses are caused by condenser and Cu–Cl cycle, and about 50–60% of the system's total exergy destructions occur in VHTR. About 60% and 30% of the system's specific energy cost are respectively caused by the equipment investment and the system operation & maintenance, and the investment costs of VHTR and Cu–Cl plant are the system's main capital investment sources.