黄河三角洲沉积物及其渗透系数空间分布特征

现代黄河三角洲沉积作用活跃,沉积过程复杂,沉积物颗粒特性及渗透系数空间分布特征控制着三角洲地表水与地下水之间的相互作用、区域地下水的水分和盐分运移以及湿地生态环境的动态演化过程。基于黄河三角洲陆面70个采样点10、30、90 cm深处的浅表层沉积物土样,对颗粒粒度参数和相应的渗透系数及其空间分布规律进行了计算与分析。结果表明:研究区浅表层沉积物主要由细砂与粉砂组成,有效粒径均值为5.2μm,从三角洲顶点向海岸线大致呈条带状分布;在三角洲北部刁口河与神仙沟故道附近的河滩高地,浅表层沉积物颗粒粒径较大;沉积物渗透系数均值为0.65 m/d,空间差异较不明显;随着深度增大,渗透系数缓慢减小,且空间差异性有所增大;神仙沟故道沿线沉积物渗透系数均值为0.98 m/d,明显大于其他区域,尤其在30 cm深处沉积物渗透系数均值与方差均为全区最大;清水沟流路沿线的渗透系数均值小于刁口河沿线的,两处保护区内的渗透系数均值与空间差异性均较小;不同沉积环境下沉积物颗粒级配的差异是造成渗透系数空间差异的主要原因。     

博尔塔拉河水化学空间分布特征对生态环境的影响

在分析博尔塔拉河地表水与地下水水化学特征的基础上,识别了博尔塔拉河不同地带地表水与地下水的补排关系。分析结果认为:1地下水的水化学类型是由HCO3-Ca-MgNa、HCO3-Ca-Mg型向SO4-HCO3-Mg-Ca-Na变化,地表水的水化学类型则是由HCO3-Ca-Mg向SO4-Cl-Na-Mg转变;2博尔塔拉河地下水与地表水的转化以地下水向河流排泄为主,地表径流随着海拔高程的不断降低,蒸发增大,河水的矿化度沿河长不断升高;地下水由于埋藏原因,蒸发作用大大减弱。地下水在淋滤了沉积物中的矿物质后补给地表水,加之地表水蒸发量远远大于地下水,从而使河水中的化学物质逐渐富集。因此,地表水的矿化度大于地下水;3由于博尔塔拉河流域地表水和地下水相互转化率高,水盐运动变化强烈,导致艾比湖湖滨荒漠生态系统逆向演替,呈退化衰败趋势,荒漠和绿洲的缓冲范围越来越小,土地荒漠化趋势越来越明显,草场加速退化,灾害天气易发生。流域植被衰退,生物多样性受到威胁。     

河流潜流带渗透系数变化研究进展

介绍了河流潜流带的含义,即是河水与地下水发生物质能量交换的区域,其水力联系和交换水量大小受河床沉积物渗透系数的影响。对近年来国内外学者对河床潜流带渗透系数变化进行了大量研究。由于特殊的环境与水文地质条件,潜流带渗透系数的大小不仅取决于沉积物孔隙大小和孔隙的连通性,而且与生物扰动、河流流水等作用紧密相关:洪水带来的细小颗粒引起河床表面沉积物孔隙淤塞,致使渗透系数减小,但在洪水退后,潜流带的水文交换和生物扰动能破坏淤塞层,从而引起反淤塞作用,造成河床渗透系数增大。因此,淤塞-反淤塞作用改变着河床的渗透性能。最后,指出存在的问题今后的研究方向。     

吉林农安县盐渍土理化特性及水盐运移规律研究

以吉林省农安地区盐渍土土样为研究对象,通过研究其基本理化性质以及土样中水分和盐分变化规律,分析了农安地区盐渍土的性质及其对水盐运移的影响。结合相关文献中研究区的气象资料及试验成果可知,该地区水盐迁移具有明显的季节性:在未冻结期,春季干旱土体以蒸发作用为主,土中水分带动盐分向地表方向迁移,地表浅层土的含水率低,但盐分聚集;夏季多雨,以淋滤作用为主,水分带动盐分向下运移;在冻结期,受温度梯度的作用,盐分随水分向冻结锋面迁移。研究成果可为农安地区盐渍土水盐运移规律研究及道路翻浆的防治提供实验依据。     

河蚬扰动对不同质地沉积物中重金属生物有效性与毒性的影响

为探讨河蚬扰动对沉积物中重金属生物有效性与毒性的影响,制作重金属污染的不同质地沉积物(不同有机质含量和不同砂质含量)样品,采用室内模拟并借助间隙水平衡(Peeper)和薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)原位测定手段,试验研究了河蚬扰动作用下沉积物中重金属生物有效性以及毒性的变化特征。结果表明:河蚬扰动促进沉积物中重金属离子向上覆水释放,使上覆水中的Cd质量浓度增大了2%～12%,As增大了2%～198%;河蚬扰动使Cd、As的活性增大,在砂质沉积物中的活性大于有机质沉积物中的活性;河蚬扰动可促使沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物的含量降低,进而改变其对沉积物中亲硫金属的结合能力,增强了沉积物中重金属的毒性。     

膜下滴灌条件下KNO_3肥液浓度对土壤水盐运移的影响

为了研究膜下滴灌条件下不同肥液浓度对土壤中水盐分布规律的影响,通过大田作物试验,采用滴灌系统进行水肥一体化灌溉,测量不同KNO_3肥液浓度下土壤含水率、含盐量,并对水盐分布规律进行分析。结果表明,土壤含水量越大的地方,含盐量越小;肥液浓度对于土壤水分的分布情况无明显影响,但对含盐量影响明显;随肥液浓度增大,表层土壤中含盐量变大,深层土壤中变化规律不明显;试验中土壤盐分运移耦合性较好,可为揭示膜下滴灌条件下水盐运移规律提供参考。     

滴灌条件下干旱区农田水盐运移及调控研究进展与展望

以滴灌为代表的节水灌溉技术在我国干旱区大面积推广应用,提高了水肥利用效率,也改变了农田水盐运移模式。一方面,地下水位下降,土壤水与地下水之间的联系减弱,减少了潜水蒸发带来的盐分,使得土壤盐碱化减轻;另一方面,由于缺乏洗盐水量,导致积累在土壤表层的盐分不能及时淋洗入深层,表层土壤盐碱化加重。本文通过回顾滴灌技术在干旱区的应用和研究,系统分析了滴灌条件下干旱区农田土壤水盐运移特点和盐分累积规律,概括了不同作物的水盐响应特征,总结了不同滴灌条件下的土壤水盐数值模型,归纳了目前常用的土壤水盐调控方法。在此基础上提出了需要进一步研究的问题和方向,包括:进一步揭示滴灌条件下土壤水盐运移及累积特征,科学制定农田水盐调控方案;进一步揭示作物水盐耦合响应动力学机制,科学确定调控阈值;发展具有我国自主知识产权的水盐运移和作物生长耦合模拟软件;构建基于生态格局的农田排水和区域盐分处置模式。     

基于HYDRUS模型不同灌水模式下土壤水盐运移模拟

以田间试验为基础,应用饱和-非饱和土壤水分及溶质运动理论,利用HYDRUS-1D/2D数值模型对内蒙古河套灌区不同灌水模式下土壤水分、盐分运移规律进行数值模拟,分析了不同灌溉条件下的水盐运移状态,并将模拟结果与田间试验实测结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,在相同灌水定额下,100cm土体内沟灌条件下生育期土壤盐分含量平均值比畦灌条件下土壤盐分含量平均值降低24.4%,沟灌可以有效控制土壤盐分的累积。利用HYDRUS模型对土壤水盐运移的模拟结果能够为灌区的水盐管理提供科学依据。     

区域性地下水流河谷区排泄咸淡混合特征分析

西南高山峡谷区,地形及地层岩性特征造就了温度、矿化度异于局部地下水流系统的区域地下水流系统,季节变动或人为因素造成地表水水位抬升甚至淹没地下水的排泄点,从而影响该系统排泄端地下水与地表水的混合特征。为了研究该区域的地下水流和地表水的盐分混合特征,采用砂槽物理模型以及SEAWAT模块数值模型从盐分浓度分布特征方面研究排泄端混合特征的变化规律。结果表明:区域地下水流系统与地表水之间存在水头差与密度差,在二者共同作用下,淡水侵入含水层,发生水动力弥散作用,形成低矿化度淡水逐渐过渡到高矿化度咸水的混合过渡带,其边界呈抛物线形;通过模拟不同密度差条件下的混合过程,进一步表明咸淡水密度差越大,混合过渡带后退距离越远,形态越扁长。研究结果将为分析咸淡水混合过程中温度分布特征提供参考,进而为深入研究西南地区多级次地下水流系统的混合特征作铺垫。     

三工河流域氢氧同位素特征及其水循环意义

以新疆三工河流域为研究对象,通过对地表水、浅层地下水及深层地下水采样,分析δD、δ~(18)O及氘过量参数d的分布规律,得到地表水及地下水之间的转换关系。结果表明:山区降水是研究区内水体的主要补给源;降水向地表水转化过程中,受蒸发作用影响较弱;地表水在出山口入渗补给地下水过程中,经历了较强的蒸发作用,地表水入渗地下后,一部分转入深层地下水,一部分转入浅层地下水,地表水对地下水的补给贡献量所占的比例为78.0%;深层地下水与浅层地下水水力联系较密切,在平原区深层地下水逐渐向浅层地下水运移排泄;浅层地下水主要受地表水、灌溉水补给,少量受大气降水补给,受蒸发作用影响强烈。     

Relative Role of Lake and Tributary in Hydrology of Lake Superior Coastal Wetlands

Despite the documented importance of hydrodynamics in influencing the structure and function of Great Lakes coastal wetlands, systematic assessments of coastal wetland hydrology are lacking. This paper addresses this gap by describing patterns in lake and tributary inputs, water residence times, and mixing regimes for a suite of western Lake Superior wetlands that differ in the amount of tributary and seiche flow they receive. We show that variability in tributary flows among wetlands and over time is far greater than variability in seiche-driven water movements, and that the amount of tributary flow strongly influences wetland hydrology via effects on water mixing and residence times, seiche size, mouth closures, and relative amounts of main and off-channel areas. Wetland seiche amplitudes were reduced in systems with small mouth openings and wetland mouth size was correlated with tributary flow. All wetlands experienced seiche-driven water level oscillations, but there was lake water intrusion only into those wetlands where tributary outflow was small relative to the seiche-driven inflow. Wetlands in settings exposed to long-shore sediment transport exhibited periodic mouth closures when stream flows were low. The absolute and relative size of lake and tributary inputs must be explicitly considered in addition to wetland morphology and landscape setting in studies seeking to understand determinants of coastal wetland structure, function, and response to anthropogenic stressors.     

江苏滨海平原微承压水层位水土体含盐特征及其相关性分析

通过采集测试土样和水样,分析了研究区地下水水化学特征和土体含盐特征。研究表明:江苏滨海平原地区微承压水为海相沉积水,以盐水为主,水化学类型主要为Cl-Na。微承压水盐分主要来自海水。成井层位土体含盐量较高,以弱盐渍土为主,盐渍土类型为氯盐渍土。土中盐分主要来自海水浸渍,且地下水中的Na+与地层中的交换性钙离子、镁离子产生了阳离子交换。土中易溶盐主要指标和地下水主要指标对应呈线性正相关,建立了矿化度和成井层位土体易溶盐各指标的线性回归模型,并采用HYRD1号井进行了验证,效果良好,说明了土体盐度分析在地下水咸化中的指示作用。     

Micro-computed tomography scanning approaches to quantify,parameterize and visualize bioturbation activity in clogged streambeds: A proof of concept

Fine particle clogging and faunal bioturbation are two key processes co-occurring in the hyporheic zone that potentially affect hyporheic exchange through modifications in the sediment structure of streambeds. Clogging results from excessive fine sediment infiltration and deposition in rivers, and it is known to decrease matrix porosity and potentially reduce permeability. Faunal bioturbation activity may compensate for the negative effect of clogging by reworking the sediment, increasing porosity, and preventing further infiltration of fines. Although both processes of clogging and bioturbation have received significant attention in the literature separately, their combined effects on streambed sediment structure are not well understood, mostly due to the lack of a standard methodology for their assessment. Here, we illustrate a novel methodology using X-ray computed tomography (CT), as proof of concept, to investigate how, together, clogging and bioturbation affect streambed porosity in a controlled flow-through flume. By visualising gallery formations of an upward conveyor macroinvertebrate; Lumbriculus variegatus as a model species, we quantified bioturbation activity in a clogged streambed, focusing on orientation, depth, and volume at downwelling and upwelling areas of the flume. Gallery creation increased the porosity of the streambed sediment, suggesting a potential improvement in permeability and a possible offset of clogging effects. We illustrate the promising use of X-ray CT as a tool to assess bioturbation in clogged streambeds, and the potential role of bioturbation activity supporting hyporheic exchange processes in streambeds, warranting further studies to understand the extent of bioturbation impacts in natural systems.     

填海造陆区盐分运移过程室内模拟与分析

在半湿润气候环境下,围填海区的表层土壤正面临着复杂的盐渍化问题。以压实填土为研究对象,通过土槽模型再现了潜水蒸发与侧向壤中流共同作用下的盐分运移过程,以探明围填海区的盐渍土形成机制。结果表明,在蒸发作用驱使下盐分向上补给,表层土壤的初始积盐类型为CaSO_4,海水对填土层的盐分补充导致积盐类型转变为CaCl_2和NaCl。在陆相渗流作用下,填土中将形成相对稳定的渗流状态。自由水面线以上为积盐状态,盐分类型以CaCl_2和MgSO_4为主;自由水面线以下为脱盐状态,盐分类型以CaCl_2和NaCl为主。土壤水盐的运移将改变酸碱度环境,pH值将随着含盐量的增加先下降后上升。在陆相地下水的补给下,填海造陆区的盐渍化防治工作应当重点关注地下存在挡水层或建筑物基础密集的地区。     

Local and Regional Water Flow Quantification in Groundwater-dependent Wetlands

Runoff, groundwater recharge and discharge, and surface water–groundwater interaction are the main driving forces of wetlands. The quantification of such flows is crucial information in the restoration and management of groundwater-dependent wetlands. The objective of this work is to quantify groundwater inflow at the level of the hydrogeological basin, which discharges into the wetland in the coastal plain of the Río de la Plata (Argentina). It also aims at evaluating whether such inflow is affected by groundwater exploitation in the high plain adjacent to the wetland. On the basis of water level data, a model of hydrological behaviour was developed and then a numerical simulation to quantify groundwater inflow was carried out. The evolution of groundwater levels was analyzed considering three situations: one of them in natural conditions and two others under different groundwater exploitation conditions. In the first case, the inflow originates in the recharge from precipitation, in the local groundwater discharge from the adjacent high plain and in the regional one from the semi-confined aquifer. The exploitation of the semi-confined aquifer in the high plain causes the formation of a cone of depression which modifies the hydrodynamics of the wetland in the area adjacent to the extraction wells. The quantification of flows shows that groundwater exploitation in areas of the basin located out of the wetland may cause the volume of water flowing into the wetland through groundwater discharge to decrease by approximately 25 %. The importance of considering discharge wetlands as part of regional hydrogeological systems should be highlighted, mainly as regards the management of natural resources.     

天津滨海地区城市供水调节水库水质咸化原因与改善途径

对天津市滨海地区的北塘水库沉积物(0~40 cm)中有机物、全盐量、钠离子和氯离子等浓度进行测定,运用沉积物盐渍化和碱化度(ESP)等方法,探讨滨海地区蓄淡水库水质咸化的主要影响因素和改善途径。结果表明:咸化浅层地下水的补给是水库咸化的重要因素,扩大水源地保护区范围,加强水库周边排沥设施建设,使地下水深度降至水库的临界深度以下,是水库水质咸化首要的改善途径。     

Water level fluctuation and sediment–water nutrient exchange in Great Lakes coastal wetlands

The influence of water level fluctuation on sediment–water nutrient exchange in coastal wetlands of Lakes Michigan and Huron was investigated using controlled, laboratory experiments. At each wetland, sediment cores were collected from 5 locations along a transect perpendicular to the shoreline, desiccated for 8 weeks, and then re-wetted with original site water for 24 h to simulate water level fluctuation. Soluble reactive phosphorus release declined exponentially along transects, with highest release rates from sediments collected at the ordinary high water mark (OHWM), and lowest rates from sediments underlying water > 0.25 m in depth. Nitrate exchange showed no obvious pattern in the Lake Michigan wetlands but nitrate was lost at all locations in the Lake Huron wetlands, suggesting denitrification. Ammonium was released at all sites, but with no obvious pattern along transects. Sulfate release was low at the OHWM locations and increased in a lakeward direction, plateauing by the 0.25 m water depth.     

地下水与植被关系的研究进展

地下水与植被之间有着复杂的关系,它涉及地下水、土壤、植被等相互之间的动态平衡。地下水的变化会引起土壤水盐变化而直接影响植被的生长、分布和演替。本文系统地总结了地下水与土壤含水量、土壤含盐量、天然植被、地表荒漠化关系等诸多方面的影响研究进展,并探讨了生态地下水埋深对植被的重要作用。认为针对地下水变化引起的生态负效应,开展地下水与植被的关系研究,认识和理解植被退化的过程和机制,是应对气候变化和人类活动影响下地下水管理和生态保护的重要工具,最后指出地下水生态效应仍是今后亟需加强的研究方向。     

生态清淤对于桥水库水质影响的数值模拟

以天津于桥水库为例,建立了考虑沉积物-水界面物质交换的二维水动力和营养物质输移模型,基于率定的参数模拟了不同水质背景条件下,水库库周清淤和全库清淤两种方案对水库中的氮、磷营养盐时空分布的影响。结果表明:模型能够可靠地模拟水库底泥氮、磷营养盐的动态释放及其与外界污染输入共同作用下水库的氮、磷营养盐的含量;底泥是于桥水库水体营养盐的重要来源,底泥清除后水库氮、磷营养盐含量均有所下降,但是不同方案的清淤效果存在差异。库周清淤对沿岸带的浅水区水体氮、磷有很好的改善作用,但对库区的整体改善效果不佳(<2%);而全库清淤后,整个库区水体的氮、磷含量均大幅下降(26%~48%),治理效果相对明显。