渠道冻融作用物理模型试验相似准则分析

物理模型试验是开展渠道工程冻害问题研究的重要手段,而相似准则是开展物理模型试验的理论依据。根据引起饱和正冻土冻胀变形的"水-热"耦合控制方程、饱和冻土的有效应力原理及基于多孔介质理论中正冻土的静力平衡方程导出的孔隙压力和土水势的相似不变量,导出了冻土模型试验中孔隙压力与时间、变形的比尺准则。采用土工离心机放大重力场,可统一基土冻融作用过程中的孔隙压力与变形量间的比尺,在此基础上探讨了离心模型试验中渗透系数和孔隙水流速的比尺准则,仅当孔隙水动力黏度和孔隙水压力与原型相同时,离心模型试验中基土冻融作用时间效应的比尺为原型比模型的平方。     

大型弧底梯形渠道“适缝”防冻胀机理及应用研究

旱寒区渠道工程上预先在衬砌板易产生裂缝处顺其自然设置纵缝,以防止冻胀破坏。为探明这种纵缝设置的防冻胀机理及其最佳布设形式,基于冻土水-热-力三场耦合理论,考虑纵缝填充的接触本构及衬砌-冻土相互作用,建立了旱寒区常用的大型窄深式弧底梯形渠道冻胀仿真分析模型,以衬砌板上下表面沿周长正应力分布均匀度为一级指标,以其截面正应力满足强度要求为二级指标,对纵缝设置位置、宽度、个数及其组合削减渠道冻胀效果进行了研究。结果表明:弧底衬砌板属于薄拱结构,渠坡板为梁结构,纵缝为可移动弹性铰;纵缝位置及宽度的变化不断调整拱-梁结构的刚度及弹性铰的约束刚度,以适应基土冻胀变形,使衬砌板表面应力均匀化,从而削减冻胀;但纵缝过宽会过度削弱弧底拱效应,使弧底中心和坡板上表面及坡脚下表面拉应力过大,易导致冻胀破坏;单独设缝时坡脚位置设缝防冻胀效果最好,而组合设缝削减冻胀效果更优,尤其是坡脚与坡板组合设缝。以新疆某供水渠道为例,采用坡脚与坡板1/4、3/4处组合设缝,缝宽取1 cm,可满足两级指标,削减冻胀效果最优,可为旱寒区大型渠道防冻胀合理布设纵缝(适缝)提供科学依据。     

高地下水位渠道混凝土衬砌冻胀损坏数值模拟研究

地下水位比较高的渠道容易发生冻胀破坏,因此渠道工程建设首先要解决渠道冻胀损坏的问题。在借鉴已有理论如冻土力学、三场耦合、材料力学、弹性力学、渗流等理论基础上,文章分析了渠道基土冻胀以及衬砌结构,并构建了渠道混凝土衬砌冻胀损坏力学模型以及冻土的弹性本构模型,利用模型模拟冻胀过程中三场耦合的数据,最后得到新型的防冻胀结构来预防渠道的冻害发生。     

高地下水位混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀损坏断裂数值分析

渠道冻胀容易发生在地下水水位较高的地方。为解决渠道冻胀损坏的难题,本文在借鉴已有理论的基础上,分析了渠道基土冻胀以及衬砌结构,并构建了渠道混凝土衬砌冻胀损坏力学模型及冻土弹性本构模型,利用模型模拟冻胀过程中三场耦合的数据,最后得到新型的防冻胀结构,用以预防渠道的冻害发生。     

基于吸附薄膜理论的正冻土水分驱动力模型探讨

土中水分迁移的动力势问题是探讨水分迁移成冰机理以及研究冻胀、冻土内应力等冻土工程问题的关键所在。论文基于吸附薄膜理论,根据饱和冻土体内各相成分之间水、热、力耦合产生的变形在体积含量上的变化,利用质量守恒原理建立起各相成分的变形协调条件,推导出饱和冻土体的连续性方程,建立了高围压下的新的冻土的水分驱动力模型。     

“冻土—衬砌结构”非线性问题的简化算法与渠道结构优化

季节性冻土地区的渠道冻胀破坏非常严重。"冻土-衬砌结构"作用机制属于复杂的高度非线性问题,这使得数值计算在渠道结构设计和优化方面应用缓慢。本文提出了一种简化算法,该算法采用"初始位移法"模拟法向冻胀力,并通过定义摩尔库伦摩擦单元模拟冻土与结构之间的冻结摩擦作用。随后建立了渠道结构优化数学模型,基于APDL语言的二次开发建立了渠道有限元参数化模型,选取实际工程采用一阶算法进行了结构优化。研究结果表明:该方法简单实用,其计算结果与渠道实际破坏特征相符,可以用于渠道抗冻胀结构计算与设计;在最不利气象和水文地质条件下,结构优化后的断面可以保证渠道不产生裂缝,运行更安全;与传统的按照规范设计的断面对比,可降低6.7%的工程造价,对于整个灌区效益明显。     

冻土区地下水流过程及其与地表水转化关系研究进展

针对地下水流过程及其与地表水转化关系研究中,冻土分布特征及融冻过程对地下水系统的影响机制相关研究较少的问题,通过分析国内外冻土区地下水对河道径流的贡献、地下水流动路径和地下水-热耦合模型的相关文献,对地下水流过程及其与地表水转化研究进行综述,认为:①受土壤中冻土空间异质性的影响,不同冻土区地下水对径流的贡献比例不一致;②利用水化学和同位素示踪剂研究地下水流动路径,有助于冻土区地下水流动系统概念模型的构建,但只能获得定性或半定量的结果;③地下多相流系统的水-热耦合模型可将冻土的变化与其相应的水文响应过程耦合在一起,实现了地下水流过程及其与地表水转化关系的定量刻画,但在实用性方面仍需进一步完善,是未来的主要研究方向。     

考虑冻土与结构相互作用的梯形渠道冻胀破坏弹性地基梁模型

假定渠基冻土为服从Winkler假设的弹性地基,提出一种针对开放系统混凝土梯形渠道的衬砌冻胀力分布计算方法。基于弹性地基梁理论引入与冻胀变形成比例的附加项来反映衬砌冻胀变形引起的冻胀力释放和削减,导出考虑冻土与衬砌结构耦合作用的冻土地基梁挠曲线微分方程。基于此,对现浇混凝土梯形渠道底板和坡板分别建立冻胀模型,并结合边界条件对方程求解获得渠道底板和坡板挠度和内力的解析表达式,进而建立了基于衬砌冻胀位移计算的渠道衬砌冻胀破坏判断准则。以新疆塔里木灌区某梯形渠道为原型,对衬砌各点冻胀位移进行了计算,并与材料力学方法的计算结果及原型观测值进行了对比分析。结果表明,本文方法由于考虑了衬砌冻胀变形引起的冻胀力释放和削减,冻胀位移计算结果均较材料力学方法小,且与观测值更加符合。研究结果可为现浇混凝土梯形渠道的抗冻胀设计提供参考和理论依据。     

寒区河湖与灌排渠道模袋混凝土护岸冻胀破坏机理

我国北方寒区河湖与灌排渠道护岸冻胀破坏普遍严重.卵砾石护底模袋混凝土衬砌护岸因施工方便获得广泛应用.但目前针对这种复合衬砌结构的冻胀破坏机理尚不明确,难于规范化设计.本文基于冻土水热力三场耦合理论,考虑衬砌与基土的界面相互作用建立了河渠护岸衬砌冻胀数值分析模型.以宁夏西干渠工程为例,对卵砾石护底的模袋混凝土、卵砾石护底...     

寒区弧底梯形衬砌渠道冻胀破坏的尺寸效应研究

为探明地下水埋深、冻深及渠深对冻土地基上弧底梯形衬砌渠道冻胀破坏的影响规律,依据毛细理论将渠道冻胀分为封闭系统、半开放系统和开放系统;基于冻土水热力三场耦合理论,利用多场耦合软件COMSOL Multiphysics模拟研究了30组不同尺寸衬砌渠道的冻胀位移场和应力场。结果表明:规范建议的衬砌厚度内,渠道规模越大越窄深、冻深越大、地下水埋深越浅,则衬砌渠道冻胀破坏越严重。封闭系统,中小型衬砌渠道为渠底中心下表面拉裂,大型渠道为渠底中心下表面和距渠顶2/3坡长处上表面拉裂;半开放系统,中小型渠道为渠底中心上表面拉裂,大型渠道为渠底中心上表面和坡脚下表面拉裂;开放系统,小型渠道为渠底中心上表面拉裂,中型渠道为坡脚上表面拉裂,大型渠道为渠底中心下表面和距渠顶2/3坡长处上表面拉裂。该研究揭示了渠道衬砌冻胀破坏的尺寸效应,对弧底梯形衬砌渠道抗冻胀设计及衬砌结构合理设缝具有指导意义和定量化参考。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。