LiMn2O4的机械活化-湿化学合成机理

以MnO2为锰源,采用机械活化与湿化学集成的方法首次在水溶液中合成了尖晶石锂锰氧化物。研究表明,经机械活化后的MnO2具有较高的反应活性,其在水溶液中与锂化合物反应2h后,产物的嵌锂量达3．94％。其尖晶石锂锰氧化物的形成过程经历了MnO2的预活化和预还原、MnO2的锂化、结构重组与转晶3个步骤,随合成时间的延长,合成产物的化学组成与物相结构趋于稳定,所得合成材料具有完整而稳定的尖晶石结构,并具有良好的热稳定性和充放电循环稳定性,富锂尖晶石Li1.04Mn1.96O4的初始充电容量为122．4mAh／g,初始放电容量为112．0mAh／g．分别达其理论容量的97．4％和89.1％;第2～5次循环的放电容量稳定在111.7～110.7mAh／g之间。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4的合成及其电化学性能研究

以Li2CO3为Li源,化学MnO2(CMD)和电化学MnO2(EMD)为Mn源,以乙醇水混合物为分散介质,采用固相反应法合成了可充电锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4尖晶石,并采用XRD,BET,TEM和电化学测试对材料进行了表征。结果表明,750℃制备的样品呈良好的尖晶石结构,比表面积分别为4.8m^2/g和2.8m^2/g,产物的分布均匀,平均粒径为200nm。在0．4mA/cm^2(0.2-0.5C)和3．0－4．35V条件下恒流充放电,其首次放电容量大于110mAh/g ,效率大于90％,并具有较好的循环可逆性。考察 反应温度对材料比表面积的影响。     

微波合成锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO2的研究

为了研究锂离子电池的正极材料LiCoO2的新型制备方法,考查了反应原料配比、微波输出功率、微波合成温度和微波加热时间对LiCoO2结构和性能的影响.以LiOH·H2O和Co2O3为反应原料的最佳合成条件:Li/Co摩尔比为1.05∶1,微波输出功率为360W,反应时间为14min,合成温度为800℃.所合成LiCoO2样品均采用XRD和SEM进行表征,结果表明,采用微波合成的LiCoO2样品为单一相层状结构且晶体结构发育良好;样品的充放电循环性能良好,首次循环放电容量为130mAh/g.     

LiMn2-2xLixNixO4(0≤X≤0.1)阴极材料的结构和电化学性能

采用高温固相法，合成了LiMn2-2xLixNixO4（x=0．03、0．05、0．075、0．100）试样，用X射线衍射（XRD）和场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）对试样的晶体结构和形貌进行了表征，从试样的充放电性能，室温和高温下（55℃）循环性能等方面，并结合X射线吸收精细结构（X-ray absorption fine structure，XAFS）所得到的试样中MnO6八面体中键长的变化分析了锂镍协同掺杂对尖晶石结构的稳定作用。实验表明：与尖晶石LiMn2O4相比，LiMn2-2xLixNixO4试样在室温和55℃时具有良好的容量保持能力，是由于Li，Ni协同掺杂对试样的结构起了稳定作用。     

层状结构锰氧化物La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7的EXAFS研究

采用溶胶—凝胶法和传统的固相反应法相结合,制备了双层钙钛矿结构锰氧化物La2-2xSr1 2xMn2O7较宽掺杂范围内(0．2≤x≤0．6)系列单相样品,并测量了各样品的X射线衍射谱(XRD)和扩展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)谱。通过对XRD的分析证实样品均为Sr3Ti2O7型四方结构,空间群为I4／mmm,同时发现晶格参数a随掺杂量x的变化几乎不变,而c随x的增加则明显减小。通过对EXAFS的分析和研究得到MnO6八面体中c轴方向的Mn—O键长和Jahn—Teller畸变量△JT随掺杂浓度x的变化,发现在最佳掺杂浓度x=0．33附近,J-T畸变最大,显示出La2-2xSr1 2xMn2O7(0．2≤x≤0．6)系列锰氧化物的磁电性能与畸变量△JT密切相关。     

锰系离子筛材料的合成及性能研究

利用离子记忆效应机理以MnO2 和Li2 CO3为原料合成了锂锰氧化物离子筛前驱体 ,研究了温度因素对前驱体产物的影响 ,确定出合适的合成温度为 80 0℃ ;在锂锰氧化物酸浸及Li吸附过程中 ,离子筛材料的结晶构型保持不变 ,实验结果表明其对Li+显示出较高的吸附容量     

La0.8-xNdxNa0.2MnO3的磁卡效应研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制备系列样品La0.8-xNdxNa0.2MnO3(x=0.00,0.05,0.10,0.15和0.20)钙钛矿锰氧化物.研究温度范围在240～340 K、外磁场0～1T下该系列样品的居里温度和磁熵变.发现样品的居里温度TC随x增加而减小,而且x=0.20、温度为295K时,最大磁熵变△SM为1.68 J/kg·K.实验结果表明钙钛矿锰氧化物La0.8-xNdxNa0.2MnO3有可能作为室温下的磁致冷材料的候选者.     

新型特效Na离子吸附剂Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3的制备和性能研究

采用高温固相法合成了新型特效Na离子吸附剂Li1＋xAlxTi2-x（PO4）3．通过对不同条件下合成的样品XRD、SEM及其吸附性能的研究表明，少量Al的加入未影响到LiTi2（PO4）3的晶体结构，但使Li1＋xAlxTi2-x（PO4）3对Na离子产生了特效吸附作用．当x=0．4时，在pH值为10．0—11．0条件下，Li1＋xAlxTi2-x（PO4）3的吸附容量达到11．76mg／g．另外，本文对材料的激光拉曼光谱和红外光谱进行了研究和指认．     

Al3+掺杂对Li1.02Mn2O4结构和电化学性能的影响

用固相法合成了Li1.02AlxMn2-xO4(x=0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.30)锂离子电池正极材料,研究了Al3+对尖晶石型Li1.02Mn2O4的结构及电化学性能的影响.结果表明,当掺杂量x小于0.2时,没有出现杂相,掺杂量为0.3时,出现杂相Al2O3;Al3+的掺入能稳定晶体结构,使材料在充放过程中很好地保持稳定,减弱Li+的能级分裂,改善材料的耐过充性能.当x=0.15时,初始最高容量为118.7 mAh·g-1,160次循环容量衰减至113.8 mAh·g-1,容量保持率为95.8%.Al3+的加入使材料的电导率降低,但材料结构更加稳定,循环性能变得更好.     

Li1.02CoxCryMn2-x-yO4的固相合成及性能表征

采用固相法合成锂离子正极材料尖晶石相Li1.02CoxCryMn2-x-yO4，研究元素Co、Cr不同掺杂量对产物的结构、晶胞常数、电化学性能和电池内阻的影响．分析表明，掺杂少量的Co、Cr的LiMn2O4依然保持着尖晶石结构；晶胞常数随掺杂量的增加而减小，从而使尖晶石的比表面积增大，有利于提高电池的初始容量；并有效地抑制了充放电过程中的Jahn-Teller效应和Mn^3＋的歧化反应．掺杂Co、Cr后Li1.02MnO4初始容量有所下降，且随掺杂量增加而减小，但能明显改善材料的循环性能．     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from