不锈钢双极板表面Cr与Cr2N镀层导电与耐蚀性研究

采用等离子体磁控溅射的方法在304不锈钢双极板表面沉积出致密均匀的Cr层和Cr2N层.运用X射线衍射、俄歇电子能谱、扫描电镜、界面接触电阻测试和动电位极化等方法,研究了表面镀层对不锈钢双极板导电和耐腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,经过镀氮化铬层后的双极板界面导电性能良好,在质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)电堆装载压力下,界面接触电阻为20mΩ.cm2,与未镀层相比降低了约70％.双极板的耐腐蚀性能也有显著的增强:在模拟PEMFC环境中,腐蚀电位提高了约300mV,腐蚀电流降低了约1个数量级.     

直流磁控溅射非晶碳膜的导电性和耐蚀性

用直流磁控溅射技术在304不锈钢基体上制备导电非晶碳膜,重点研究了基体偏压对非晶碳膜微结构、导电性和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:与纯不锈钢双极板相比,经非晶碳膜表面改性的不锈钢表面的导电性和耐蚀性均大幅度提高。当基体偏压为-200V时在质子交换膜燃料电池组装典型压力(1.5MPa)下非晶碳膜的sp2含量最高,使改性不锈钢双极板具有最低的接触电阻(16.65mΩ·cm2);在模拟质子交换膜燃料电池工作环境的腐蚀溶液中镀膜后不锈钢板的腐蚀电位显著提高,腐蚀电流明显下降。尤其在偏压-200V下薄膜具有最佳的致密性,腐蚀电位为0.25V,腐蚀电流密度为1.22×10-8A/cm2,耐蚀性能最佳。     

S32750超级双相不锈钢在低温模拟海水中的腐蚀行为

为了考察S32750超级双相不锈钢(SDSS)在低温海水中的腐蚀性能,通过浸泡试验、动电位极化和电化学阻抗等方法,研究了S32750 SDSS和316L不锈钢(316L SS)在5℃的模拟海水(质量分数为3.5%Na Cl)中的腐蚀行为,采用Mott-Schottky曲线对低温下钝化膜的半导体性质进行了分析,并通过金相显微镜观察了两者腐蚀后的表面形貌。结果表明:在低温海水中,S32750 SDSS比316L SS表现出了更低的腐蚀速率,且S32750 SDSS表面腐蚀凹坑的数量较少;2种不锈钢均能形成稳定的钝化膜,且S32750 SDSS比316L SS展现出更大的钝化区间以及更高的点蚀电位、钝化膜电阻和电荷转移电阻,这主要与S32750 SDSS表面钝化膜更加致密、缺陷数量更少等因素有关。     

316L不锈钢双极板磁控溅射不同厚度石墨涂层的耐蚀性和导电性

为了提高316L不锈钢双极板的耐蚀性和导电性,使用磁控溅射的方法,通过控制石墨靶材的溅射时间,在316L不锈钢表面沉积了不同厚度的石墨涂层,比较不同厚度石墨涂层的性能,以确定最佳厚度的石墨涂层。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了双极板腐蚀后的微观表面形貌;模拟了质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）双极板的工作环境,使用电化学测试方法测试了5种涂层的耐蚀性;通过X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析了4种石墨涂层的C键结合特性;比较了几种涂层的界面接触电阻（ICR）;测量了涂层的表面接触角来评估涂层的亲疏水性。结果表明：所有的涂层均能提高316L不锈钢的耐腐蚀性和导电性;其中以C-3石墨涂层最佳,恒电位极化下的腐蚀电流密度稳定在2.26×10^-7 A/cm²;界面接触电阻（ICR）在5.6 mΩ·cm²;C-3和C-4有着较高的sp²杂化原子比例,得到了最佳厚度的石墨涂层,大概在400 nm。     

离子注入Nb不锈钢双极板的耐孔蚀性能研究

为了探索离子注入Nb不锈钢双极板在模拟质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)中的性能,采用极化曲线、恒电位试验和电化学阻抗谱等方法研究了离子注入铌316不锈钢在PEMFC环境中耐孔蚀性能的影响.研究表明:模拟PEMFC环境中316不锈钢和离子注入铌316不锈钢试样均发生孔蚀;Nb离子的注入提高了抗孔蚀性能,且随着介质温度的升高,孔蚀倾向加剧.孔蚀的诱发是离子注入铌316不锈钢表面水解形成Nb(OH)+4,导致钝化膜局部溶解破坏所致.模拟PEMFC环境中316不锈钢表面注入铌层膜电阻Rcoat、电荷转移电阻Rct升高,而注入铌层的电容值Ccoat、双电层电容Cct下降,表明注入铌层成为高电阻、低电容的阻挡层,对基体起到良好的保护作用.     

CrN和CrNiN涂层在模拟质子交换膜燃料电池环境中的电化学性能及疏水性能EI北大核心CSCD

用闭合场非平衡磁控溅射离子镀在304不锈钢表面沉积CrN和CrNiN涂层。采用X射线衍射和场发射扫描电镜表征涂层的结构和形貌。采用电化学测试、界面接触电阻测试以及疏水性测试等方法,研究两种不同涂层在模拟质子交换膜燃料电池(Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell,PEMFC)环境下的电化学腐蚀性能、界面接触电阻以及疏水性能。结果表明:CrN涂层主要包含CrN和Cr2N相,CrNiN涂层中CrN和Cr2N相较少,Ni在CrNiN涂层中以单质形式存在;动态极化测试表明涂层的耐蚀性能较好,其中CrNiN涂层的耐蚀性能较CrN涂层差,恒电位极化测试表明CrN和CrNiN涂层的电流密度相当;CrN和CrNiN涂层都显著降低了304不锈钢的界面接触电阻,其中CrN涂层的接触电阻最小;CrNiN涂层疏水性能优于CrN涂层,更有利于质子交换膜燃料电池中的水管理。     

304L不锈钢在Cl~-作用下腐蚀行为的研究

通过电化学噪声技术(EN)、动电位扫描法、噪声电阻(Rn)等方法研究了304L不锈钢在含Cl-溶液中的腐蚀行为过程,探讨了Cl-对304L不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响,以及腐蚀的形成、特征、机理。结果表明,由于有Cl-的存在,对不锈钢金属的钝化膜的破坏必然导致腐蚀过程中离子扩散速度的加快,因此,Cl-对304L不锈钢腐蚀行为有着明显的钝化作用。     

质子交换膜燃料电池不锈钢双极板无氰脉冲镀银

质子交换膜燃料电池不锈钢双极板直流氰化镀银,污染环境、耐蚀性不理想,为此,使用无氰脉冲镀银对不锈钢双极板进行了表面改性。采用XRD,SEM,界面接触电阻测试、模拟燃料电池环境腐蚀等方法,研究了无氰脉冲镀银对不锈钢双极极性能的影响。结果表明：无氰脉冲镀银改善了镀层的微观结构,其接触电阻为镀银处理前的1／10,同时腐蚀电流...     

氧对2205双相不锈钢抗氢氟酸腐蚀性能的影响

为了明确氢氟酸(HF)溶液中的氧对双相不锈钢(DSS)腐蚀性能的影响,通过动电位极化、电化学阻抗、Mott-Schottky曲线等电化学方法以及浸泡试验,研究了2205DSS在不同溶解氧(DO)含量的氢氟酸溶液中的腐蚀行为,采用金相显微镜观察了腐蚀后的表面形貌。结果表明:随着HF溶液中DO含量从7.8 mg/L下降到1.7mg/L,2205DSS的开路电位逐渐变负,自腐蚀电流密度和维钝电流密度区间逐渐增大,钝化电位区间逐渐减小,钝化膜电阻和电荷转移电阻逐渐变小;随着DO含量的降低,2205DSS表面腐蚀凹坑数量逐渐增多,腐蚀越发严重,这主要是因为氧含量的大小影响了2205DSS表面钝化膜的形成速度和钝化膜的缺陷数量。     

海水环境中Cl-浓度对316L不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了探明Cl~-浓度对海水环境下金属材料的腐蚀影响,通过极化曲线、交流阻抗和循环伏安曲线,并结合Mott-Schottky曲线,分析了在不同Cl~-浓度的海水模拟溶液中316L不锈钢的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明:在海水环境中,高浓度的Cl~-环境会使316L不锈钢试件的容抗弧直径减小,腐蚀电位下降,抗腐蚀能力变弱;在高Cl~-浓度下,不锈钢表面钝化膜更易破裂,且钝化膜的自我修复能力受到抑制; Cl~-浓度越大,空间电荷层厚度减少变化趋势越快,钝化膜腐蚀溶解的速率越快,316L不锈钢发生腐蚀的概率越大。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from