基于多属性决策方法的胶凝砂砾石坝坝型比选

针对胶凝砂砾石坝坝型比选尚缺乏系统分析的现状,分析了胶凝砂砾石坝大坝建设的工程适应性,总结了影响胶凝砂砾石坝坝型比选的主要因素,提出了相应的坝型评价指标,采用多属性决策经典理论和方法,运用改进层次分析法、熵权法进行组合赋权,建立胶凝砂砾石坝型比选模型。结合NH水库大坝工程实例,以Matlab软件为工具,编程实现了该工程坝型比选决策过程,比选结果与可行性研究报告推荐坝型一致,验证了该比选模型的有效性,可为类似工程提供参考。     

基于损伤理论的胶凝砂砾石坝运行期冻融仿真分析

为研究冻融对胶凝砂砾石坝正常运行造成的影响,以守口堡胶凝砂砾石坝为研究对象,结合胶凝砂砾石结构冻融损伤特性,建立三维有限元冻融损伤模型,对坝体运行期不同工况下的温度、应力及损伤状况进行仿真分析。结果表明,普通胶凝砂砾石除易冻融破坏外,还易发生拉裂破坏;添加外加剂后抗冻性提高,但还不足以抵抗冻融;"金包银"措施能够有效改善坝内胶凝砂砾石的温度、应力状况,使其免受冻融影响,保证永久性水工建筑物运行期安全稳定。     

胶凝堆石料动本构关系及动模量衰减模型

基于动三轴试验,研究了不同围压、不同胶凝含量下胶凝堆石料的动本构关系及动模量衰减规律。结果表明,胶凝堆石料动本构关系仍可用Kondner R L双曲线模型进行描述,围压、胶凝含量对动本构关系均有影响,但围压对其影响较大;胶凝堆石料动模量随动应变的增大而非线性减小,且具有明显的应变软化特征,同等条件下动模量随围压和胶凝含量的增大而增大。根据动模量衰减曲线,提出了动模量衰减模型,通过线性回归分析,得到了胶凝堆石料动模量衰减模型参数表达式,为胶凝堆石坝的动力分析提供了参考。     

不同冻融循环次数下胶凝砂砾石抗冻性能的试验研究

为研究胶凝砂砾石的抗冻性能,做了不同水胶比和养护龄期的标准试件的室内试验,研究了不同冻融循环次数下试件的抗压强度。结果表明,水胶比由0.6增大至1.4时,胶凝砂砾石抗压强度先增大后减小;水胶比为1.0时,胶凝砂砾石抗压强度最大。经历冻融作用后,水胶比为1.0的胶凝砂砾石试件的抗压强度仍最大。不同养护龄期下胶凝砂砾石的抗压强度差别较大,养护龄期越长,冻融循环作用后的抗压强度越大。相同冻融循环次数下,养护龄期为28d的胶凝砂砾石比养护龄期为7d的胶凝砂砾石的抗压强度高出57%~76%左右。     

ABAQUS的二次开发在胶凝堆石坝工程中的应用

鉴于分析胶凝堆石坝结构缺少有效手段,利用ABAQUS的二次开发平台,开发了胶凝堆石料非线性弹性本构模型的UMAT用户子程序,提出了实现胶凝堆石坝的施工模拟及新填筑层位移修正的处理方法,并在两种工况下进行有限元模拟计算。结果表明,该方法合理可靠、符合实际工程规律。     

胶凝砂砾石弹性模量测试方法的试验研究

胶凝砂砾石作为一种低强度、低弹性模量的新型筑坝材料,目前尚无统一的测试标准,采用不同测试方法的结果势必有很大差异,从而会影响胶凝砂砾石坝的设计。为此,分别采用通长变形、中部变形、端部变形及内部埋设差动式电阻应变计4种测试方法对胶凝砂砾石材料的弹性模量进行对比试验,并评估了弹性模量测试加荷速率的控制、预压次数及割线法的适用性等问题。结果表明,端部测长法比较适用于胶凝砂砾石弹性模量的测试,对于规范和统一胶凝砂砾石弹性模量的测试以及胶凝砂砾石坝的进一步发展起到了促进作用。     

基于蒙特卡罗技术的胶凝砂砾石坝施工定额编制研究

针对胶凝砂砾石坝施工尚无相关定额进行技术经济指导的现状,基于定额编制基础理论,以顺江堰胶凝砂砾石坝为例,对其施工的工、料、机消耗情况进行实时实地测定,采用标准差比较法和拉布斯准则对测定数据进行真伪检验,运用蒙特卡罗模拟技术对检验处理后的数据进行仿真模拟,整理分析模拟数据,完成依托工程的定额编制,改善了胶凝砂砾石坝在推广初期由于典型工程和样本数据太少导致的统计结果精度不高的问题,为胶凝砂砾石坝施工定额正式编制提供理论和数据支持,也为企业同类项目技术经济分析提供参考。     

胶凝砂砾石冻融试验及影响因素分析

胶凝砂砾石作为一种新型环保建筑材料,抗冻性是其研究较为薄弱的环节。基于已有研究成果,参考现行混凝土规范标准,采用快速冻融试验和灰色关联度理论,以相对动弹性模量为抗冻指标,考察了水胶比、水泥用量、砂率及粉煤灰掺量等因素对胶凝砂砾石抗冻性的影响。结果表明,随着水胶比和砂率的减小,水泥用量和粉煤灰用量的增加,胶凝砂砾石抗冻性提高;各因素对抗冻性影响大小顺序为水泥用量水胶比砂率粉煤灰,该结论为材料的推广应用提供了理论依据。     

不同胶凝材料用量下的胶凝砂砾石坝体应力与变形特性分析

为定量分析胶凝材料用量对胶凝砂砾石坝体应力与变形的影响,基于摩尔-库伦模型和蔡新提出的非线性本构模型,利用FLAC3D有限元软件,计算了坝高50 m级的胶凝砂砾石坝的应力应变情况。结果表明,随着胶凝材料用量增加,坝体位移减小,应力增大,且非线性模型算得的位移更大;当胶凝材料用量低于60 kg/m³时,摩尔-库伦线性本构模型算得的主应力均为压应力,蔡新的非线性本构模型算得的主应力出现拉应力,故非线性本构模型能更好地体现胶凝砂砾石坝的薄弱部位,为胶凝砂砾石坝实际工程建设提供参考。     

液压升降坝工作原理及结构性态分析

液压升降坝是一种新型的可升降活动的坝型,目前尚无设计规范。介绍了液压升降坝的结构、原理及特点,根据液压升降坝的结构特点和实际运行工作条件,采用弹性力学三维有限元法建立了三维有限元模型,计算分析了不同工况下升降面板及支承结构的应力和变形,并研究了其工作性态。结果表明,液压升降坝面板与坝后液压杆、支撑杆交接处几何形态发生突变,易产生应力集中,需设置合适的连接过渡装置以减小应力集中。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.