前、后拱和二次风对垃圾焚烧炉燃烧影响研究

针对我国的垃圾成分特点,选取处理量为250t/d的垃圾焚烧炉排炉为研究对象.在垃圾焚烧炉分区模型理论的基础上,用数值模拟的方法对前后拱及二次风布置对垃圾焚烧炉燃烧的影响进行研究.模拟结果显示,采用前后拱的炉型比单采用后拱的炉型炉内燃烧状况及温度场较优,前后拱设二次风风口,可以有效改善炉膛的气流组织,优化炉膛的燃烧状况....     

垃圾炉排焚烧炉的富氧燃烧改造数值模拟研究

基于计算流体力学(CFD)技术,对某垃圾焚烧厂的350 t/d的垃圾炉排焚烧炉建模,分别模拟空气燃烧(工况A)、无烟气循环的富氧燃烧(工况B)和有烟气循环的富氧燃烧(工况C),研究富氧及烟气再循环对焚烧炉燃烧特性的影响。模拟结果表明:与其他两种工况相比,有烟气循环的富氧燃烧平均湍流强度最高,为0.593,平均停留时间6.94 s,分布更均匀,可燃物与氧气的混合最好;炉内气体整体平均温度降低到1187.1 K,出口温度降到1149.5 K温度分布均匀,炉膛出口CO质量分数平均值最低,只有8.517×10~(-18),炉膛出口氧含量大于6%,燃烧效果最佳,燃烧工况完全满足抑制二噁英等污染物产生和排放要求。     

垃圾焚烧炉二次配风优化数值研究

为研究焚烧炉二次助燃风的作用,以某厂生活垃圾焚烧炉为研究对象,建立了生活垃圾焚烧炉的三维数值模型,采用计算流体力学软件FLIC和FLUENT对炉排上的固相燃烧和炉膛内的气相燃烧过程进行了耦合模拟。结果表明:当焚烧炉不设置二次助燃风时,烟气在喉口和一次烟道内混合不均匀,可燃成分会沿后拱形成贴壁流,使得炉壁局部热负荷较高,易发生烧损现象,燃烧的不均匀也对污染物的消减不利;当在炉膛两侧设置二次风,尤其是旋流二次风时,流场得到较好的组织,可使喉口区域形成多个旋流区,二次燃烧效果比较好,并且湍动能、烟气路径长度和停留时间都较优,有利于可燃成份的充分燃烧和污染物的消减。     

多相湍流燃烧数值模拟的收敛性分析

对燃油锅炉的燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,燃油采用癸烷作为模型分子式,雾化采用压力旋流雾化,燃烧采用一步统观模型,燃烧与湍流耦合采用Finite-rate/Eddy-dissipation模型。计算表明:当网格数目较少时,数值模拟的残差随迭代次数增大不断减小,可以通过残差小于某一小的阈值判定收敛;当网格数目足够大时,数值模拟的残差不再随迭代次数的增大单调递减,而是出现振荡或者稳定在一定范围内。在分析产生这种结果原因的基础上,针对大网格的多相湍流燃烧数值模拟收敛性判定出现的困难,通过大量反复的计算,发现当炉膛内部最高温度、炉膛出口平均温度和氧气平均浓度等随迭代步数变化100步,其相对值的变化都小于10~(-2)时,炉膛内的温度场、速度场、组分场等趋于稳定,以此可以作为判定大网格下多相湍流燃烧数值模拟收敛的判据。     

分级进风旋流燃烧室内湍流燃烧的数值模拟

应用考虑湍流-化学反应相互作用的代数二阶矩-概率密度函数(PDF)湍流燃烧模型,对分级进风旋流燃烧室内两组工况下的甲烷湍流燃烧进行了数值模拟,得到的二氧化碳浓度和气体轴向脉动速度均方根值分布与实验数据相符合,得到的气体轴向和切向速度、轴向一切向脉动速度关联量、温度和氧气浓度分布与实验数据基本相符合.研究结果表明,选取适当的二次风率可以起到优化燃烧过程的作用.     

新型生活垃圾焚烧炉炉膛及配风设计研究

针对我国垃圾特点,研发设计一种新型无后拱顺流式生活垃圾焚烧炉炉膛.炉膛前拱处布置两层二次风,炉膛出口布置一层燃尽风.通过热力计算和CFD模拟证明,在燃烧我国垃圾时,此炉膛结构及配风系统使得炉膛内火焰既充满整个炉膛空间又不会直接冲刷炉膛壁面,在炉膛内形成良好的空气动力场,不需要加较多的煤或油辅助燃烧,同时延长了烟气中颗粒物在炉膛内的运动时间,最大限度地分解二恶英和抑制热力合成的NOx.     

循环流化床锅炉低氮燃烧的CPFD数值模拟

针对某75 t/h循环流化床锅炉炉膛出口NOx排放超标问题进行分析探讨,以合理的低氮燃烧控制技术为主,辅以SNCR烟气脱硝技术,争取达到NO x超净排放要求。采用CPFD计算方法对循环流化床锅炉炉膛内的气固流动和燃烧特性进行数值模拟,运用低过量空气燃烧法和空气分级技术对锅炉进行低氮燃烧控制,研究一、二次风配比、二次风射流、过量空气系数、循环倍率和颗粒粒径等因素对炉内燃烧及NO x排放的影响。结果表明:通过低氮燃烧控制后,炉内速度场和温度场分布均匀,炉膛出口处烟气流速增加,炉膛平均烟温和出口氧浓度降低,还原性气体CO浓度和优化前基本相同,炉膛出口NOx浓度降低,减排效果显著,为以后的锅炉运行提供实际指导经验。     

生物质(气)耦合燃煤锅炉燃烧特性数值模拟

为了研究不同类型生物质对煤粉耦合生物质再燃锅炉燃烧特性的影响,基于FLUENT模拟软件,选取某超超临界660 MW锅炉作为研究对象,搭建煤粉锅炉耦合生物质(气)再燃模型,对锅炉进行改造,在最顶层二次风喷口和燃尽风之间增添生物质(气)再燃喷口,分别对纯煤燃烧,生物质固体再燃,生物质气体再燃等不同工况的燃烧特性进行数值模拟,研究燃烧区温度场,组分分布以及炉膛出口烟气中CO2和NOx质量浓度分布的变化规律.结果 表明:生物质再燃降低锅炉煤粉消耗量,使得主燃区燃烧温度降低,同时使得炉内燃烧火焰中心上移,炉膛出口CO体积分数上升,增加了排烟热损失;相比于纯煤工况,生物质固体和生物质气再燃均可以使炉膛出口CO2和NOx的体积分数降低,但是生物质气效果要明显高于生物质固体.其中食物垃圾气体再燃减少CO2排放与降氮效果最好,CO2减排率可达13.87％,降氮率可达24.13％.     

生物质(气)耦合燃煤锅炉燃烧特性数值模拟

为了研究不同类型生物质对煤粉耦合生物质再燃锅炉燃烧特性的影响,基于FLUENT模拟软件,选取某超超临界660 MW锅炉作为研究对象,搭建煤粉锅炉耦合生物质(气)再燃模型,对锅炉进行改造,在最顶层二次风喷口和燃尽风之间增添生物质(气)再燃喷口,分别对纯煤燃烧,生物质固体再燃,生物质气体再燃等不同工况的燃烧特性进行数值模拟,研究燃烧区温度场,组分分布以及炉膛出口烟气中CO2和NOx质量浓度分布的变化规律.结果 表明:生物质再燃降低锅炉煤粉消耗量,使得主燃区燃烧温度降低,同时使得炉内燃烧火焰中心上移,炉膛出口CO体积分数上升,增加了排烟热损失;相比于纯煤工况,生物质固体和生物质气再燃均可以使炉膛出口CO2和NOx的体积分数降低,但是生物质气效果要明显高于生物质固体.其中食物垃圾气体再燃减少CO2排放与降氮效果最好,CO2减排率可达13.87％,降氮率可达24.13％.     

650 MW超超临界前后墙对冲锅炉的高温热腐蚀数值模拟研究

以一台650 MW超超临界前后墙对冲锅炉为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方式模拟其炉膛燃烧运行。分析炉膛内速度场、温度场、O_2、CO和H_2S等气体的分布,探究炉膛水冷壁发生高温热腐蚀的区域。结果表明:用数值模拟的方法模拟的结果符合锅炉实际运行参数;模拟的速度场、温度场符合前后墙对冲锅炉的规律;侧墙CO和H_2S气体呈沿中线对称的"V"型分布,浓度最高区域都位于"V"型顶角处并高度重合推测高温热腐蚀区域位于侧墙燃烧区中线附近,这与电厂实际测试结果大致相符。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.