太阳能电池导电银浆的烧结工艺研究

研究了不同烧结温度和保温时间下烧结对银膜附着力和方阻的影响,用扫描电镜观察烧结后银膜的形态。结果表明,在850℃烧结保温40 s得到的银膜性能较优,银膜的附着力和方阻分别为3.193 N和4.16 m?/□。     

混合银粉对导电银浆烧结膜层附着力的影响

采用4种不同规格的银粉,并优选其中2种银粉按不同比例混合,制备得到不同氧化锌压敏电阻器用导电银浆;对烧结后的银浆样品进行表面形貌分析和附着力测试,并比较烧结温度对附着力的影响。结果表明,将2种单一银粉混合制备所得浆料烧结所得电极膜层表面更致密平整,附着力增加;调整合适的混合质量比,可以得到具有最大附着力的导电银浆;其机制可能是浆料在烧结过程中不同粒径的银粉相互填充间隙,产生协同作用,提高了膜层致密度。所得银浆最佳烧结温度为550~650℃。     

块状菱镁矿烧结初期方镁石颗粒致密化行为

采用高温电炉对块状菱镁矿进行煅烧,研究了块状菱镁矿烧结初期(1000~1300℃)方镁石颗粒致密化行为。结果表明:在烧结初期,方镁石颗粒致密化过程主要分为4个阶段:阶段一、颗粒表面正负离子极化,引力增加,颗粒间距减小;阶段二、颗粒间点接触,形成团聚;阶段三、颗粒间面接触,导致间隙减小;阶段四、形成烧结颈,团聚致密化程度增加。母盐假相颗粒对烧结致密化行为有重要影响,当温度在1150~1200℃区间时,假相颗粒的体积收缩,导致其比表面积和颗粒配位数降低,烧结致密化受到阻碍,出现缓滞现象,这与粉状菱镁矿烧结有显著区别。在匀速升温烧结过程中,不同的温度区间,烧结激活能不同,温度为1000~1110℃时,Q=412.368 k J/mol;温度为1110~1230℃时,Q=473.990 k J/mol;温度为1230~1300℃时,Q=385.266 k J/mol。块状菱镁矿烧结初期,随着温度的升高,方镁石颗粒烧结致密化速率先增加后减小。     

放电等离子烧结制备Ti-22Al-25Nb合金及致密化机理

以Ti-22Al-25Nb(摩尔分数,%)预合金粉末为实验初始原料,采用放电等离子烧结工艺(SPS)方法,在温度为950～1200℃,保温时间为10～20min,压力为35～80MPa的条件下制备晶粒小、组织致密的粉末冶金Ti-22Al-25Nb合金。研究烧结温度、烧结压力和保温时间对预合金粉末致密化过程的影响,分析粉末的烧结致密化机理,揭示烧结温度、烧结压力和保温时间对Ti-22Al-25Nb烧结合金的相对密度、相组成、显微组织以及力学性能的影响规律,明确烧结合金的室温断裂机制。结果表明:经950℃、80MPa、10min烧结的Ti-22Al-25Nb合金相对密度达到99.43%,具有更优异的综合力学性能,其室温伸长率、屈服强度和抗拉强度分别达到9.38%、933.57 MPa和990.01 MPa。     

烧结温度对车用TiAl高温结构材料组织和性能的影响

采用SPS烧结方法对气雾化法来制备的车用Ti-42Al-10Nb-0.6W粉末和Ti B_2粉末进行烧结处理。通过SEM观察、力学测试研究了烧结温度对Ti Al高温结构材料组织和性能的影响。结果表明:该试样的拉伸强度随着烧结温度的增加先增加后降低;当Ti B_2成分为0.5%时,合金的拉伸强度达到最高。当烧结温度上升后,快速致密化的初始温度并没有发生较大改变。实验温度范围内发生最快致密化是在烧结温度为1140℃。在980℃下烧结得到的合金试样中形成了众多孔隙结构;温度为1060℃时烧结得到的试样孔隙现象已经不明显;在1140℃下烧结得到的试样致密度更大且组织更均匀。     

纳米晶WC-10Co复合粉末的烧结致密化行为

研究了机械合金化纳米晶WC-10Co复合粉末的真空烧结致密化行为和一般规律.结果表明:烧结温度的提高和烧结时间的延长有利于样品的烧结致密化过程,在1 275～1 300℃致密化速度快,在1 300℃,15 min左右致密化过程已基本完成;VC、Cr3C2等复合晶粒长大抑制剂含量的增加不利于致密化过程;新型晶粒长大抑制剂A可以更有效地阻碍晶粒长大;纳米晶WC-10Co-0.8VC/Cr3C2-0.2A复合粉末压坯在1375℃,30min烧结条件下,所得的密度为14.48 g/cm3,晶粒尺寸约为180 nm.     

加压方式对钨钛合金真空热压烧结工艺的影响

采用真空热压法制备钨钛合金,在相同升温条件下研究了加压方式变化对钨钛合金烧结工艺的影响.合金致密化行为研究表明:在烧结升温过程中,相同温度条件下施加低预压力(7MPa)和高预压力(25 MPa)烧结时,高预压力烧结的密度较高,致密化过程较快;当钨钛合金达到完全致密化时,高预压烧结对应的烧结时间较短,温度较低;高预压力烧结后由于烧结致密化温度降低,晶粒长大时间延长,烧结后晶粒平均直径较大.     

放电等离子烧结压力对超细WC-Co硬质合金性能的影响

通过分析放电等离子烧结致密化过程,确定了致密化温度;研究了SPS烧结过程中压力对WC-Co硬质合金致密化、显微组织及性能的影响。结果表明,放电等离子烧结粉末在1 130℃时,达到最大收缩率;烧结压力的增加,样品的致密度、硬度增加;断裂韧性的变化集中在11.5~12.1 MPa.m1/2之间,和硬度的变化呈现相反的趋势;烧结压力相对较小时,样品WC晶粒较粗大且不均匀;在40 MPa和55 MPa时,晶粒相对较小且分布均匀。要得到高性能、高致密度的样品,合理的烧结温度在1 200℃以上,烧结压力为40 MPa。     

烧结温度对ZrB2-SiC超高温陶瓷致密化的影响

利用放电等离子烧结技术（SPS）在不同的烧结温度下对ZrB2-SiC超高温陶瓷进行烧结，研究了烧结温度对烧结体致密化的影响。结果表明，在烧结温度分别为1650℃、1750℃、1850℃和1950℃，升温速度为200℃／min，保温时间为1min，压力为50MPa时，随着烧结温度的提高，烧结体的致密度呈上升趋势。当烧结温度高于1850℃时，烧结体的致密化过程明显加剧；通过对不同烧结温度下制得的试样的XRD谱图分析发现，当温度高于1850℃时ZrB2-SiC陶瓷中的SiC相会发生3C相到4H相的转变，这可能就是当烧结温度高于1850℃时烧结体致密度会急剧上升的原因。     

超细/纳米W-20Cu复合粉末的液相烧结机制

采用溶胶-喷雾干燥及氢还原工艺制备超细/纳米W-20 Cu复合粉末:将粉末压制成形,在1 340～1 420℃烧结5～180 min,并研究其致密化行为及晶粒长大机制.结果表明:烧结温度对液相烧结致密化起主要作用,W-20Cu复合粉末在液相烧结早期发生了显著的致密化,在1 420℃烧结5 min时,致密度可达到89％以上;随烧结时间的延长,致密度增加,在1 420℃烧结90 min时,相对密度最高,达到99.1％.液相烧结时,W晶粒不断长大并逐渐球化,且其晶粒大小G与时间烧结t符合G3＝G30+kt关系,服从溶解-析出机制.烧结温度对W晶粒长大影响显著,当温度从1 340℃上升到1 420℃时,其晶粒长大动力学系数从1.59×10-2 μm3/min增大到2.47×10-2 μm3/min,这说明液相的形成、颗粒重排、溶解-析出及W晶粒长大使得细晶W-Cu坯体获得近全致密.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。