铜及其合金化学抛光工艺研究

为了满足铜材钝化时对处理表面的要求,对化学抛光工艺及配方进行了深入研究,并分析了抛光液中各组分及工艺条件对抛光质量的影响.该工艺的最优配方及工艺条件为:50～55 mL/L磷酸,10～15 mL/L硝酸,25～30 mL/L草酸,1.0～1.5 g/L尿素,1.5～2.0 g/L香豆素,2.5 g/L磺胺,水余量,抛光温度55 ℃左右,抛光时间2～5 min.用此最优配方及工艺条件对铜及其合金进行化学抛光,可获得最佳抛光效果,且该工艺具有溶液成分简单、易于操作、抛光速度快、亮度好、污染低等优点.     

高硅铝合金无烟化学抛光剂的研制

目前以H3PO4、H2SO4为基础的两酸无烟化学抛光体系对高硅铝合金的抛光效果不理想。在磷酸+硫酸+双氧水的基础液中,添加一定量的硫酸铁、三氧化二铬以及过硫酸铵,考察了不同质量的添加物对6063高硅铝合金化学抛光效果的影响。采用简单正交试验方式,以试样的反光率及麻点数量表征试样的抛光效果,优选了较优的抛光液成分。结果表明:按硫酸(85%)10 m L、磷酸(95%)20 m L、双氧水2 m L、硫酸铁0.1 g、三氧化二铬0.1 g、过硫酸铵0.1 g配制的抛光液抛光效果最佳。     

低、中碳钢材料高温化学抛光工艺

低、中碳钢材料低温化学抛光过程中双氧水易分解、温度不易控制、中温化学抛光配方中使用氢氟酸的废水中氟离子较难处理,为了解决这些问题研究了高温化学抛光液的组成和前处理工艺,分析了抛光液中各物质含量对工件产生的影响.结果表明,在不使用CrO3的情况下,将普通酸和常用助剂组合,温度控制在95～110℃时,可以使低、中碳钢工件表面抛光成镜面光亮,抛光时间短、速度快、效率高、容易控制、无有毒气体NOx逸出,废水中无有毒离子,可以实现清洁化生产.     

铜及铜合金化学抛光

研究了铜及铜合化学抛光工艺，讨论了化学抛光液中酸的配比、酸雾抑制剂的使用、抛光时间、温度以及水洗过程对抛光效果的影响。试验表明，本抛光工艺取得了满意结果，是一种行有效的化学抛光方法。     

铜合金无黄烟化学抛光

铜合金的化学抛光以其操作简单、成本低而广泛应用于工艺品、家庭用品、标牌、仪器、仪表等行业。目前使用较普遍的工艺为Ｈ2 ＳＯ4 ＨＮＯ3 体系、Ｈ2 ＳＯ4 Ｈ2 Ｏ2 体系 ,但这两种工艺体系都存在不同程度的缺陷 ,即溶液稳定性差 ,或产生有害的ＮＯ2 气体 ,对环境造成污染。开发一种溶液稳定、污染小、抛光性能高的无黄烟化学抛光液极为重要。作者推荐了一种铜合金的优良抛光溶液 ,它不含硝酸和双氧水 ,且在同一种溶液中采用不同的操作步骤 ,可获 1 8Ｋ和 2 4Ｋ金的光亮铜合金表面。对环境基本无污染 ,有较高的推广价值。1　 1 8Ｋ金表面…     

铝及铝合金高亮度无黄烟化学抛光工艺

从化学抛光机理入手 ,通过大量试验得到高亮度的无黄烟化学抛光添加剂及相应的抛光工艺 ,在消除黄烟污染的前提下提高了无烟化学抛光的亮度 ,同时用电化学方法对添加剂机理进行了分析。     

TiNi合金化学抛光工艺及其对耐蚀性的影响

对ＴiNi合金化学抛光液的组成和抛光工艺进行了研究和优化发现,化学抛光的质量不仅与抛光液配和抛光工艺直接相关,还与ＴiNi合金的处理状态有关,冷轧态固溶及退火态易获得低的表面粗糙度,用电化学方法测试了化学抛光与机械抛光试样的阳极极化曲线,结果表明,化学抛光能提高ＴiNi合金的点蚀电位（Ｅb) ,降低再钝化电位（Ｅrp)从而显著提高其耐蚀性,使化学抛光的表面达到镜面状态。     

铝及铝合金高亮度无黄烟化抛光工艺

从化学抛光机理入手，通过大量试验得到高亮度的无黄烟化学抛光添加剂及相应的抛光工艺，在消除黄烟污染的前提下提高了无烟化学抛光的亮度，同时用电化学方法对添加剂机理进行了分析。     

高表面粗糙度6061铝合金的两酸抛光工艺研究

目的 为了降低6061铝合金的表面粗糙度,提出了一种环保型的两酸化学抛光工艺,并探究了抛光工艺条件对6061铝合金表面粗糙度和表面形貌的影响。方法 采用正交实验设计,确定6061铝合金两酸抛光添加剂的浓度,在此基础上通过单因素实验进一步对抛光液配方、温度和时间进行参数优化。通过粗糙度仪测量抛光前后的粗糙度和表面轮廓曲线,利用金相显微镜观察抛光前后的微观表面和断面金相,并且计算最佳工艺下的失重率。结果 在温度100 ℃、抛光10 min条件下,当抛光液的成分为H3PO4+H2SO4(质量比为2︰1)、10 g/L硫酸铝、2 g/L硫酸铜、1.6 g/L金属盐A、3 g/L氧化剂B、15 g/L过硫酸铵、1.5 g/L钼酸铵时,抛光效果最好。在最佳工艺下进行抛光,使铝合金表面粗糙度从6~8 µm降低至2 µm左右,粗糙度的标准差从2 µm左右降低至1 µm以下,失重率在0.002~0.004 g/(cm².min)范围内波动,并且得到了光亮的表面。结论 该抛光体系在处理高表面粗糙度的6061铝合金时表现出良好的抛光效果,研究结果对提高3D打印的6061铝合金零件表面质量提供了较好的借鉴与理论分析基础。     

H3PO4—H2SO4体系铝型材化学抛光研究

用反射光法和重量法研究了铝合金的抛光液中各组分和操作条件对抛光效果的影响，讨论了抛光机理，并得出了最佳溶液组成及操作条件。生产应用表明，该工艺具有光亮度高、反应温度低、无黄烟等优点，完全可以替代Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２ＳＯ４－ＨＮＯ３体系铝合金的化学抛光。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.