玻璃应力 透明思考

来自各个不同领域和背景的国际艺术家共同参与,展示玻璃这种"新"媒介的运用空间,这种跨界合作被激发出了全新的力量和趣味。     

Glass Formation

The ability to form a glass, i.e., the ability to form bonds which lead to a vitreous network, appears periodically in the classification chart of the elements. Thus simple glasses containing only one kind of atom are formed by the elements of Group VI of the periodic table (O, S, Se, and Te). Only these elements are known to form monatomic (primary) glasses and they retain the ability to form a vitreous network when mixed or chemically bound to each other. The elements of Group VI also form binary glasses, i.e., glasses containing two kinds of atoms, with the elements of Groups III, IV, and V. Experimental evidence of the glassforming capacities of these elements and compounds is given; about twenty new glasses suggested by the foregoing were prepared in the author's laboratory. Binary glasses are also known to exist composed of an element of Group VII (F, Cl, I, or Br) and an element of one of Groups II, III, and IV or a transition element. Experimental evidence for these glasses is presented.     

丹麦当代玻璃艺术

今天在丹麦有超过50家拥有玻璃熔炉的工作坊，在这里玻璃以传统的方式被熔化和吹制．使用千百年来一直保留下来没有改变的技术和工艺。这种玻璃制造的形式从东地中海一直蔓延到意大利和中欧，然而直到16世纪中期，在来自意大利和德国会吹制玻璃的移民的帮助下．才有玻璃首次在丹麦被吹制出来。     

Contemporary Market of Sheet Glass

An analysis of import and export flows of sheet glass in Russia in 2003 has been performed. The main exporter countries are identified, the prospects of the market are determined.     

Formation and Properties of a Lead-Barium-Aluminum Phosphate Glass

A lead-barium-aluminum phosphate glass has been prepared by a wet chemical process. The phosphate glass exhibits high transmission in the visible region of the spectrum and into the mid-infrared and can strongly absorb in the ultraviolet at wavelengths of less than 344 nm. In addition, the glass has a relatively high index of refraction and a good chemical durability. Therefore, the phosphate glass can be used for general-purpose optical applications.     

Formation of ZnO Hemispheres from a Mixed-Nitrate Glass Melt

From a KZn(NO₃)₃ glass melt it is possible to prepare, at 180°C, ZnO particles having a hemispherical morphology with an average diameter of 300 pm. Careful microscopic examinations and the behavior of the particles during annealing are presented. The addition of 1 wt% Co in the glass melt leads to the formation of ZnO spherules.     

Oxynitride Glass Formation from Gels

Porous, multicomponent silicate gels were heated in flowing and pressurized ammonia. These treatments resulted in dense, homogeneous oxynitride (O-N) glasses which were synthesized at low temperature (∼1000°C) without melting. The O-N glasses exhibited increased microhardness and glass-transition temperature and altered thermal expansion characteristics compared to the respective oxide glasses prepared by densi-fying gels in air or by conventional melting of oxide powders. Spectroscopic evidence indicates that ammonia reacts with all of the network-formers investigated, Si, Al, and B, hut from nitrogen content measurements, it appears that B and/or Al are required for significant nitridation below 1000°C.     

Frosting as a Contemporary Method of Glass Decoration (A Review)

Contemporary methods for frosting glass and glass articles are analyzed. The results of studies of frosting household glassware by plasma spraying of copper are described.     

Phase Relations and Glass Formation in the System PbO-GeO,

Phase relations in the system PbO-GeO₂ were determined using the quenching technique. The five compounds detected were: 4PbO-GeO₂, 3PbO-2GeO₂, PbO-GeO₂, and PbO-4GeO₂. The 3:2 and 1:1 compounds melt congruently at 744° and 799°, respectively. The 4:1 compound melts incongruently at 726°C to PbO plus liquid, whereas the 1:4 compound melts incongruently to GeO₂ plus liquid at 790°C. The 1:2 compound has a temperature range of stability between 707° and 730°. The data indicate that no liquid immiscibility gap exists in the system. Indices of refraction for glasses in the system were compared with lead silicate glasses. An addition of ∼65%PbO to GeO₂ is required to prepare a glass with an index near 2.0 whereas with SiO₂, ∼85% PbO is required. It appears that the lead germanate glasses have higher indices than all other two-component oxide glasses. The addition of PbO to GeO₂ decreases the rutile-to-quartz transformation temperature from 1000°C for pure GeO₂ to 990°C. Infrared spectra of lead germanate glasses (∼60w% PbO) show that transmission is good up to 5.5μ but decreases drastically between 5.5 and 6.5μ.     

Formation Specifics of Heat-Absorbing Float Glass

A qualitative assessment of the spectral and viscosity-temperature parameters of heat-absorbing glass in comparison with standard clear glass is performed, and its molding specifics are clarified. Based on the patent literature and the practical experience of glass production on the ÉPKS-4000 line at the Saratov Institute of Glass, the need for modifying the structural elements of the overflow unit and the molding conditions, in order to produce high-quality heat-absorbing materials, is demonstrated.     

浅析薄玻璃成形

探讨了薄玻生产中各质点受力情况及速度分析,结合不同厚度玻璃生产的难易程度来合理设置拉边机,并结合实际生产情况分析薄玻的生产。     

Numerical Modeling of Glass Formation Process in an Advanced Glass Melter

In the advanced glass melter glass batch materials are entrained in gas and then rapidly heated to glass formation temperature by combusting the gas. The glass batch separates on a target where glass formation takes place. A numerical model has been developed to simulate this glass formation process, which differs from the conventional glass formation process because the batch materials are mixed at glass formation temperatures and because the calcination of Na₂CO₃, CaCO₃, and MgCO₃ occurs on the surface of the glass layer, not in the bulk material. The numerical model is based on diffusion-controlled dissolution of sand particles in the liquid glass. Preliminary experimental data support the rapid glass formation rates predicted by the numerical model.     

中国当代玻璃艺术的再发展探究

中国当代玻璃艺术的兴起、发展得到了世界的关注。虽然有着西文的影响,但中国当代的玻璃艺术有着一条属于自己的再发展之路。当前的中国当代玻璃艺术已经进入了发展中的瓶颈期。其创作手法、艺术市场、社会参与等诸多因素正在逐步影响中国当代玻璃艺术的进一步发展,亟待研究与探寻再发展之道。     

Pattern Formation in Silicate Glass Corrosion Zones

Alteration zones of archeological glasses often show intriguing lamellar patterns in backscattered electron images. Here, we report results of static glass corrosion experiments with two different silicate glasses that revealed laminar porosity and subordinately chemical patterns inside silica-based corrosion zones that resemble those seen in naturally altered, ancient glasses. Aside from common laminar patterns, more complex patterns were observed in corrosion zones that developed along a fracture network. The formation of such patterns cannot be explained by any of the existing glass corrosion models. We suggest that silica-based corrosion zones form by a process that involves the congruent dissolution of the glass network, which is spatially and temporally coupled to the deposition of amorphous silica at an inwardly moving reaction interface. The patterns likely form in response to fluctuations of the pH and salinity in the interfacial solution, which govern the silica solubility, deposition, and dissolution rate, and thus, its microstructure and porosity, and, in turn, are controlled by the dissolution rate of the glass and the transport properties of the silica reaction layers. However, the exact feedback mechanism producing pH fluctuations in the interfacial solution has not yet been identified and is an open question for future research.