制油工艺对菜籽油微量成分和氧化稳定性的影响

以不同制油工艺制得的菜籽油为原料,比较研究了菜籽油的酸值、过氧化值、脂肪酸和甘三酯的组成及微量营养成分。结果表明:制油工艺对菜籽油的脂肪酸和甘三酯组成无显著性影响;水酶法制得菜籽油的酸值(KOH)相对较高,为0.995 mg/g,但富含β-胡萝卜素、植物多酚,含量分别为5.40 mg/kg和152.08 mg/kg;浸出菜籽毛油富含生育酚和植物甾醇,含量分别为833.74 mg/kg和6 607.35 mg/kg;精炼菜籽油的酸值(KOH)最低,仅为0.233 mg/g,但精炼菜籽油的微量营养成分相对较少。分别以氧化诱导时间和DPPH自由基清除能力为指标,评价了不同制油工艺制得菜籽油的氧化稳定性,结果发现5种菜籽油的氧化稳定性大小是:水酶法菜籽油最强,精炼菜籽油最弱,而浸出菜籽毛油、热榨菜籽油和冷榨菜籽油介于其间,这一性质和油中的植物多酚和β-胡萝卜素含量呈显著正相关。     

Rosemary powder filtrate improves the oxidative stability and antioxidant properties of rapeseed oil: potential applications for domestic cooking

Rapeseed oil is an important source of edible oil for the human diet but is also highly susceptible to oxidative deterioration. Previous research has demonstrated that rosemary powder and its extracts can increase the oxidative stability of rapeseed oil. In this study, the protective effect of ground rosemary powder (0.25–2.0%) against the oxidative degradation of filtered rapeseed oil was assessed. Rapeseed oil filtrate showed enhanced antioxidant capacity and higher induction periods (IP) based on Rancimat analysis. Lower conductivity changes and total colour differences, reduced malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes content, and higher levels of tocopherols and carotenoids were observed for the oils formulated with rosemary powder after 1.5 and 3 h of exposure to accelerated oxidation. The use of rosemary powder filtrate could be an effective way to protect rapeseed oil from oxidation during storage or cooking with domestic and commercial applications.     

菜籽油中类胡萝卜素含量的影响因素及其抗氧化作用

类胡萝卜素为脂溶性化合物,在菜籽油中含量丰富。为提高菜籽油的营养价值和氧化稳定性,对菜籽油中类胡萝卜素含量的影响因素进行了分析,并对类胡萝卜素的抗氧化作用研究情况进行了综述。油菜籽品种以及加工工艺会影响菜籽油中的类胡萝卜素含量,而菜籽油中类胡萝卜素含量的提高,可以增强菜籽油的氧化稳定性。可通过转基因技术培育高类胡萝卜素含量的油菜籽品种,对油菜籽采用焙烤、微波等热处理和不脱皮的预处理方式,以及适度精炼等方法提高菜籽油中的类胡萝卜素含量。     

3种抗氧化剂对菜籽油氧化稳定性的影响

为探究抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、迷迭香提取物和茶多酚棕榈酸酯及其复合物对菜籽油氧化稳定性的影响,采用Schaal烘箱加速氧化实验法对菜籽油进行氧化稳定性评价,并采用响应面实验优化复配抗氧化剂的配方。结果表明：3种抗氧化剂均能显著提高菜籽油的氧化稳定性（P＜0.05）,其中茶多酚棕榈酸酯抗氧化效果最为理想,添加量为0.01%和0.05%时,菜籽油过氧化值比空白对照分别降低了61.76%和68.79%;响应面实验得到最优复配抗氧化剂配方为0.02%抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、0.03%迷迭香提取物、0.03%茶多酚棕榈酸酯,在此配方下加速氧化13 d时菜籽油过氧化值为6.017 mmol/kg。该复配抗氧化剂能有效减缓菜籽油的氧化速度,且能够保护菜籽油不易受高浓度抗氧化剂的促氧化作用。     

不同煎炸食材对高油酸菜籽油煎炸稳定性的影响

为研究高油酸菜籽油作为煎炸油的潜力,使用高油酸菜籽油煎炸土豆、鸡柳和豆腐3种不同食材18 h,分析煎炸过程中油样的总极性组分含量、酸值、过氧化值、碘值和脂肪酸组成的变化,并对煎炸食品进行了吸油率测定和感官评价,研究煎炸食材对高油酸菜籽油煎炸稳定性的影响。结果表明:3种食材对高油酸菜籽油总极性组分含量、酸值、过氧化值和碘值影响大小顺序均为土豆>鸡柳>豆腐;煎炸18 h时,3组高油酸菜籽油的单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量降低,而饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量增加,其中煎炸土豆的高油酸菜籽油PUFA含量降幅最大,煎炸鸡柳的高油酸菜籽SFA含量增幅最大;煎炸3 h,3种食材感官评分分别达到了9.32、9.24分和9.12分,之后随着煎炸时间的延长感官评分降低,但豆腐的降幅最小。综上,结合豆腐水分含量高的特性,推测高油酸菜籽油更适合用于高水分含量食材的煎炸,且最佳煎炸时间应控制在3 h之内。     

双低菜籽油脱臭馏出物提取天然VE的酯化工艺研究

探讨了从双低菜籽油脱臭馏出物中提取天然VE的酯化工艺条件,依据正交实验确定了第一次酯化的最佳工艺参数为:馏出物:甲醇(W/V)10:9,酯化温度60℃,酯化时间2 h;第二次酯化的最佳工艺参数为:甘油酯:甲醇(摩尔比)1:6,催化剂用量1.0%,酯化温度45℃,酯化率98.9%.     

姜酮酚复配脂质伴随物对菜籽油氧化稳定性的影响

为了促进天然抗氧化剂的开发与利用,以脱除脂质伴随物多酚、甾醇和生育酚的菜籽油(空白油样)为研究对象,以DPPH自由基清除率为指标,采用正交试验优化甾醇、α-生育酚与姜酮酚复配抗氧化剂的配方。随后通过Rancimat法测定添加最优配方复配抗氧化剂的油样(简称添加姜酮酚的油样)的氧化诱导时间,并通过Schaal烘箱法考察添加姜酮酚油样的酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值、丙二醛含量、共轭二烯含量(K₂₃₂)、共轭三烯含量(K₂₇₀)、总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除率和脂肪酸组成的变化,并与添加BHT的油样(以0.2 g/kg BHT代替姜酮酚)和空白油样进行了对比。结果表明：复配抗氧化剂最优配方为0.4 g/kg甾醇、0.05 g/kg α-生育酚和0.05 g/kg姜酮酚;与空白油样相比,添加姜酮酚的油样与添加BHT的油样其氧化诱导时间均延长;随着加速氧化储藏时间的延长,菜籽油的各项理化指标均发生一定程度的劣变,各油样的氧化稳定性排序为添加BHT的油样>添加姜酮酚的油样>空白油样。综上,姜酮酚复配脂质伴随物对于提高菜籽油的氧化稳定性有一定效果。     

浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油氧化稳定性及挥发性成分的差异北大核心CSCD

利用烘箱法加速氧化试验分析研究浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油氧化稳定性及挥发性成分变化的差异。结果显示:基于过氧化值达到国标限量(≤5 mmol/kg)的精炼菜籽油、浓香菜籽油的预测货架期分别为64 d和80 d,浓香菜籽油的氧化稳定性明显优于精炼菜籽油;利用同时蒸馏萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法(SDE-GC-MS)对两种菜籽油中挥发性成分进行检测分析发现,在初始浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油中分别检出10类84种和6类51种挥发性成分,总量分别为11110.78μg/kg和3831.28μg/kg;浓香菜籽油中含量最高的是硫苷降解产物,其次是烯烃类和酚类物质,分别占总量的32.04%、22.74%、22.22%;精炼菜籽油中含量最高的是酚类物质,其次是醛类和酮类物质,分别占总量的30.32%、23.18%、16.39%,硫苷降解产物、杂环类、酯类、醇类物质均未检出。35 d的试验结束时,浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油中挥发性成分总量均大幅升高,分别为51729.62μg/kg和45671.79μg/kg,醛类物质成为两种菜籽油中含量最高的挥发性成分,分别占总量的60.30%和68.07%;浓香菜籽油中硫苷降解产物大幅降至仅占总量的2.64%,同时杂环类物质含量大幅降低,酮类、烯烃类、烷烃类物质含量大幅升高;精炼菜籽油中酮类、烷烃类、烯烃类物质含量升高,醇类物质从初始的未检出升高至占总量的13.10%。对挥发性成分进行主成分分析发现,造成两种初始菜籽油差异的挥发性成分主要为苯代丙腈、3-甲基-2-丁腈、2-蒎烯、5-己烯腈、4-乙烯基-2,6-二甲氧基-苯酚,这些物质为浓香菜籽油提供独特风味;在加速氧化试验后期,造成两种菜籽油差异的成分则主要为1-戊烯-3-醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、(E)-2-戊烯醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、正己醛、壬醛、甲基庚烯酮、(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、白菖烯、甲基环己烯10种物质,且前5种物质与精炼菜籽油相关,多为亚油酸氧化产物,后5种物质则主要与浓香菜籽油相关。研究结果明确了不同工艺生产的菜籽油产品的综合品质差异,可为不同菜籽油产品精准的保质保鲜技术发展提供支持。     

3种天然抗氧化剂在双低菜籽油中的抗氧化效果

分别向双低菜籽油添加0.2 g/kg的维生素E、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯及茶多酚棕榈酸酯,采用Schaal烘箱法进行13 d的贮藏试验,测定贮藏过程中酸值、碘值、硫代巴比妥酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值的变化,研究3种天然抗氧化剂对双低菜籽油的抗氧化效果。结果表明：贮藏期间添加抗氧化剂组双低菜籽油酸值、硫代巴比妥酸值、茴香胺值及过氧化值均有不同程度的上升,但均较未添加抗氧化剂的低,且添加抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯组的4个指标上升速度低于添加茶多酚棕榈酸酯和维生素E组的,贮藏13 d时其过氧化值（0.23 g/100 g）未超过国标限量（0.25 g/100 g）;此外,在贮藏13 d期间,添加茶多酚棕榈酸酯、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、维生素E的双低菜籽油碘值分别降低了6934%、55.00%、73.02%,较未添加抗氧化剂的（75.83%）低。综合各项指标分析得知,抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯抑制双低菜籽油氧化效果最好。     

The relationship of antioxidant components and antioxidant activity of sesame seed oil

Although sesame seed oil contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and even a small amount of free fatty acids in its unrefined flavored form, it shows markedly greater stability than other dietary vegetable oils. The good stability of sesame seed oil against autoxidation has been ascribed not only to its inherent lignans and tocopherols but also to browning reaction products generated when sesame seeds are roasted. Also, there is a strong synergistic effect among these components. The lignans in sesame seed oil can be categorized into two types, i.e. inherent lignans (sesamin, sesamolin) and lignans mainly formed during the oil production process (sesamol, sesamolinol, etc.). The most abundant tocopherol in sesame seed oil is γ‐tocopherol. This article reviews the antioxidant activities of lignans and tocopherols as well as the browning reaction and its products in sesame seed and/or its oil. It is concluded that the composition and structure of browning reaction products and their impacts on sesame ingredients need to be further studied to better explain the remaining mysteries of sesame oil. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

蔗糖酯对菜籽油抗氧化作用及其体外抗氧化特性的研究

本实验采用Schaal烘箱法和Rancimat油脂氧化稳定性测定仪研究了在不同添加量(0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%)条件下,蔗糖脂肪酸单酯、蔗糖脂肪酸二酯和蔗糖脂肪酸三酯对菜籽油储藏过程中氧化稳定性的影响;并采用ABTS自由基清除、Fe~(2+)螯合和Cu~(2+)还原这3种体外抗氧化方法,研究了3种蔗糖酯的体外抗氧化活性。研究结果表明,3种蔗糖酯对菜籽油均有一定的抗氧化能力,能显著减缓储藏过程中过氧化值的升高,延长氧化诱导时间(P0.05),其中添加0.4%蔗糖脂肪酸三酯的油样的过氧化值增量比对照油样降低68.5%,氧化诱导时间比对照油样延长1.2倍;3种体外抗氧化方法中,3种蔗糖酯均表现出不同程度的抗氧化能力,其中蔗糖脂肪酸三酯在ABTS自由基清除能力方面相对最强,清除率可高达27.5%;蔗糖脂肪酸二酯在Fe~(2+)螯合能力和Cu~(2+)还原能力方面相对最强,分别可高达64.0%和242.0μmol/L VE当量。     

内外源因子对花生油氧化稳定性的影响

本文首先研究花生油中的维生素E组成,共检测出8种维生素E的同分异构体,总量为281.78μg/g,其中α-生育酚占53.7%。以此为基础,以过氧化值、p-茴香胺值、DPPH自由基清除能力为评价指标,考察内源物质（α-生育酚）及外界因素（氧气、温度）对花生油氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明:在贮藏期内,低浓度（0.01%）的α-生育酚有效延缓了花生油的初级氧化进程,但在次级氧化阶段并未表现出抗氧化效果;高浓度（0.02%）的α-生育酚反而产生了促氧化作用,需要严格控制其添加量。相较于抗氧化剂α-生育酚及BHT的添加,低温、密封、充氮处理更能有效延缓花生油的氧化进程,不失为一种方便、有效且安全的保存措施。      

Effect of pretreatment with microwaves on oxidative stability and nutraceuticals content of oil from rapeseed

Demand for oil extracted by cold press, such as rapeseed oil, is increasing, but oil extraction yield, and nutraceuticals content are lower for cold pressed oil, compared with oil extracted by solvent. In this study, rapeseed was treated with microwaves, to investigate the possibility of enhancing oil extraction yield, oxidative stability and nutraceuticals content. Rapeseed was pretreated with microwaves for two different times (2 min and 4 min) and oil was then extracted with a press. To compare the results, oil was also extracted from untreated rapeseed by solvent and press. Results showed that solvent-extracted oil had the highest phytosterol content. Microwave pretreatment of rapeseed can increase the oil extraction yield (by 10%), phytosterols (by 15%) and tocopherols (by 55%) of the oil extracted by press. Oil extracted from untreated rapeseed by press had the lowest oxidative stability (1 h); this was increased to 8 h by pretreatment of rapeseed with microwaves. Therefore, from the obtained results, it is advisable to treat rapeseed with microwaves before extraction by oil press, because it gives a relatively good recovery of oil, with a high amount of nutraceuticals, and can produce oil with a longer shelf life and enhanced value.     

核桃油中脂肪酸和内源抗氧化物质含量及其与氧化稳定性的相关性分析

以8个核桃品种为研究对象,有机溶剂萃取法提油,测定核桃油内源性组分（脂肪酸和内源抗氧化物质）和氧化稳定性（OSI）并对其进行相关性分析。结果表明：核桃油以不饱和脂肪酸（USFA）为主,其中以亚油酸含量最高,油酸/亚油酸比值（O/L）在0.3～0.5内;三种VE异构体按含量高低排序γ-VE>δ-VE>α-VE;甾醇含量由高到低排序为β-谷甾醇>菜油甾醇>豆甾醇;相关关系中,油酸和O/L与氧化稳定性呈极显著正相关（P<0.01,r1=0.7421,r2=0.8595）,亚油酸和多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）与氧化稳定性都呈极显著负相关（P<0.01,r1=-0.8457,r2=-0.9011）;核桃油氧化稳定性主要受脂肪酸影响（尤其是O/L）,其内源性抗氧化物质与油氧化稳定性并未呈现显著的相关关系。并且通过对比结果显示,新疆品种新巨丰榨取的核桃油氧化稳定性最高,相应O/L最低,适于长货架期的核桃油加工该结果将对核桃油氧化稳定性评价以及适宜制油核桃品种筛选提供一定的指导意义。     

不同抗氧化剂对菜籽油煎炸过程极性组分类别及含量的影响

向菜籽油中分别添加茶多酚、迷迭香、TBHQ做抗氧化剂,进行32 h连续煎炸油条实验,对不同煎炸时间所取油样的酸价、总极性组分(PC)含量及PC中分解产物和氧化聚合产物的含量进行测定,并与空白煎炸油样进行对比,研究不同抗氧化剂对菜籽油煎炸稳定性和品质的影响。结果显示,煎炸结束时,添加茶多酚、迷迭香、TBHQ及空白油样的酸价从煎炸初始的0.1 mg/g分别上升至1.4、2.2、2.9、4.5 mg/g,PC含量从3.90%分别上升至28.62%、46.01%、46.64%、25.8%,PC中分解产物总量从2.23%分别增加至2.69%、3.86%、4.81%、4.26%,氧化聚合产物总量从1.99%分别增加至28.50%、42.16%、41.94%、21.55%,其在PC中的占比由47.88%分别增加至91.44%、91.77%、89.91%、83.50%。添加抗氧化剂可以明显抑制菜籽煎炸油的酸价升高,但对PC升高没有抑制作用,甚至对PC中氧化聚合产物的形成具有促进作用。     

不同储存条件对菜籽油中挥发性成分及综合品质的影响

为了对比分析不同储存温度及添加抗氧化剂对菜籽油挥发性成分及综合品质的影响,在45、25、15℃分别进行112、196、196 d的菜籽油储存试验,并在45、25℃设置添加TBHQ储存,定期取样对其理化指标、活性物质和挥发性成分含量进行检测分析。结果表明,在储存试验期间,5份菜籽油的酸价均未超出GB/T 1536—2021限量,45、25、15℃下空白菜籽油的过氧化值分别于28、84、168 d超出国标限量,而45、25℃下添加TBHQ菜籽油均未超标。菜籽油中维生素E和甾醇含量随储存温度升高降幅增大,添加TBHQ能减少维生素E和甾醇损失,但15℃不添加TBHQ储存比25、45℃添加TBHQ储存的减损效果更好。初始菜籽油中共检出6类挥发性成分,挥发性成分总量为3 623.82μg/kg,其中含量最高的是酚类,其次为醛类。储存112 d时,45℃空白、45℃添加TBHQ、25℃空白、25℃添加TBHQ菜籽油及15℃空白菜籽油中挥发性成分总量分别为3 987.63、9 788.14、2 192.65、5 235.95、3 338.79μg/kg,其中醛类物质含量分别升高至2 803.19、1 ...     

抗氧化剂之间相互作用对食用植物油氧化稳定性影响的研究进展

由于含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,食用植物油在储存和热加工过程中会发生氧化变质。添加抗氧化剂是提高食用植物油氧化稳定性的有效措施,复配抗氧化剂可以提升抗氧化效果、降低抗氧化剂的成本等,研究发现,复配的抗氧化剂之间存在相互作用。本文综述了抗氧化剂之间相互作用的类型、机理、研究方法以及在食用植物油中应用的研究进展,为抗氧化剂在食用植物油中的深入研究提供参考。     

Increasing the oxidative stability of soybean oil through fortification with antioxidants

Vegetable oils high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), like soybean oil (SO), are known for lowering the risk of consumers for contracting cardiovascular disease as well as improving cognitive health. However, they are more susceptible to lipid oxidation than recently introduced high‐oleic cultivars like high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSFO). Thus, the objective of this study was to increase the stability of PUFA oils to maintain the aforementioned health benefits by supplementing them with industrially relevant antioxidant compounds that prevent or delay oxidation during food production and storage. Herein, a variety of synthetic and natural antioxidants tested alone or in mixtures was screened to bring the stability of SO closer to that of HOSFO. Oils were stored under accelerated conditions (35 °C) in the dark for 28 weeks, and the evolution of primary (hydroperoxides) and secondary (hexanal) lipid oxidation products was monitored. Oxidative stability index data showed that addition of 300 ppm of ascorbyl palmitate (AP) stabilised SO to the greatest magnitude. Further, a combination of AP (300 ppm) and M‐TOC (1000 ppm) was able to limit hydroperoxide and hexanal formation in SO at 35 °C for 12 weeks. It was demonstrated that assessing multiple quality parameters for lipid stability are a necessary undertaking.     

精炼对大豆油和菜籽油中主要微量成分的影响研究

研究了大豆油和菜籽油中过氧化物、游离脂肪酸、生育酚、甾醇、反式酸、聚甘油酯等微量物质含量随精炼工序的变化。油脂中过氧化值(PV)下降主要在精炼的脱色阶段,本研究中,大豆油PV在脱色阶段下降幅度为63.27%,而菜籽油PV下降幅度为93.07%;脱酸处理后,油脂的酸价(AV)急剧下降,但植物甾醇在这一阶段损失最为严重,且伴随产生缩水甘油酯。生育酚损失主要在脱臭环节,尤以γ-生育酚损失最多。脱臭处理是有害物质反式脂肪酸、聚甘油酯以及缩水甘油酯明显上升的主要环节。     

Use crude olive leaf juice as a natural antioxidant for the stability of sunflower oil during heating

Olive leaves (Kronakii cultivar) were obtained from the annual pruning of olive trees and pressed to obtain a crude juice. Aliquots from the concentrated crude olive leaf juice, representing 400, 800, 1600 and 2400 ppm as polyphenols, were added to sunflower oil. Samples of sunflower oil mixed with olive leaf juice were heated intermittently at 180 ± 5 °C for 5 h day^?1 and the heating process was repeated for five consecutive days. A control experiment was performed where butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) at 200 ppm was added to sunflower oil prior to intermittent heating in order to compare the antioxidant efficiency between the natural polyphenolics of olive leaf juice and synthetic antioxidant BHT. Some physical and chemical constants for the unheated and heated sunflower oil were determined. The data indicate that the addition of olive leaf juice to sunflower oil heated at 180 °C induced remarkable antioxidant activity and at 800 ppm level was superior to that of BHT in increasing sunflower oil stability.