Isolation and characterization of polygalacturonase and invertase from a yeast Endomycopsis fibuligera (3812) bioconversion of date wastes

Properties of polygalacturonase [E.C. 3.2.1.15] (E₁) and invertase (E.C. 3.2.1.26] (E₂) isolated and purified in powdered form from Endomycopsis fibuligera grown on date wastes were measured.
The molecular weights were estimated to be about 32000 and 69500, and they were highly specific for hydrolysing (1–4) and (1–2) glycosidic links respectively. the K_m value of E₁ was 7.1 × 10^-2M for soluble-pectic acid and that for E₂ was 6.7 × 10^-2M for sucrose at pH4.5, and optimal pHs were 3.5 for E₁ and 4.0 for E₂. the purified enzymes are stable on storage for more than one year at - 20°C.     

减压水蒸气蒸馏提取绿橙皮挥发油及其体外抗氧化活性

[目的]建立一种减压水蒸气蒸馏提取绿橙皮挥发油的方法。[方法]将挥发油测定器与真空装置组合进行绿橙皮挥发油提取,真空度由装置中的调节阀控制,通过单因素和正交试验,确立减压条件下挥发油提取最佳工艺,利用气相色谱—质谱联用技术（GC-MS）测定减压与常压条件下挥发油组分和含量,并对挥发油体外抗氧化活性进行评价。[结果]减压水蒸气蒸馏提取挥发油最佳工艺为：物料粒度8目,固液比（m_绿橙皮∶V_水）1∶7 （g/mL）,真空度0.082 MPa,时间40 min,该条件下挥发油得率为1.769 mL/100 g。减压水蒸气蒸馏提取的绿橙皮挥发油中鉴定出163种成分,比常压水蒸气蒸馏法多出33种,且主要成分含量提高。减压提取的挥发油对超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基的清除能力显著高于常压水蒸气蒸馏方法提取的。[结论]采用减压水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油具有温度低、时间短、得率高、操作简单、可操作性强的特点,所得挥发油具有较好的抗氧化作用,该方法适于热敏性物质提取分离。     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Lippia grandis Schauer (Verbenaceae) from the western Amazon

Lippia grandis Schauer is an aromatic plant that has been used as a spice in Brazilian culinary and in traditional medicine to treat liver disease, disorders of the stomach and throat infections. We determined the chemical composition of the essential oil of L. grandis and evaluated its potential for the treatment of clinically-important pathogenic micro-organisms. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), giving carvacrol (37.12%), ρ-cymene (11.64%), and thymol (7.83%) as the main components. The agar disk diffusion method of the essential oil was effective against 75% of the micro-organisms analyzed, in particular, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 0.57 mg/ml for E. faecalis and 1.15 mg/ml for all the other strains. The results indicate that the essential oil of L. grandis contains chemical compounds with good potential for the treatment of infections.     

Antioxidant activity of hydrolysates derived from porcine plasma

BACKGROUND: In China alone, more than 400 million pigs are slaughtered each year to provide meat. Porcine blood is rich in proteins but is usually discarded, which can cause environmental contamination. Recovering porcine blood and converting it to high‐value products is therefore economically and environmentally desirable. However, very little information on antioxidant peptides from porcine blood by‐products is currently available. In this study the antioxidant properties of porcine plasma hydrolysates PPE and PPA prepared with pepsin and papain respectively were investigated. RESULTS: Both PPE and PPA showed excellent antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid system (AL) compared with α‐tocopherol (VE) at the same concentration (P < 0.01). Their activities were respectively 3.33 and 1.83 times stronger than that of VE at a concentration of 10 µg mL^?1 and 5.4 and 5.6 times stronger at 100 µg mL^?1. The 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity (DRSA) reached 48.4 and 43.1% for PPE and PPA respectively at 500 µg mL^?1. The ferrous ion‐chelating power (FICP) of PPE at 100 µg mL^?1 was about 1.5 times stronger than that of 10 µmol L^?1 ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in a 50 µmol L^?1 Fe²⁺ system, whereas the FICP of PPA at 100 µg mL^?1 was 61% that of 10 µmol L^?1 EDTA. Furthermore, PPE was separated on Resource 15RPC and Superdex peptide 10/300GL columns, and the antioxidant activity of the peptides and its relationship to their polarity and molecular weight (MW) were analysed. The hydrolysate was divided into four groups (R1–R4) with hydrophobicities ranging from weak to strong by Resource 15RPC, while it was divided into three groups (S1, MW 7–12 kDa; S2, MW 3–7 kDa; S3, MW 1–3 kDa) by Superdex peptide 10/300GL. CONCLUSION: The results showed that AL was significantly and positively correlated with the relative amounts of R1, S2 and S3 and that DRSA was dependent on R3 and S1. The fractions of PPE were not responsible for FICP. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Isolation and Biological Activities of Decanal,Linalool, Valencene,and Octanal from Sweet Orange Oil

Abstract: Product 1 (82.25% valencene), product 2 (73.36% decanal), product 3 (78.12% octanal), and product 4 (90.61% linalool) were isolated from sweet orange oil by combined usage of molecular distillation and column chromatography. The antioxidant activity of sweet orange oil and these products was investigated using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and reducing power assays. In this test, product 1 (82.25% valencene), product 2 (73.36% decanal), and product 4 (90.61% linalool) had antioxidant activity, but lower than sweet orange oil. The antimicrobial activity was investigated in order to evaluate their efficacy against 5 microorganisms. The results showed that sweet orange oil, product 2 (73.36% decanal), product 3 (78.12% octanal), and product 4 (90.61% linalool) had inhibitory and bactericidal effect on the test microorganisms (except Penicillium citrinum). Valencene did not show any inhibitory effect. Saccharomyces cerivisiae was more susceptible, especially to the crude sweet orange oil (minimal inhibitory concentration 6.25 μL/mL). The cytotoxicity was evaluated on Hela cells using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐thiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. All test samples showed significant cytotoxicity on the cell lines with IC₅₀ values much less than 20 μg/mL.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Coriandrum sativum

The essential oil from leaves of Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae), obtained by hydro-distillation was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and also evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial activity. Out of 27 peaks, 24 components, which constitute 92.7%, were identified in the oil. The oil was dominated by aldehydes and alcohols which accounted for 56.1% and 46.3% of the oil, respectively. The major constituents were 2E-decenal (15.9%), decanal (14.3%), 2E-decen-1-ol (14.2%) and n-decanol (13.6%). Other constituents present in fairly good amounts are 2E-tridecen-1-al (6.75%), 2E-dodecenal (6.23%), dodecanal (4.36%), undecanol (3.37%), and undecanal (3.23%). The oil was screened for antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp.) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosae) bacteria and a pathogenic fungus, Candida albicans. The oil showed pronounced antibacterial and antifungal activity against all of the microbes tested, except for P. aeruginosae, which showed resistance.     

油茶粕中茶皂素纯化方法与抗菌活性研究

对Amberliter XAD-16和DM130大孔树脂纯化油茶皂素的条件进行探索,比较两种树脂纯化的油茶皂素和AB-8大孔树脂纯化产品的纯度,并测定纯化产品与粗提物的抗菌效果。结果表明,在相应的最佳条件下,Amberliter XAD-16纯化所得的茶皂素产品纯度低,为74.5%;DM130大孔树脂处理的高,为85.6%;AB-8大孔树脂居中,为83.5%。油茶皂素的粗提物和纯化物对供试微生物的抗菌效果一致,纯化物抑制程度略高;二者均对玉米纹枯病菌抑制效果最明显,对白色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌和腊状芽孢杆菌的抑菌效果次之,对温和气单胞菌、豚鼠气单胞菌、嗜水气单胞菌、变形杆菌的抑制效果不明显,对黑曲霉、米曲霉的生长没有抑制作用。     

油茶饼中酚类化合物的抗氧化性研究

用异丙醇、正己烷、乙醚分别从油茶饼中提取酚类化合物,所得到的3种提取物中酚类化合物的含量分别为:764、105、276μg/mL。研究这3种酚类提取物的抗氧化活性,包括对DPPH·自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子的清除作用,以及对Fe2+的络合能力和Fe3+的还原能力。结果表明,异丙醇提取物对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力和对Fe3+的还原力极显著地大于正己烷提取物和乙醚提取物。而正己烷提取物对超氧阴离子有较强的清除能力,3种提取物对Fe2+的络合能力没有极显著性差异。说明油茶饼提取物有显著的抗氧化性,而异丙醇提取物的抗氧化活性较好。     

Production of fermentable media from vine‐trimming wastes and bioconversion into lactic acid by Lactobacillus pentosus

Trimmings of vineshoots, an agricultural waste with little use, were hydrolysed with dilute sulphuric acid (1–5%) in order to obtain sugar solutions suitable as fermentation media. The operational conditions for hydrolysis were selected on the basis of both the generation of hemicellulosic sugars (mainly xylose) and glucose and the concentrations of reaction byproducts affecting fermentation (furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural and acetic acid). Hemicellulosic hydrolysates were supplemented with nutrients and fermented with Lactobacillus pentosus, without any previous detoxification stage, to produce lactic acid. Under the best operational conditions assayed (3% H₂SO₄ and 15 min), 21.8 g lactic acid l^?1 was produced (Q_P = 0.844 g l^?1 h^?1, Y_P/S = 0.77 g g^?1), which represents a theoretical yield of 99.6%. Acetic acid was the primary byproduct formed from xylose, at about 25% of the lactic acid level. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

卵白蛋白多肽的酶解制备及抗氧化活性研究

以DPPH自由基清除率和水解度为指标,采用碱性蛋白酶酶解卵白蛋白制备抗氧化活性肽,考察底物质量分数、酶解时间、加酶量、温度等因素对制备的影响。正交实验结果表明,碱性蛋白酶的最佳水解条件为:底物质量分数4%、酶解时间6h、加酶量5500U/g,温度65℃,此条件下DPPH自由基清除率达到96.92%、水解度为57.14%。酶解时间对DPPH自由基清除率的影响最大,而底物质量分数对水解度的影响最大。      

Determination of polyphenolic constituents and biological activities of bark extracts from different Pinus species

BACKGROUND: The most common commercially available pine bark extract is Pycnogenol^®, a standardised extract of Pinus maritima, which has been reported to have cardiovascular benefits and enhance microcirculation. The present study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of four pine bark extracts, assess their biological activities and to compare the results with Pycnogenol^®. RESULTS: The Pinus species were analysed by LC and LC‐MS; extracts of P. brutia and P. nigra showed higher levels of phenolic constituents compared to P. sylvestris and P. pinea. In particular, P. brutia contained extremely high concentrations of taxifolin (18.5%). The highest radical scavenging activities were attained with P. pinea (88.6%), P. nigra (87.2%) and P. brutia (86.4%) bark extracts. Additionally, anticarcinogenic effects of the extracts and their kinetics were determined in four cell lines including human prostate (PC‐3, DU 145, LNCaP) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) by the MTT assay. Cell viability was reduced to 40% by extracts of P. pinea, and P. sylvestris in PC‐3 cells showing a similar effect like the positive control, CPT‐11. CONCLUSION: Pinus species other than P. maritima definitively possess high biological activities, and therefore present a huge potential to be utilised in the food and the pharmaceutical industries. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

花生壳多酚对食用油抗氧化作用的研究

利用D101大孔吸附树脂纯化花生壳多酚,以花生油、葵花籽油和猪油为底物,以过氧化值(POV值)为指标,研究花生壳多酚对食用油的抗氧化性能,并对其货架期进行预测。结果表明,D101大孔吸附树脂可以显著提高花生壳多酚提取物中多酚的含量,纯化后可得到多酚含量为769.3mg/g的花生壳多酚。花生壳多酚对花生油的抗氧化作用与同剂量的茶多酚相当,对猪油、葵花籽油的抗氧化效果优于茶多酚。食用油脂在添加了花生壳多酚后,油脂的氧化速度明显降低,货架期明显延长,花生油在添加了0.02%花生壳多酚后,货架期由128d延长到160d,葵花籽油由128d延长到192d,猪油则由160d延长到256d。花生壳多酚具有一定的油脂抗氧化能力,是一种有开发价值的天然抗氧化剂。     

索氏提取与水蒸气蒸馏提取对丁香油抗氧化及抑制LDL氧化能力的影响

采用分光光度法和荧光分析法对这2种丁香油的抗氧化活性及抑制LDL氧化修饰能力进行了比较。结果表明,水蒸气蒸馏丁香油(COESD)的DPPH自由基清除率、总还原力、总抗氧化能力及FRAP法抗氧化能力均显著强于索式提取的(COESM)(P0.05或P0.01);通过对LDL氧化过程中Trp荧光淬灭、脂褐素及总荧光产生量、MDA修饰Lys残基荧光变化和全波长扫描比较,COESD的抑制能力也强于COESM的;有效成分含量分析表明COESD比COESM含有更高的抗氧化活性物质总多酚及总黄酮。     

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil and extracts from Ocimum sanctum

The objective of the present research work was to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimalarial activities of essential oil and various extracts from O. sanctum. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the following major compounds with their quantification as: eugenol (22.0%), β-elemene (19.2%), β-caryophyllene (19.1%), and Germacrene D (5.03%). HPLC analysis of O. sanctum extracts revealed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumeric acid, sinapic acid, and ferulic acid were the important phenolic acids. The methanol extract exhibited highest level of total phenolic (1.36 g/100 g dry plant material) and total flavonoid (0.67 g/100 g dry plant material) followed by ethanol and n-hexane extracts. The oil and extracts exhibited excellent free radical scavenging potential as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical free radical-scavenging ability, and antioxidant activity as measured by inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. Essential oil, n-hexane, methanol, and ethanol extracts exhibited moderate antimalarial potential in term of anti-haem biocrystallization activity. In the resazurin microtitre plate and disc diffusion assays, the essential oil of O. sanctum showed better antibacterial activity than various extracts. The results of the present investigation demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) variations in the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antimalarial activities of essential oil and extracts from O. sanctum.     

Antioxidant activity of peptide fractions derived from cottonseed protein hydrolysate

BACKGROUND: Cottonseed protein is widely regarded as a potential source of nutrients for humans and animals, but it is mainly used as forage in China. In the present study, Neutrase was employed to hydrolyse cottonseed protein to produce a hydrolysate with antioxidant activity suitable for conversion to high‐value products. The antioxidant potential of the cottonseed protein hydrolysate (CPH) and its fractions was investigated using different in vitro methods. Furthermore, the amino acid composition of the CPH fractions was determined to evaluate the relationship between antioxidant activity and amino acid composition. RESULTS: The CPH prepared using Neutrase was separated into four fractions (I, II, III and IV) by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐25. All fractions were effective antioxidants, with fraction III (0.8–1.2 kDa) showing the strongest activity. The amino acid analysis showed that fraction III also had the highest total amino acid content (616.8 g kg^?1 protein) and was rich in Phe, His, Pro, Met, Ile and Cys compared with the other fractions. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the hydrolysate derived from cottonseed protein, particularly fraction III, could be a natural antioxidant source suitable for use as a food additive. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

秦岭山脉野生蒲公英提取物的抗氧化活性及其对胡麻油氧化稳定性的影响

以秦岭山脉野生蒲公英全草为原料,采用超声波纤维素酶同步法提取总活性成分。对蒲公英提取物的DPPH自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力、羟自由基清除能力和总还原能力进行了测定,并与人工合成VC进行了比较,同时采用加速氧化的方法评价蒲公英提取物对胡麻油氧化稳定性的影响,并与BHT、迷迭香提取物进行比较。结果表明:蒲公英提取物比人工合成VC有更高的抗氧化活性; 3种抗氧化剂抗氧化能力大小为迷迭香提取物(700 mg/kg)>蒲公英提取物(700 mg/kg)> BHT(200 mg/kg),并且蒲公英提取物添加量与胡麻油的氧化稳定性呈正相关。因此,秦岭山脉野生蒲公英全草总活性成分提取物可作为天然抗氧化剂用于延缓食用油氧化。     

Composition,cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Dictamnus dasycarpus

The composition of the essential oil from Dictamnus dasycarpus was analysed by GC–MS; 47 constituents (88.9% of the total oil) were identified. The main compounds were syn-7-hydroxy-7-anisylnorbornene (29.4%), pregeijerene (15.5%) and geijerene (11.4%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against nine microorganisms using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The oil showed the strongest bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the oil on six human cancer cell lines was also examined. The cytotoxicity of the oil on three human breast cancer cell lines was significantly stronger than on other cell lines.     

梅片树叶挥发油的抗氧化活性研究

目的:对梅片树叶挥发油的抗氧化活性进行了研究。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取得到挥发油,用紫外分光光度法测定挥发油对羟基(OH)自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基的清除能力以及挥发油的还原能力,并与2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)比较。同时,对影响其抗氧化活性的物质进行分析。结果:挥发油对羟基自由基具有较好的清除能力,且清除效果要强于BHT;而挥发油对DPPH.的清除率和还原能力要明显弱于BHT,梅片树叶挥发油中高含量的总多酚和总黄酮可能是其抗氧化活性的主要物质来源。结论:挥发油在某些抗氧化活性方面有较好的抗氧化效果,具有作为天然抗氧化剂的巨大潜力。