Development of a healthy low-fat fish sausage containing dietary fibre

In order to develop a healthy low-fat fish sausage containing dietary fibre (DF), three fundamental changes were made to an ordinary pork sausage recipe: incorporation of 4% (w/w) of Swelite^® (a DF obtained from inner pea), different levels of pork meat replacement (0%, 50% and 100%) by hake mince and the combination of varying amounts of Fibruline^® (a DF obtained from chicory root) and hake mince (Fibruline: additional hake mince, 2.6:5.2, 5.2:2.6 and 7.8:0.0, % w/w) as a substitute for pork fat. It was found that the addition of Swelite to pork sausage favoured greater gel strength and hardness. On the contrary, increasing levels of pork meat replacement by hake reduced the sausages’ gel strength and hardness. Finally, sausages without pork fat showed promising textural and colour parameters. High-Fibruline sausages were less cohesive and chewable than pork fat sausages (control), but also exhibited a greater gel strength. Low-Fibruline ones presented almost all textural properties similar to the control, with exception of hardness and gumminess. Therefore, regarding some key textural parameters, it was possible to produce low-fat fish sausages similar to the ordinary pork sausages.     

Chemical composition of alkaline-pretreated sugarcane bagasse and its effects on the physicochemical characteristics of fat-replaced sausage

The potential of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse used for pork sausage was investigated. The purity level of cellulose fibre from sugarcane bagasse and the functional characteristics in pork sausage were studied. The differences in the sugarcane fibre and sausage characteristics were strongly related to the cellulose/lignin content of the extracted cellulose under different amounts of bleaching. Bleached sugarcane fibres showed better water (3.55) and oil (2.34) holding capacity in comparison with untreated fibre (2.92 and 2.38, respectively). The sugarcane fibres in each treatment stage showed different effects on sausage properties. Sausages with 1% cellulose fibres added had an improved texture profile, but the addition of 3% cellulose fibres to sausages resulted in a higher cooking yield. Consumers considered the sensory characteristics of all sausages as acceptable. These results indicated that low levels of cellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse could be added and maintain the inherent characteristics of meat products.     

Eating behaviour explains differences between individuals in dynamic texture perception of sausages

Texture perception of foods has been demonstrated to be influenced by age, dental health and oral processing behaviour. Eating duration is a significant factor contributing to and determining food oral processing behaviour. The influence of eating duration on dynamic texture perception, oral processing behaviour and properties of the food bolus have not been investigated extensively. The aims of this study are (i) to determine the influence of naturally preferred eating duration on dynamic texture perception of sausages and (ii) to explain differences in dynamic texture perception between short and long duration eaters by chewing behaviour and bolus properties. Two groups of subjects were selected based on their natural eating duration for a controlled portion size of two sausages. The group of “long duration eaters” (n = 11) took on average twice as long to consume a piece of sausage compared to the group of “short duration eaters” (n = 12). Independent of eating duration, short and long eating duration subjects chewed sausages with the same chewing frequency (p = 0.57) and muscle effort rate (p = 0.15) during oral processing. Total muscle effort and total number of chews were significantly higher (p < 0.05 for both) for long duration eaters mainly due to the longer eating time compared to short duration eaters. Bolus properties showed that short duration eaters did not break down the boli as much as long duration eaters resulting in fewer (p < 0.001) and larger (p < 0.05) sausage bolus fragments, firmer (p < 0.001) and less adhesive (p < 0.001) boli with lower fat content (p < 0.05) and less saliva incorporation (p < 0.001) at swallow compared to the bolus properties of long duration eaters. These differences in bolus properties influenced dynamic texture perception of the sausages as the bolus of short duration eaters revealed different properties than the bolus of long duration eaters. Temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) showed that short and long duration eaters perceived the same sausage similarly in the early stages of oral processing, but started to perceive the texture of the same sausage differently from the middle of oral processing towards the end. We conclude that short duration eaters did not compensate for their shorter eating duration by chewing more efficiently but were comfortable swallowing a less broken down bolus than long duration eaters. Moreover, we conclude that differences in eating behaviour between subjects can lead to differences in bolus properties of sausages causing differences in dynamic texture perception of the same sausage.     

Effect of grape dietary fibre on the storage stability of innovative functional seafood products made from farmed meagre (Argyrosomus regius)

Two groups of farmed meagre (Argyrosomus regius) sausages were studied regarding quality changes and antioxidant capacity during a 98‐day storage experiment at 2 ± 2 °C. Control sausages contained 3.9% (w/w) of inner pea dietary fibre (IPDF) and the other group contained 0.9% (w/w) IPDF plus 3.0% (w/w) of antioxidant grape dietary fibre (AGDF). The control and AGDF meagre sausages presented a high nutritional value, given their low caloric content, fatty acid profile, amino acid composition and high DF content. Both products were remarkably stable over storage time. The AGDF had an effective antioxidant capacity, proven not only by the radical scavenging activity (90.0–91.0% vs. 82.1–85.4%) and reducing power (8.13–9.10 mg ascorbic acid equivalent g^‐1 vs. 4.16–4.24 mg ascorbic acid equivalent g^?1) measurements, but also by the lower thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) values (0.78–1.10 vs. 1.50–2.08 mg malonaldehyde kg^?1) over storage time. AGDF seemed to present antimicrobial effect, since on the 63rd day (beginning of significant microbial growth), the control sausages had more than 3 log CFU g^?1 and AGDF sausages much <3 log CFU g^?1. The sensory assessment pointed to some loss of textural quality, more accentuated in the AGDF sausages.     

Physico-chemical,orosensory and microstructural properties of meat products containing rye bran,pea fibre or a combination of the two

Functionality of dietary fibres depends on their interaction with the food matrix to where they are added and gastrointestinal conditions. The present study investigated the physico-chemical, orosensory and microstructural properties of meatballs and sausages containing different fibre ingredients (six recipes in total). The fibre-rich meat products had a dietary fibre content of 3.0 g per 100 g. Viscosity and water-holding capacity (WHC) were determined after an in vitro simulated digestion model. Fourteen subjects assessed chewing time. Microstructural characteristics were determined by CT scanning. Sausages had a longer chewing time and higher water content, but a lower WHC than meatballs. In contrast, the differences in viscosity were low. Moreover, the microstructural characteristics differed between sausages and meatballs and the differences seemed to be influenced by the fibre type. In conclusion, fibre ingredients affect meat quality-related properties in terms of chewing time and microstructure when added to meatballs or sausages.     

Development of low-fat chicken bologna sausages enriched with inulin,oat fibre or psyllium

Growing demand for healthy meat products and the contemporary focus on the role of dietary fibre in nutrition have resulted in the development of reformulated meat products. This study investigated the enrichment of chicken bologna type sausages with 3% and 6% inulin, oat fibre or psyllium, while decreasing the fat content. Enrichment with 3% inulin or oat fibre was most suitable due to the comparable colour (a*: 10.96 vs. 10.16 for control, b*: 9.28 vs. 8.94 for control), texture parameters (adhesiveness: 0.26 N vs. 0.38 N for control, gumminess: 55.51N vs. 54.74 N for control, cohesiveness: 0.72 vs. 0.70 for control, hardness: 77.45 N vs. 78.03 N for control, springiness 0.94 vs. 0.93 for control, resilience: 0.39 vs. 0.37 for control, chewiness: 52.16 N vs. 50.93 N for control) and sensory properties to the control. Psyllium was less suitable regardless of the amount added to the bologna type chicken sausages. Enrichment with 6% dietary fibre had negative effects on the instrumental and sensory parameters. Sensory evaluation by consumers showed comparable acceptability for chicken bologna type sausages enriched with 3% inulin or oat fibre; however, sausages enriched with psyllium or 6% inulin or oat fibre were less acceptable.     

Effects of radix puerariae extracts on physicochemical and sensory quality of precooked pork sausage during cold storage

Pork sausage batter without antioxidants (control), added 0.02% BHA/BHT, added 1% radix puerariae (RP), added 2% RP, and added 4% RP were cooked and stored for 28 days at 4 °C. Pork sausage added with BHA/BHT and RP had higher moisture content and lower fat content than the control. The added RP and BHA/BHT pork sausages had lower pH values than the control after 14 d. Results showed that lightness decreased upon the addition of RP. Cooking loss was lower for the added RP samples compared to the control at 14 d. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) values decreased in the added RP sausage compared to the control. Especially, 1% RP was more effective in delaying lipid oxidation compared to the other added RP treatments. Our results suggest that precooked pork sausage with RP can enhance eating quality, as sensory panels found that sausage added with RP had better color and texture.     

Effects of skipjack roe protein hydrolysate on properties and oxidative stability of fish emulsion sausage

Effects of skipjack roe protein hydrolysate (SRPH) at various levels (0–3 g/100 g) on properties and oxidative stability of emulsion sausage from broadhead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) fortified with skipjack tuna roe lipids were investigated. The addition of SRPH increased hardness, cohesiveness and resilience of sausage (p < 0.05). Finer fat globules were visualised in the sample added with SRPH at higher amounts. Nevertheless, the incorporation of SRPH at all levels had no impact on likeness of sausages. SRPH was shown to retard lipid oxidation of sausage during extended storage of 12 days as evidenced by the lower peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), in comparison with the control. After 12 days, the sausage with 3 g/100 g SRPH had the retained docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), accounting more than 80%. Addition of SRPH had no effect on the organoleptic properties but could prevent the development of rancidity. Nevertheless, it showed no pronounced impact on microbial growth. SRPH could therefore be used as a natural antioxidative emulsifier in cooked fish emulsion sausage.     

基于大豆-鸡肉复合酶解物替代配方制备鸡肉肠及其品质的变化

为探究大豆-鸡肉复合酶解物（Soybean-chicken Hydrolysate,SCH）部分替代鸡胸肉和氯化钠（Sodium Chloride,NaCl）对鸡肉火腿肠品质特性的影响及其替代方案的可行性,该研究以不同大豆-鸡肉复合酶解物替代量制备火腿肠为研究对象,对其主要成分含量、热稳定性、质构、感官品质和储藏稳定性进行系统分析,并结合正交实验,优化出鸡肉火腿肠的最佳复合配方。结果表明：大豆-鸡肉复合酶解物部分替代鸡胸肉和NaCl能显著提升鸡肉肠的风味、咀嚼特性与储藏品质,其中鲜味和鸡肉香气提升约15%和20%,咀嚼性同比提高71.86%。SCH最佳替代量分别为20%鸡胸肉和17% NaCl,总添加量（干基）占鸡肉肠总重2.0%。以最优配方制得的鸡肉肠营养健康（蛋白含量15.82%,钠盐含量1.59%）、风味佳（鲜味突出且鸡肉香味浓郁,感官评分91.04）、质构适中（硬度6 416.63 N,咀嚼性3 974.41 N）、储藏稳定性强（TBARS值0.37 mg MDA/kg,菌落总数1.78 lg CFU/g）,达到了优质鸡肉肠水平。由此可见,以大豆-鸡肉复合酶解物部分替代鸡肉肠原辅料具有一定可行性,且对鸡肉肠的品质改善具有积极作用。     

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from a variety of raw meat sausages in Gaborone (Botswana) retail stores

The objective of the study was to provide baseline data on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in different types of raw meat sausages directly accessible to the consumers in Gaborone, Botswana. A total of 300 raw sausages comprising 79 beef, 78 pork, 72 chicken, and 71 mutton samples were concurrently analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using a conventional culture method and a validated PCR method. The PCR assay results were in full concordance with those of the conventional culture method for the detection of Salmonella. Sixty-five (21.7%) of 300 samples were positive for Salmonella by both the conventional culture method and PCR assay. Even though more chicken samples contained Salmonella than did any other sausage type, the difference in the presence of Salmonella among the four sausages types was not significant. Eleven serotypes were identified, and Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae II was most prevalent in all the sausage types. Beef sausages generally had higher mesophilic bacterial counts than did the other three sausage types. However, higher microbial counts were not reflective of the presence of salmonellae. Susceptibility of the Salmonella enterica serotypes to 20 antimicrobial agents was determined, and Salmonella Muenchen was resistant to the widest array of agents and was mostly isolated from chicken sausages. Regardless of the meat of origin, all 65 Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobial agents: amikacin, gentamicin, cefuroxime, and tombramycin. This resistance profile group was the most common in all four sausage types, comprising 90% of all Salmonella isolates from beef, 71% from pork, 63% from mutton, and 35% from chicken. These results suggest that raw sausages pose a risk of transmitting multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates to consumers.     

Dry fermented sausages enriched with lycopene from tomato peel

Tomato industries yield a high amount of by-products mainly tomato peel and seeds. Since tomato peel is rich in lycopene, the direct addition of peel to food products could be a way to use this by-product to obtain a new products enriched in lycopene. This work describes experiments performed to develop dry fermented sausages (salchichón) containing this carotene. 0%, 0.6%, 0.9% and 1.2% (w/w) of dry tomato peel was added to the meat mixture used in sausage manufacture. A slight losts of lycopene was detected after 21 days ripening, however, levels remained between 0.26 and 0.58 mg of lycopene/100 g of sausage. The sensory and textural properties and overall acceptability of all sausages were good, indicating that tomato peel could be added to dry fermented sausages to produce a meat product enriched in lycopene.     

Influence of cooking method,fat content and food additives on physicochemical and nutritional properties of beef meatballs fortified with sugarcane fibre

This study explored effects of different cooking methods, pork fat addition and food additives on physicochemical and nutritional attributes of beef meatballs fortified, or not, with 3% sugarcane fibre. TPA hardness of meatballs with fibre, cooked in boiling water, was lower compared to oven-baked and pan-fried (47.11, 56.24 and 59.22 N, respectively). Hardness also decreased with increasing fat content (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% fat; 62.07, 56.96, 54.02 and 45.51 N, respectively). Tetrasodium pyrophosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate provided similar results for all parameters except ash content where cooked meatballs with the latter were higher (1.98% and 2.22%, respectively). Cooking loss of 20% fat meatballs with fibre was lower (17.14%) compared to without fibre (20.28%). Loss of nutrients after cooking was lower for oven-baked compared to boiling. Using different ingredients to manipulate quality traits of meatballs is an alternative to manufacture suitable products for different market requirements, for example for elderly consumers.     

Effects of fat replacement with a mixture of collagen and dietary fibre on small calibre fermented sausages

Effects of fat replacement on physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of fermented sausages were determined after drying process and 4 weeks of storage. Fermented sausages were formulated with 20% pork back fat (control), and three reduced‐fat treatments were prepared by replacing 25%, 50%, and 75% of fat with a mixture of collagen, dietary fibre and ice (1:1:8). TBARS values of reduced‐fat treatments were significantly lower compared with control after drying (P ≤ 0.05). As fat replacing ratio increased, fat content decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05), whereas moisture, protein and ash content increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05). There was no marked difference between the treatments in terms of microbial analysis, sensory colour, flavour, off‐flavour or overall acceptability (P > 0.05) during refrigerated storage. Therefore, replacing pork back fat with a mixture of collagen and dietary fibre in fermented sausages may contribute to reduce lipid oxidation and maintain sensory properties during storage.     

Comparison of Bacteriological Status During Ripening of Traditional Fermented Sausages Filled into Different Diameter Artificial Casings

The ripening process of fermented sausages is affected by diameter and type of sausage casings, and depends on changes in the microflora, important from hygienic and technological aspects. The aim of this study was to compare the bacteriological status sausages which were stuffed in artificial collagen sausage casings of different diameters (35 mm and 60 mm) during ripening and drying. The sausage stuffing was the same, as was the uncontrolled ripening conditions. In bigger diameter sausages, significantly higher average total bacterial count, enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts were found than in smaller diameter sausages.     

Orange fibre as potential functional ingredient for dry-cured sausages

Dry-cured sausages with orange fibre (juice industry by-products) at five concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg) were prepared and studied. Chemical (residual nitrite level and lipid oxidation) and physico-chemical parameters (colour and pH) were determined during dry-curing stage (4 weeks). Polyphenol composition (extracted with methanol and separated and quantified by HPLC) of each formulation and its evolution during dry-curing were also determined. TBARS values increased in all samples during drying, with lower increase in treatment samples than in control samples. The incorporation of orange fibre into sausages produced a significant decrease in residual nitrite level. The high reactivity of nitrites could allow its reaction with active biocompounds (polyphenols) present in orange fibre. Chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of orange fibre detected numerous peaks, most of them matched with phenolic compounds. The highest peak of this chromatogram was identified as hesperidin. So, hesperidin was selected as the most adequate compound to monitor polyphenols changes in sausages added with orange fibre during processing.     

Practical use of β-carotene-loaded nanoemulsion as a functional colorant in sausages made from goat meat surimi-like material

The potential applicability of β-carotene-loaded nanoemulsion (CNE) as a natural colorant in non-smoked sausage made from goat meat surimi-like material (GMS) was elucidated. The effect of CNE content (0–30 g 100 g⁻¹) on the physicochemical characteristic, oxidative stability and β-carotene remaining during cold storage (4 °C) was determined. The higher the CNE, the greater the a*, b* and redness index with the lower L*, and colour likeness score. CNE content had a little impact on the moisture content, a_w and pH of sausages over storage period. However, the expressible drip, breaking force and deformation were largely influenced by the CNE content. All CNE-containing sausages displayed a superior oxidative stability to control. Among CNE-incorporated samples, the lowest lipid oxidation and β-carotene degradation were noticeable in the sausage with 10 g 100 g⁻¹ CNE. Thus, the CNE at 10 g 100 g⁻¹ was a promising functional colorant for emulsion sausage made from GMS.     

Soybean and milk proteins modified by transglutaminase improves chicken sausage texture even at reduced levels of phosphate

Consumer demands for poultry processed meats have increased due to low fat content. In this experiment, chicken sausages were manufactured with various biopolymers prepared from soybean protein, casein, whey protein isolate (WPI), mixtures of soybean protein and casein, and soybean protein and WPI. The extent of various biopolymer formations was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. Cross-linking soybean protein and casein or WPI by transglutaminase provided biopolymers with improved heat stability and emulsifying property. Shear force of chicken sausages were measured to evaluate the addition of biopolymer on the hardness in the presence of 0.05 or 0.2% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). The texture of chicken sausages was improved by the addition of such biopolymers even in the presence of 0.05% STPP. These results suggested that chicken sausage texture was improved by the formation of network structures that contribute to hardness of sausage gels with the addition of biopolymers. Thus, addition of biopolymers in the manufacture of chicken sausages may permit reduction in phosphate content without loss in texture.     

Quantification of beef,pork, chicken and turkey proportions in sausages: use of matrix-adapted standards and comparison of single versus multiplex PCR in an interlaboratory trial

Quantitative PCR methods for the determination of beef, pork, chicken and turkey proportions in sausage were tested in an interlaboratory trial. Twelve different laboratories analysed six meat products each made of different compositions of beef, pork, chicken and turkey. Two kinds of calibrators were used: sausages of known proportions of meat and DNA from muscle tissue. Results generated using calibration sausages were more accurate than those resulting from the use of muscle tissue DNA. Regardless of the method used (either multiplex or single PCR), when using calibration sausages, it was always possible to quantify the proportions of meats in the unknown samples (in the range of 0.5–80%) with high precision and accuracy.     

新型红枣肉类复合灌肠工艺研究

本文介绍了将红枣粉添加到猪肉中制成复合灌肠的工艺研究。通过L9（3^4）正交试验并结合感观评定得出最优组合：肥瘦比1：4,红枣粉10％,淀粉8％。最后以最佳组合糊成灌肠在常温下一个月存放时间后,进行理化指标和微生物指标检测,测得各项指标均符合肉与肉制品国家标准。总之红枣肉类复合灌肠具有红枣和肉的风味,同时具有提高灌肠的营养价值和改善灌肠风味等作用。     

Effect of tiger nut fibre addition on the quality and safety of a dry-cured pork sausage (“Chorizo”) during the dry-curing process

There is a growing interest in the revalorization of co-products from the food industry. Co-products from tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus) milk production are a suitable fibre source. “Chorizo” is the most popular dry-cured meat product in Spain. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the tiger nut fibre addition (0, 5, and 7.5%) on the quality (composition, physicochemical, and sensorial properties) and safety (oxidation and microbial quality) of a Spanish dry-cured sausage, during the 28 days of its dry-curing process. Tiger nut fibre (TNF) addition decreased fat and increased moisture content. The addition of TNF significantly increased (p < 0.05) the total dietary fibre content of “Chorizo”. Lightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and redness index (a*/b*) were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the fibre content. The addition of 5% and 7.5% TNF to chorizo provided rich fibre and a healthier product. Although there were slight changes in the physicochemical properties, its quality (traditional characteristics) and its safety remained.