Effect of black rice flour with different particle sizes on frozen dough and steamed bread quality

This article presents a novel idea for the preparation of frozen dough and steamed bread by which black rice flour (BRF) with different particle sizes (0.18–0.25 mm, 0.15–0.18 mm and 0.125–0.15 mm) was added into wheat flour (WF), considering the nutritional values of BRF. The characteristic of the composite flour (CF), frozen dough and steamed bread was studied. CF had higher contents of dietary fibres (2.01–2.16%) but lower content of protein (11.57–11.92%) compared with WF (1.6% and 12.60%, respectively). Correlation analysis showed that the addition of BRF could alleviate the damage to dough caused by freezing, which may be due to that water in CF dough was more stable. The content of freezable water in WF dough increased by 23.48%, while that in CF dough increased by 6.09–12.11% after frozen storage. With decreasing particle size, the hardness of CF dough decreased and the resistance to extension and gas retention coefficient increased, whereas the specific volume and the soft crumb texture of CF steamed bread increased. In short, small-sized BRF is more suitable for use in the preparation of steamed bread.     

燕麦面团流变学及加工特性研究

以燕麦粉为原料,以中强筋小麦粉为对照,研究燕麦粉与小麦粉不同配比混合粉的面团流变学特性和食品加工特性.结果认为,与小麦粉相比,燕麦蛋白质组分中清蛋白、醇溶蛋白含量较低,球蛋白含量高,谷蛋白含量稍低.燕麦粉峰值、最大、最终黏度均小于对照小麦粉.加入燕麦粉后,面团形成时间延长,稳定时间降低.用淀粉代替燕麦粉,同样添加量下面包及馒头比容、总评分降低,面条吸水率、总评分降低,失落率升高.当面粉取代量大于5%时,对混粉食品制作品质有显著影响.加入10%、25%、10%燕麦粉制作面条、馒头和面包是较为理想的配比.     

Incorporation of several additives into gluten free breads: Effect on dough properties and bread quality

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and enzymes on gluten-free dough rheology and thermal properties and bread quality, while relating dough properties parameters to bread technological quality. Breads were based on rice flour, cassava starch and full-fat active soy flour, with 65% or 75% (flour-starch basis) of water incorporation. Additives used were emulsifiers (diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides – DATEM and sodium stearoyl lactylate – SSL), enzymes (glucose oxidase and α-amylase) and hydrocolloids (xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose, alginate and carrageenan). Results showed that additive incorporation modified dough behavior, evidenced by different calorimetric and rheological properties. Besides, the electrophoretic pattern of dough extracted proteins changed with glucose oxidase addition. These modifications resulted in breads with different characteristics, such as specific volume, firmness and firming rate, and crumb structure. Nonetheless, they did not necessarily show better quality parameters than the control bread. The control dough displayed good performance for obtaining gluten-free breads of acceptable volume, crumb structure and, principally, with lower hardening rate during storage. Contrary to widespread opinion, this work shows that the presence of additives is not essential for gluten-free bread production. This fact provides new perspectives to the gluten free market at the moment of selecting raw materials and technological parameters, reducing production costs and facilitating gluten free products development.     

Rheological Properties and Bread Quality of Wheat and Rice Starch Composite Flours

Rice starch was added to wheat flour to form different rice composite flours. The rheological characteristics of different mixtures showed a decrease in the farinograph absorption and an increase in mechanical tolerance index when rice starch was added at 40% level. Dough stability, development time, arrival time and over-all farinograph profile scores were decreased. Extensograph data showed an increase in dough deadness and a drop in dough extensibility. Although dough rheology data indicated that the addition of rice starch weakened the dough, bread of acceptable quality was obtained when rice starch was added at 25% level. This should be of interest for development countries where rice is a native crop.     

Influence of maize flour particle size on gluten‐free breadmaking

BACKGROUND: Maize, one of the suitable grains for coeliac consumption, is, together with rice, the most cultivated cereal in the world. However, the inclusion of maize flour in gluten‐free bread is a minority and studies are scarce. This paper analyses the influence of different maize flour types and their particle sizes on the quality of two types of bread without gluten (80% and 110% water in the formulation) obtained from them. We also analysed the microstructure of the dough and its behaviour during the fermentation. RESULTS: Finer flours had a lower dough development during fermentation in all cases. Among the different types of flour, those whose microstructure revealed compact particles were those which had higher specific bread volume, especially when the particle size was greater. Among the formulations, the dough with more water gave breads with higher specific volume, an effect that was more important in more compact flours. The higher volume breads had lower values of hardness and resilience. CONCLUSION: The type of corn flour and mainly its particle size influence significantly the dough development of gluten‐free bread during fermentation and therefore the final volume and texture of the breads obtained. The flours having coarser particle size are the most suitable for making gluten‐free maize bread. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Functional effects of xanthan gum on composite cassava-wheat dough and bread

The use of composite flour for bread making is gradually gaining prominence worldwide due to some economic and nutritional reasons. However, studies on the application of functional ingredients purposely to improve composite bread quality are very few. This paper examines the functional role of xanthan gum (XG) on the properties of dough and bread from composite cassava-wheat flour. The viscoelastic properties of dough and gas retention characteristics of batter as well as the fresh and storage properties of bread from the composite flour (90% wheat plus 10% cassava) were studied. The crumb cell structure was also studied using digital image analysis technique. Inclusion of XG had significant effects on the dough tenacity and extensibility and sensory acceptability of fresh composite bread. The oven spring, specific volumes of bread loaf and crumb softness were higher at 1% XG content. Also, addition of XG made the composite bread samples had more open crumb structure and better sensory acceptability. However, moisture loss and crumb firming during bread storage were best reduced when 1% XG was added to bread formulation.     

Evaluation of baking procedures for incorporation of barley roller milling fractions containing high levels of dietary fibre into bread

BACKGROUND: Roller milling of hull‐less barley generates fibre‐rich fractions (FRF) enriched in non‐starch polysaccharides from the endosperm cell walls (β‐glucans and arabinoxylans). This investigation was initiated to compare the suitability of different baking processes and to determine the optimal conditions for incorporation of barley FRF into pan bread. RESULTS: Addition of FRF from waxy and high‐amylose starch hull‐less barley genotypes was evaluated in pan bread prepared from Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) and Canada Western Extra Strong (CWES) wheat flour. Three bread processes were used: Canadian short process (CSP), remix‐to‐peak, and sponge‐and‐dough. Addition of 20% FRF (equivalent to enrichment with 4.0 g of arabinoxylans and β‐glucans per 100 g of flour) disrupted dough properties and depressed loaf volume. CSP was not suitable for making FRF‐enriched bread because dough could not be properly developed. FRF‐enriched remix‐to‐peak bread was better, especially for the stronger CWES flour. The better bread quality compared to CSP was probably due to redistribution of water from non‐starch polysaccharides to gluten during fermentation prior to remixing and final proof. The sponge‐and‐dough process produced the best FRF‐enriched bread because of the positive effect of sponge fermentation on gluten development and hydration. FRF was added at the dough stage to fully developed dough. CONCLUSION: The method of bread production strongly influences bread quality. Pre‐hydration of FRF improved bread quality. CWRS and CWES flour produced comparable FRF‐enriched sponge‐and‐dough bread. Addition of xylanase to the sponge‐and‐dough formula improved the loaf volume, appearance, crumb structure and firmness of FRF‐enriched bread. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

板栗淀粉、蛋白质及全粉的特性及在面包中应用研究

基于淀粉和蛋白质对面包品质至关重要,分析板栗粉、板栗淀粉及板栗蛋白的特性,并探索对面包品质的影响。板栗粉中淀粉（52.87%）、蛋白质（6.58%）均低于高筋小麦粉。与小麦淀粉相比,板栗淀粉更易溶胀、糊化,但热稳定性较差。与小麦蛋白相比,板栗蛋白的α-螺旋含量(10.6%)较低,无规卷曲（34.4%）较高。这些特性正好反映了,随着板栗粉的添加量提高,板栗粉-小麦粉混合粉粉质品质和面包比容均呈下降趋势。当板栗粉添加量为10%时,面包体积最大、气孔细密、评分最佳。     

Effect of Rice, Corn and Soy Flour Addition on Characteristics of Bread Produced from Different Wheat Cultivars

Preparation and consumption of bread enriched with flours that contain appreciable amounts of protein, lysine, dietary fiber, and minerals will provide a healthy alternative to consumers and also a lowering of bread making cost in countries where wheat is not a major domestic crop. Addition of rice, corn, and soy flour to bread and durum wheat flours at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% levels was carried out to examine the effects on the baking (specific volume, color, firmness) and sensory characteristics of bread. Dough rheological properties were also studied using Brabender Farinograph and Extensograph. Results of the present study suggest that incorporation of rice, corn, and soy in bread wheat flour up to a level of 10% (flour basis) and in durum wheat flour up to 20% produces bread without any negative effect in quality attributes such as color, hardness, and flavor and reasonable acceptance offering promising nutritious and healthy alternative to consumers. Increasing levels of substitution (30 and 50%) resulted in decreasing dough strength, extensibility, and loaf volume, due to the replacement of gluten by the added protein. Overall acceptability scores of these breads were found to be very low. The durum flour can be substituted with nongluten flours up to 10% more than the bread wheat flour because of its stronger gluten matrix and better dough rheological characteristics.     

糙米干法和湿法微粉碎对面团及面包品质的影响

将糙米分别进行干法和湿法微粉碎,与谷朊粉以4:1比例混合,制备糙米面团和面包,研究干法和湿法微粉碎对糙米面团和面包品质的影响。结果表明,经干法和湿法微粉碎后糙米粉颗粒细度显著降低,湿法粉碎糙米粉破损淀粉含量较少。干法粉碎糙米粉面团结构致密,弹性和黏性升高,糙米面包比容降低,硬度和耐咀性增强,弹性降低。随着粉碎时间的延长,湿法粉碎糙米粉-谷朊粉面团的黏性和弹性先升高后降低,面团网络结构更加紧密,其面包的比容与黏性和弹性变化规律一致,面包耐咀性和硬度增加,弹性降低。干法粉碎15 min(微粉A),湿法粉碎40 min(微粉X)时,糙米面包的比容最大,硬度和弹性适中,面包的品质较好。     

新型保健食品——土豆面包的研制

研究了用土豆淀粉生产面包的较佳原料配比方案,分析了土豆淀粉对面包品质和面团品质的影响规律。结果表明,以土豆淀粉为主生产土豆面包是可行的,其生产用原料的较佳配比为:土豆淀粉60%、谷朊粉18%、小麦面粉22%。土豆淀粉的添加比例与面包的体积显著负相关;当添加比例小于50%时,随着土豆淀粉的添加比例的增大,面包的其它表观性状均有不同程度的好转。土豆淀粉的加入对面团品质影响较大:随着土豆淀粉比例的增大,评价值增大,吸水率下降,软化度先升后降。当土豆淀粉添加比例达90%时,不能形成面团。     

Dough properties and breadmaking qualities of whole waxy wheat flour and effects of additional enzymes

BACKGROUND: Waxy wheat, a new kind of genetically back‐crossed wheat, was applied to make whole bread in this study. Dough properties and bread quality of the whole waxy wheat flour, which was milled from 100% whole grains containing bran and germ, were determined. RESULTS: Whole waxy wheat had lower protein and lipid contents but higher dietary fiber content than whole regular wheat flour. Pasting temperature and viscosity of the whole waxy wheat flour were significantly lower than those of the whole regular wheat. However, the white wheat flour milled from wheat grains with 48% recovery had significantly higher peak viscosity than the whole waxy wheat. Bread made from the whole waxy wheat flour was significantly softer than that from the whole regular wheat flour during storage. However, bread made from whole waxy wheat had significantly lower specific volume than that from the white waxy flour because of the high amount of dietary fiber. Addition of cellulase increased paste viscosity, lowered dough mixing properties and reduced the firmness of the bread. The addition of pentosanase also increased paste viscosity, lowered dough mixing properties, improved loaf volume of bread but increased the firmness of breadcrumbs, while the addition of α‐amylase only increased final viscosity of flour and did not affect dough properties and bread qualities of whole waxy wheat flour. CONCLUSION: As a result, waxy wheat shows superior properties for making whole breads. Additional enzymes are also necessary to improve bread quality and nutritive values of whole waxy bread. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

小麦粉破损淀粉含量对面团发酵性能的影响

以中、高筋小麦粉为研究对象,分析破损淀粉含量对面团流变发酵特性和馒头品质的影响。结果表明,随着破损淀粉含量增加,面团流变发酵性能、馒头比容、亮度及感官评分均先上升后降低;中、高筋小麦粉破损淀粉含量分别为25.11,25.60时,面团发酵高度、总产气量和持气率最大;制作的馒头比容、亮度大,感官评分最高,外形挺立、表面光滑、内部结构均匀细密、口感好。因此,中、高筋小麦粉破损淀粉含量分别为21.65~25.11,23.56~25.60时,馒头品质较好。     

Combined effects of wheat gluten and carboxymethylcellulose on dough rheological behaviours and gluten network of potato–wheat flour-based bread

Incorporating high level of potato flour into wheat flour enhances nutritional values of bread but induces a series of problems that lead to the decline of the bread quality. To overcome the barrier, wheat gluten and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were added into potato–wheat composite flour to improve dough machinability and bread quality. The rheological properties, thermo-mechanical properties and microstructures of dough were investigated. The results showed that the interaction between gluten and CMC mitigated the discontinuity of gluten matrix and gluten protein aggregation caused by the addition of potato flour, which yielded a more branched and compact gluten network. The compact three-dimensional viscoelastic structure induced improvements of gas retention capacity and dough stability, making it mimic the machinability properties of wheat flour dough. Bread qualities were apparently improved with the combined use of 4% gluten and 6% CMC, of which specific volume increased by 42.86%, and simultaneously, hardness reduced by 75.93%.     

糜米粉对面团特性及面包品质的影响

为研究糜米粉对面团特性及面包品质的影响,探究了糜米粉添加量(0、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%)对面团的微观结构、拉伸特性、动态流变学特性以及面包品质的影响。结果表明:随着糜米粉添加量的增加,面团的面筋网络出现了断层结构。添加糜米粉使得面团的拉伸强度和拉伸距离均呈下降趋势,面团的弹性模量和黏性模量均呈上升趋势。糜米粉的添加明显增加了面包的硬度和咀嚼度,降低了面包的弹性、粘聚性、回复性、比容和感官评分。因此,糜米粉的添加改变了小麦面团的特性和面包的品质,其添加量不宜超过30%。     

米糠可溶性膳食纤维对馒头抗老化特性的影响

为了提高小麦面制品的抗老化能力,本研究将脱脂米糠可溶性膳食纤维以不同的比例加入小麦淀粉,经面团发酵后制成馒头,分析该馒头的品质变化及抗老化效果.结果 表明,米糠膳食纤维的加入能够延缓馒头的老化.当添加量为5％时,面团的膨胀体积最大,与对照组相比馒头的硬化速率降低了35％,且在4℃下贮藏5d后,硬度、咀嚼度分别降低了33...     

Adding Rice Starch to Hard Wheat Flour for Improving its Dough Properties and Baking Quality

Results show that the addition of rice starch to hard wheat flour improves the dough properties and baking quality as demonstrated by the tests and the readings of Farinograph, Extensograph and Amylograph as well as increases the reducing sugars, acidity and the volume of the produced bread. Experiments proved that best results were observed when rice starch was added to hard wheat flour at 6 to 8%.     

Bread fortified with dietary fibre extracted from culinary banana bract: its quality attributes and in vitro starch digestibility

The effect of fortification of dietary fibre (DF) on dough rheology, quality characteristics and in vitro starch digestibility of bread was studied. Bread was prepared incorporating DF (2–4 g per 100 g of flour mixture). Rheological study of dough showed an increase in dough stiffness and elasticity with higher incorporation of the DF. The results of chemical composition revealed that addition of DF increased total DF (19.65 g per 100 g) content of bread. However, incorporation of 2 g per 100 g DF of flour mixture with 66 g per 100 g moisture showed higher water retention and specific volume of 86.76% and 5.83 cm³ g⁻¹, respectively, which was close to control bread. Improved textural property with acceptable sensory attributes was observed for bread fortified with 2 g per 100 g DF of flour mixture and 66 g per 100 g moisture content. Incorporation of DF (2–4 g per 100 g of flour mixture) showed a decrease in rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and an increase in slowly digestible starch (SDS) content with lower predicted glycaemic index (pGI) than control bread.     

百合粉添加量对面团特性及面包品质的影响

为拓宽百合的应用渠道,提高面包的营养价值,研究了百合粉添加量(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%)对面团的微观结构、糊化特性、流变学特性以及面包品质的影响。结果表明:随着百合粉添加量增大,混合粉的持油性先降低后增加,持水性显著增加(P<0.05)。添加了百合粉后,面团的糊化温度升高,回生值和峰值黏度下降,面团的弹性模量和黏性模量均呈上升趋势。百合粉的添加,破坏了面筋蛋白原本均匀致密的微观结构;使面包的硬度显著增大(P<0.05),弹性、内聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、回复性、比容和感官评分显著降低(P<0.05);改变了小麦面团的特性和面包的品质,在小麦粉中添加5%~10%的百合粉,能保证面包较高的感官品质。     

Effect of dry- and wet-milled rice flours on the quality attributes of gluten-free dough and noodles

The rheological and cooking properties of gluten-free noodles prepared with dry- and wet-milled rice flours were characterized. Dry-milled rice flour with a higher degree of starch damage exhibited greater water hydration properties than wet-milled rice flour at room temperature. However, the pasting results of rice flour suspensions demonstrated that wet-milled rice flour showed a higher value of peak viscosity due to its great swelling power upon starch gelatinization. The similar thermo-mechanical tendency was observed in a rice dough system by Mixolab. In the planar extensional test, the noodle dough sample prepared with dry-milled rice flour exhibited higher elongational viscosity which could be favorably correlated to more resistance of dry-milled rice noodle strands to extension. When rice noodles were cooked, increased cooking loss was observed in dry-milled rice noodles which was attributed to great water solubility derived from a higher degree of starch damage.