Non-dairy probiotic food products: An emerging group of functional foods

ABSTRACT

The functional food sector has shown tremendous growth in recent years with the application of probiotic bacteria as “food additives”. The utilization of probiotic bacteria in food presents many challenges related to their growth, survival, viability, stability and functionality in food processing, storage and consumption as well as changes of sensory characteristics of probiotic foods. Although dairy foods are currently the most common food carrier to deliver probiotics, an increasing number of non-dairy food matrices exhibit potential for delivery of probiotics. This review provides more recent insight into the emergence of non-dairy probiotics products, the interactions between probiotics and different food matrices and the challenges in developing such products. Some of the technical issues are also reviewed and discussed. These issues include the efficacy of probiotic bacteria in non-chilled, low pH or high water activity foods; the potential loss of bacterial viability, additionally unwanted fermentation and changes of the sensory characteristics of food products which may result in poor microbiological quality and low acceptability to consumers.     

The oxidative stability of omega-3 oil-in-water nanoemulsion systems suitable for functional food enrichment: A systematic review of the literature

There is growing demand for functional food products enriched with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCω3PUFA). Nanoemulsions, systems with extremely small droplet sizes have been shown to increase LCω3PUFA bioavailability. However, nanoemulsion creation and processing methods may impact on the oxidative stability of these systems. The present systematic review collates information from studies that evaluated the oxidative stability of LCω3PUFA nanoemulsions suitable for use in functional foods. The systematic search identified seventeen articles published during the last 10 years. Researchers used a range of surfactants and antioxidants to create systems which were evaluated from 7 to 100 days of storage.

Nanoemulsions were created using synthetic and natural emulsifiers, with natural sources offering equivalent or increased oxidative stability compared to synthetic sources, which is useful as consumers are demanding natural, cleaner label food products. Equivalent vegetarian sources of LCω3PUFA found in fish oils such as algal oils are promising as they provide direct sources without the need for conversion in the human metabolic pathway. Quillaja saponin is a promising natural emulsifier that can produce nanoemulsion systems with equivalent/increased oxidative stability in comparison to other emulsifiers. Further studies to evaluate the oxidative stability of quillaja saponin nanoemulsions combined with algal sources of LCω3PUFA are warranted.     

Enhancement of the phytochemical and fibre content of beef patties with Himanthalia elongata seaweed

The effect of adding Himanthalia elongata seaweed (10–40% w/w) as a source of antioxidants and dietary fibre on physical, chemical, microbial and sensory traits of cooked beef patties was studied throughout chilled storage. Patties with seaweed showed reduced cooking losses and were nearly 50% more tender as compared to patties without seaweed. Microbiological counts and lipid oxidation were significantly lower in patties containing seaweed (P < 0.05), and by day 30 of storage, there was no bacterial growth in samples with ≥20% seaweed and lipid oxidation levels were low (0.61 mg malondialdehyde kg^?1 of sample). Seaweed incorporation significantly increased the dietary fibre (1.64 g per 100 g fw in 40% seaweed patties), total phenolic content (up to 28.11 mg GAE per 100 g fw) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (up to 52.32%) of patties compared to the control. Sensory analysis indicated that the seaweed patties were accepted by consumers in terms of aroma, appearance, texture and taste. Patties containing 40% seaweed were rated highest in terms of overall acceptability, most likely due to improvement in texture and mouthfeel. Addition of seaweed in the formulation of beef patties leads to the enhancement of the nutritional and technological quality together with an acceptable sensory quality.     

低聚木糖在保健食品中的应用

该文概述了低聚木糖的化学结构和加工特性,对低聚木糖的保健功能进行了重点阐述,并简要说明了低聚木糖的工业制备和在保健食品领域的应用前景。     

植物功能性食品在促进健康和预防疾病中的作用

对一些常见的植物功能性食物在疾病预防和促进健康中的作用及其功能性因子的研究现状进行了综述。     

婴幼儿食品添加剂维生素B2的稳定性研究

目的研究婴幼儿配方粉中影响维生素B2稳定性的因素。方法本实验通过紫外可见光分光光度法,研究了光照、温度、p H、金属离子、氧化剂、抗氧化剂、防腐剂和糖类对维生素B2稳定性的影响。结果光照对维生素B2的影响最大,1 h损失率达到40%;金属离子中Mg2+5 h后会对B2造成约10%的损失;Fe3+和Cu2+可与维生素B2反应生成其他物质使B2造成破坏;维生素C在5 h后对维生素B2造成约13.8%的损失;常见的食品添加剂山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠、以及氧化剂双氧水对维生素B2的影响有限;葡萄糖不能造成维生素B2的损失,蔗糖可以造成20%的损失。结论维生素B2的稳定性受多种因素的影响,其中影响最大的是光照,某些金属离子、维生素C和蔗糖也会影响维生素B2的稳定性。     

高效液相色谱法测定功能性食品中维生素C的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定功能性食品中维生素C的含量。方法采用Venusil XBP C_(18)(L)柱(4.6mm×250 mm,5mm)为色谱柱,0.1%的草酸溶液为流动相,流速为0.5 m L/min,柱温为25℃,检测波长为245nm,样品经L-半胱氨酸-三乙胺溶液还原后,测定维生素C的含量,进样量20mL。结果维生素C在2.056~30.84mg/m L浓度范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999),定量限为0.03726mg/m L,检出限为0.01242mg/m L,回收率为99.89%,RSD为0.31%(n=6);样品经L-半胱氨酸-三乙胺溶液还原后稳定性、重复性好。结论本方法简便快捷、适用范围广、准确度高、精密度好,可广泛用于功能性食品中维生素C含量的测定。     

Improvement of lipid stability of rabbit meat by vitamin E and C administration

The effect of administering vitamins E (E₅₀ or E₂₀₀: 50 or 200 mg kg diet) and C (C₅₀₀ or C₁₀₀₀: 500 or 1000 mg l⁻¹ water) singly and in combination was verified on plasma and muscle levels of α‐tocopherol and the oxidative stability of rabbit meat during display. Six groups of 10 hybrid males were fed experimental diets from 35 to 85 days of age. Productive performance and carcass drip loss were also recorded. Performance was unaffected by treatments, but drip loss was improved by simultaneous administration of the two antioxidants. The α‐tocopherol levels in plasma and muscle were significantly higher in animals which simultaneously ingested the highest amounts of the two vitamins, and the oxidative processes (TBA‐RS values) of their meat during storage were lower. The results confirm the synergistic action of ascorbate and the benefit of using high levels of the two vitamins to prevent oxidative stress during meat processing and storage. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Current technologies in the extraction,enrichment and analytical detection of tocopherols and tocotrienols: A review

During the past few years the scientific and medical community has been confronted with a continual interest in vitamin E with the interest prompted by new discoveries. Tocopherols and tocotrienols, commonly known as vitamin E, are extremely invaluable compounds and have various nutritional functionalities and benefits to human health. Great deals of research projects have been launched in order to develop effective methods for the extraction of vitamin E. By and large, three distinct extractive methods are usually employed: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), molecular distillation, and adsorption methods. These methods are sensitive to different experimental conditions, such as pressure, temperature, and flow rate with noticeable effects on the efficiency of the extraction and enrichment of vitamin E. This review has covered the most commonly adapted extraction methods and has probed into the extraction yields under variable operational parameters.     

甲醇超声提取法测定保健食品中维生素A

目的 采用甲醇超声方法提取保健食品中的维生素A。用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)法进行含量测定, 并与GB/T 5009.82-2016进行比较, 同时进行方法学验证。方法 样品前处理方法为甲醇超声提取法。采用C18(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)色谱柱, 甲醇为流动相, 检测波长为325 nm, 流速为1 mL/min, 柱温为30 ℃, 进样量为20 μL。结果 超声时间为5~15 min提取效率最高, 工作曲线在1.00~10.00 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数为0.9998, 相对标准偏差为1.82% (n=6), 平均回收率为101.09%, 方法检出限为10 μg/100 g, 定量限为31 μg/100 g。结论 和国标法相比, 本方法操作简单、准确度高, 适用于保健食品中维生素A含量的测定。     

Perspectives on the 21st century development of functional foods: bridging Chinese medicated diet and functional foods

Functional foods, also known as nutraceuticals, medical foods or nutritional foods, are driving food markets around the world and are expected to be one of the emerging trends for the food industry in the new millennium. The concept of functional foods is rooted in a tradition, particularly in Asia, where people have always believed that a balanced diet and some herbal foods are therapeutic. However, while extensive studies in biochemistry and immunology, as well as clinical trials, have been conducted on selected functional foods or ingredients, the scientific features of most traditional herbals remain almost unknown. However, the fastest growing food market in the United States is that of herbal-based nutraceuticals such as ginseng, garlic and medical mushrooms. This review describes different aspects of functional foods and the Chinese medicated diet on the basis of current knowledge, discusses the building blocks for the science of functional foods and proposes a possible way to fuse a Chinese medicated diet into functional foods.     

Evaluation of the stability of Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 during processing and storage of functional foods

The study was aimed to find out the stability of Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 in functional foods during processing and storage. B. coagulans MTCC 5856 was found to be stable during baking and storage at frozen conditions of banana muffins (92% viability) and waffles (86% viability) upto 12 months. After brewing coffee at 90 °C for 2 min, there was 87% viability and retained 66% viability even after maintaining temperature at 77 °C for 4.0 h. It showed over 95% viability in chocolate fudge frosting, hot fudge toppings, peanut butter, strawberry preserve and vegetable oil at room temperature upto 12 months. It was found to be stable in apple juice upto 6 months at refrigerated condition and concentrated glucose syrup at 4 ± 3 and 25 ± 2 °C upto 24 months. B. coagulans MTCC 5856 showed promising stability during processing and storage of functional foods and could be an excellent probiotic ingredient to use in various food applications.     

水解胶原蛋白在保健食品和化妆品中的应用

该文介绍了胶原蛋白的结构，阐述了水解胶原蛋白的多种生理调节功能，包括促进皮肤健康、提高骨骼强度、抑制血压上升、保护胃粘膜和性抗氧化等功能。概述了水解胶原蛋白在保健食品和化妆品领域的应用，并对水解胶原蛋白的开发应用前景做了展望。     

婴幼儿配方食品和乳粉中维生素C的测定

目的建立一种前处理简单、仪器条件稳定、准确高效的婴幼儿配方食品和乳粉中维生素C的检测方法。方法用含有三(2-羧乙基)膦(TCEP)的三氯乙酸(TCA)对样品中的维生素C进行提取,C18柱色谱分离,流动相为含TCEP与癸胺作为离子对试剂和pH 5.4的醋酸钠的混合水溶液,然后在紫外检测器265 nm处进行检测。结果本方法的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.36%~3.2%之间,平均回收率为88.5%~97.9%,线性相关系数r~2大于0.9999。结论本方法实验前处理简单,干扰因素少;仪器条件稳定,灵敏度高,重复性好;适合婴幼儿配方食品和乳粉复杂基质样品的测定。     

老年食品开发现状及配方设计

全球老龄化是当今社会发展的一大趋势,也是人类面临的一大挑战。老年人由于器官功能减退、细胞和肌肉衰减、合成代谢小于分解代谢等生理原因,易出现饮食功能障碍、肌肉衰减症、消化和营养不良等健康问题。通过调查发现,我国市售适宜老年人食用的产品品类单一、营养素不够全面,多数产品无法满足老年人膳食营养需求。结合我国老年人的健康现状,阐述当前市场老年食品存在的问题和面临的挑战,通过分析和总结老年食品的配方设计和产品开发关键技术,以期为满足我国老龄化膳食需求和老龄食品产业发展提供技术支持和意见建议。     

保健食品贮藏过程中主要功能成分与免疫活性变化规律研究

摘 要：目的 探究保健食品贮藏过程中主要功能成分与免疫活性的变化规律。方法 以5种功能成分不同、声称具有增强机体免疫力的市售保健食品为研究对象,分别置于室温和4℃条件下贮藏12个月,探究其贮藏过程中主要功能成分含量的变化,包括辅酶Q10、维生素C、蛋白质、粗多糖、三萜和番茄红素;并从体外培养小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖活性、吞噬率、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxide, NO)分泌量、免疫因子白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)释放量等方面,评价5种保健食品贮藏过程中免疫活性的变化。结果 贮藏期间,5种保健食品主要功能成分的稳定性各不相同,番茄红素、辅酶Q10、维生素C、三萜、蛋白质和粗多糖的衰减率在室温条件下分别为37.70%、27.13%、14.14%、5.20%、1.32%和1.10%;4℃条件下分别为17.80%、20.16%、7.67%、2.95%、1.10%和0.70%。贮藏后期,室温对番茄红素、辅酶Q10、维生素C、三萜含量出现显著影响。随着贮藏时间的延长,保健食品激活巨噬细胞的吞噬能力、促进NO和免疫因子释放的能力逐渐下降。结论 保健食品贮藏过程中免疫活性的衰减速率与其主要功能成分的稳定性有关。综合比较,蛋白粉颗粒和灵芝枸杞葡萄籽胶囊的稳定性相对较强。保健食品一般生产后6~9个月内室温与4℃贮藏下功能成分和免疫活性差异均不显著,超过9个月的贮藏期,保健食品需低温贮藏。     

代谢组学在个性化功能性食品研究中的应用

现代营养学最大的挑战之一就是为全球人类提供健康的饮食,它必须顾及到因复杂的基因、营养和环境相互作用而引起的个体间高度差异性。虽然目前健康饮食方面出现了大量的功能性食品,但是一刀切的方法在营养学上是不合适的,有必要使用新的个性化功能食品。且哺乳动物的生物复杂性要求人们必须将系统生物学的方法纳入营养学研究。本文对代谢组学在筛选食品中的新功能成分、协助饮食干预研究、了解膳食与机体代谢之间相互作用和营养流行病学调查方面的应用进行综述,以期为个性化功能性食品开发提供新的思路和方法,为预防疾病和保障人类健康做出更大的贡献。      

Bioactive compounds in bamboo shoots: health benefits and prospects for developing functional foods

Juvenile bamboo shoots have long been used as food and in traditional medicine in many Asian countries, but scientific evidences of its health benefits have been highlighted recently. According to ancient Chinese medicinal books, the consumption of young shoots helps in improving digestion, relieving hypertension, sweating, preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The young shoots are delicious and rich in nutrient components such as proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins and bioactive compounds. The health benefits of the young shoots are attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds mainly phenols, phytosterols and dietary fibres, which play a potential role in health promotion and providing protection against many chronic and degenerative diseases. Phenolic compounds in bamboos have multiple biological effects such as antioxidation, anti‐ageing, antifatigue, antimicrobial and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary fibres and phytosterols have a beneficial effect on lipid profile and bowel function and reduce total serum cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level. This study discusses the bioactive compounds in bamboo shoots and how, due to its nutritive value and health benefits, the shoots can be utilised as an ingredient in the development of functional foods.     

表面增强拉曼光谱法快速检测减肥类保健食品中的比沙可啶

目的建立表面增强拉曼光谱法(surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS)快速测定减肥类保健食品中比沙可啶的分析方法。方法激发波长785nm±0.5nm,光谱覆盖范围为300~2300cm~(-1),光谱分辨率为4~10 cm-1,拉曼光谱仪进行测定,最后采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)进行验证。结果该方法的线性范围为0.5~5 mg/L,检出限为0.2 mg/kg,回收率为77.3%~107.2%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)(n=6)不大于6.3%,检测结果与高效液相色谱法检测的结果无明显差异。结论该方法快速、简便,可作为检测减肥类保健食品中非法添加的比沙可啶的快检方法。