基于光纤光栅传感器的飞机油箱表面复合材料板振动研究

飞机机翼油箱在飞行时容易受到各种振源影响,而油箱结构中的复合材料较容易受低频振动影响。试验利用布拉格光纤光栅传感器受到激励后光栅中心波长随应力变化这一特性,在恒温下用布拉格光纤光栅传感器对飞机油箱表面变截面碳纤维层合板受到的振动信号进行研究,并对通过光纤光栅解调仪采集下来的振动动态信号进行频谱分析。在计算出动态信号的频谱峰值后,分析得出变截面碳纤维层合板的振动信号受到截面厚度、激励点位置的共同影响。结果表明利用光纤Bragg光栅传感网络对飞机油箱表面变截面碳纤维层合板受到的振动影响进行监测。     

基于小波包能量特征向量的光纤布拉格光栅低速冲击定位

光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器在飞行器的实时冲击定位监测中具有广阔的应用前景。根据两次冲击位置距离越近接收到信号幅频特性相似度越高的关系,提出基于小波包能量特征向量与相似度匹配算法共同实现冲击定位的研究,构建了一套由光纤布拉格光栅传感器和复合材料层合板组成的冲击定位监测系统。首先通过遍布冲击建立能量特征向量数据库。然后通过试验点的能量特征向量与数据库中各点的能量特征向量进行相似度计算实现冲击定位。实验表明,对480 mm×480 mm的复合材料层合板的16次冲击定位实验中,该方法的最大误差为40 mm。     

光纤Bragg光栅应变传感器在霍普金森压杆上的冲击试验研究

利用复合材料封装光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)设计制作了用于测量高速碰撞或爆炸与冲击作用下混凝土内部动态应变的FBG应变传感器。在霍普金森压杆上对FBG在封装前的裸光栅和封装后的FBG传感器分别进行了高速冲击试验,试验表明：设计的FBG传感器的瞬态响应上升时间小于20μs,具有良好的动态响应特性,可以用于工程中混凝土结构内高速冲击下的动态应变测试     

基于FBG传感技术的复合材料T型加筋板低速冲击损伤监测

针对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料低速冲击损伤的实时监测,设计将布拉格光纤光栅（FBG）传感器埋植在复合材料T型加筋板结构的三角填充区,在线监测复合材料T型加筋板冲击损伤过程。分别将FBG传感器埋植于复合材料层合板内部和复合材料T型加筋板的三角填充区,对比FBG传感器的埋入对复合材料层合板和复合材料T型加筋板力学性能的影响。结果表明,内埋FBG传感器的复合材料层合板试样的拉伸强度比未埋植传感器的层合板试样降低了约5%,但在FBG传感器的破坏应变范围内,FBG传感器可以准确、实时地监测复合材料的应变信号。将FBG传感器埋入复合材料T型加筋板的三角填充区,内埋FBG传感器的T型加筋板样件压缩破坏载荷与未埋植的样件基本一致。通过对比T型加筋板蒙皮上冲击位置、冲击能量对FBG传感器测得的冲击过程持续时间和最大应变值的影响,表明冲击过程持续时间随着冲击能量增大而延长,最大应变值随着冲击距离的增加呈下降趋势,而最大应变值随着冲击能量的增大呈上升趋势。利用FBG传感器测得的应变信号可初步实现对复合材料T型加筋板蒙皮冲击损伤位置及冲击能量的实时监测。      

变厚度复合材料板低速冲击能量监测

为了监测变厚度复合材料层合板在使用过程中受到的低速冲击载荷,将光纤传感及信号处理技术相结合,建立了光纤布拉格光栅冲击能量监测系统。将光纤传感网络采集到的所有冲击样本信号进行WEMD分解;根据样本信号冲击能量特征值建立冲击样本信号能量特征集合;根据信号分解的第一阶分量确定厚度系数并修正能量特征集合,评估实际冲击能量。结果表明,基于WEMD分解的厚度系数修正方法能够更准确评估低速冲击能量,其中低灵敏度的大厚度区域平均误差从15.19%明显减少为6.96%。提出的能量识别方法成功识别了1~3 J冲击能量,其中最大误差为15.67%,平均误差为5.5%。     

基于声发射技术的三维编织复合材料低速冲击损伤分析

实验研究了不同编织工艺参数的三维六向碳/环氧编织复合材料在不同冲击能量作用下的低速冲击过程。测试过程中用声发射技术进行实时监测,分析了声发射能量,幅值和波形经过快速傅里叶变换后的峰值频率,并对典型信号的波形进行了频谱分析。结果表明AE参数能很好地描述三维编织复合材料的低速冲击损伤过程。     

基于偏最小二乘法分形计盒维数的冲击定位方法

针对航空板结构健康监测需求,提出一种基于分形计盒维数的板结构分布式光纤冲击载荷定位方法。使用分形维数能够定量描述与刻画非线性系统行为的复杂性以及度量信号的不规则度。研究发现,光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器冲击响应信号频谱的分形计盒维数与冲击距离以及冲击位置与光纤轴向角度存在关联,以此为特征参数可以实现对冲击位置定位。由于冲击响应信号频谱的分形计盒维数与冲击位置之间存在重复性、非线性等问题,采用偏最小二乘回归法,对多个传感器数据进行数据融合,提高了冲击点位置预测提高定位精度。该方法与时差冲击定位方法相比,无需高速FBG解调设备。     

复合材料胶层光纤布格光栅应变监测优化配置研究

航空航天用复合材料粘接胶层在制造和服役过程中不可避免会产生各种缺陷和损伤。针对其粘接胶层缺陷和损伤检测,基于光纤光栅应变传感原理,提出一种针对复合材料胶接层结构应变监测的光纤光栅传感网络优化配置的方法。通过仿真和实验研究了埋入复合材料构件胶接层的光纤布拉格光栅传感器在静载作用下的敏感区域分布特性,分析了载荷位移与布拉格波长漂移的关系,建立符合光纤布拉格光栅传感器实际特点的探测模型,采用粒子群优化算法进行光纤光栅传感网络的优化布置,研究结果表明光纤布拉格光栅传感器位置经优化后,覆盖率得到明显提高。     

热残余应力对内埋光纤光栅传感器性能的影响

将布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)埋植于复合材料T型加筋板结构非干涉区—三角填充区作为应变传感器对复合材料加筋板在固化过程及冲击后压缩过程中的应变变化进行监测。对比了光纤刻栅区采用UV光固化树脂涂层保护和未保护的两种FBG传感器的波谱信号变化; 分析了复合材料在固化成型过程中产生的非轴对称热残余应力对FBG传感性能的影响。结果表明, 刻栅区采用聚合物涂层保护的FBG传感器的半峰宽(FWHM)在固化过程中未发生变化, 并且聚合物涂层可以有效地消除非轴对称热残余应力对光纤光栅反射波谱的影响。在冲击后压缩过程中, 采用聚合物涂层保护的FBG传感器测得的应变与贴于试样表面的应变片测得的应变数据一致性较好。本文对埋植于复合材料加筋板三角填充区的FBG传感器在复合材料固化过程及冲击后压缩过程中应变监测的有效性及可靠性进行了有益的探索。     

市内复杂环境下大药量爆破降振及振动监测分析的研究

在周边高楼林立,人员密集,车流量大的环境下进行地基与地下车库大爆破开挖,对周边建筑进行爆破振动实时监控,并对所监测的振动数据进行分析。发现：爆区周边各测点峰值较小（小于1cm/s）,不会对周边结构造成危害;同等水平高度下,东西方向（纵向）测点各相关量（爆破振动峰值、持时、主频和信号能量）均高于南北方向（横向）测点各相关量;纵向测点频谱能量分布比横向测点频谱能量分布更为集中,各测点竖直向振动信号能量主要集中在3.90625-62.5Hz范围内。爆破振动在高楼楼层之间传播时,随着楼层高度的增加,竖直向爆破振动峰值和信号响应能量增大,信号频谱能量分布更加集中,顶层振动峰值约为底层振动峰值的2倍,顶层信号响应能量约为底层信号响应能量的3倍     

The energy class discrimination of low velocity impacts on composite material structure by Bragg grating sensor technique

The low velocity impacts (LVI) often bring damages which cannot be detected from surface of composite material smart structure. In this paper, Bragg grating sensors were used to discriminate energy classes of LVI on composite material smart structure under constant temperature. The energy discrimination was realized by means of this characteristic that the center wave-lengths of Bragg grating sensors on composite structure under LVI are determined by strain. By analyzing the frequency spectrums of LVI signals captured by optic fiber grating demodulator, a threshold for distinguishing energy classes can be figured out after calculating frequency spectrum peak values of all energy classes. The experimental results indicate that Bragg grating sensors can be used for monitoring impacts and discriminate the energy classes of LVI on composite material structure.     

Intracore fiber bragg gratings for strain measurement in embedded composite structures

An intracore Bragg grating written on a photosensitive fiber core is used for strain measurement in composite specimens under load. The strain information is directly related to the absolute change in the Bragg-reflected wavelength. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors (fibers with intracore gratings) are thus sensitive to strain that is caused by changes in temperature as well as to load-induced changes. Thus these sensors can be made to be independent of source intensity variations and losses. FBG sensors used for load-induced strain sensing in composite structures and the effects of temperature on them are discussed. A detailed account of the use of such embedded structures as self-monitoring nondestructive testing devices is given.     

纤维复合材料层合板内埋光纤光栅传感器的保护技术

内埋的光纤Bragg光栅（FBG）传感器的存活率及测试精度是其在线监测纤维增强树脂基复合材料制备和服役状态的重要前提。采用[90₁₁/0₁₁]的碳纤维预浸料铺层方式,在层合板0°和45°方向的典型位置埋入FBG温度和应变传感器,采用模压成型工艺制备复合材料层合板。在异向铺排（光纤光栅方向与碳纤维方向不同）的45°方向光纤光栅传感器内埋于碳纤维预浸料层间的过程中,对其采用4种不同的保护方式。通过对比实验结果发现:当对异向铺排的FBG传感器不采取保护措施时,在加热加压复合材料时光纤光栅容易失活;整层铺设同向预浸料以保护异向铺排的FBG传感器的方式改变了具有特定铺层参数复合材料的力学性能;采用窄长条同向预浸料上下包埋保护FBG传感器的方式增大了应变光栅测量结果的系统误差;采用窄长条同向预浸料上下包埋并在邻近铺层开凹槽的保护方式能明显提高内埋光纤光栅的存活率及测试精度。      

Low energy impact damage monitoring of composites using dynamic strain signals from FBG sensors - Part I: Impact detection and localization

Fiber reinforced composite materials risk to suffer from subsurface, barely visible, damage induced by transverse relatively low energy impacts. This two-paper series presents a method for the localization of an impact and identification of an eventual damage using dynamic strain signals from fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. In this paper, the localization method allowing to predict the impact position based on interpolation of a reference data set is developed and validated. The data utilized in the method are the arrival times of the asymmetric zero order Lamb waves at the different sensors. A high rate interrogation method based on intensity modulation of the Bragg wavelength shift is used to acquire the FBG signals. The localization method allows to predict the impact position with a good accuracy and therefore the inspection of the laminate can be limited to this region.     

Composite cure simulation scheme fully integrating internal strain measurement

This study proposes a new approach to determine key material parameters for stress/strain calculation of curing composite laminates and validate the simulation. Specifically, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors are embedded in a composite laminate and the two key parameters for simulation, composite shrinkage strain and stiffness change during curing, are simultaneously determined from in-situ measurements by the embedded sensors. Furthermore, the simulation is validated using internal strain change during curing. This paper begins by presenting an overview of the proposed simulation scheme and by comparing it with previous approaches to highlight its advantages. Material parameter determination using a shear-lag effect at the edge of the embedded sensors is then described and the practical procedure to obtain the key parameters is demonstrated using a carbon/epoxy laminate. Finally, cure simulation is conducted for validation. Further extension to more general cases including thermoplastic composites is also discussed.     

Comparison between point and long‐gage FBG‐based strain sensors during a railway bridge load test

Strain is a key parameter in laboratory and bridge load testing. The selection of a strain sensor depends on several factors, including the aim of the test and the specimen material. The application of the right sensor is vital to obtain accurate readings, especially in the case of heterogeneous materials such as concrete. This paper focuses on long‐gage and point fiber Bragg grating‐based strain sensors and their possible applications on concrete elements. First, strain sensors are described, after which long‐gage and point fiber Bragg grating strain sensors are compared in a concrete specimen test, a concrete column test and static and dynamic load tests on a concrete railway bridge. Results show that although it is advisable to use long‐gage sensors when monitoring heterogeneous materials, there are some particular cases were both sensors type can provide accurate strain measurements.     

光纤Bragg光栅传感检测组合结构的断裂损伤

采用光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)传感器对钢-混凝土组合桥面板模型由加载产生的滑移、掀起(脱空)和裂缝三类损伤进行检测。试验经历了静载、300万次循环疲劳加载和破坏三个阶段。结果表明在静载和疲劳试验阶段未出现滑移、掀起和纵向裂缝,传感器测得FBG布控处的混凝土应变值。破坏阶段中,组合结构相继出现裂缝、滑移和掀起损坏,利用FBG传感器测到发生此三种损坏的临界应变值并追踪其发展。结果表明:光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)传感器能够检测组合结构的断裂损伤,并追踪其发生发展的全过程。该技术对组合结构的健康检测和优化设计是很有用的。