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1.
针对自行制备的11Cr?1Si铁素体/马氏体不锈钢开展了热处理制度探索,及力学性能、铅铋环境静态腐蚀和应力腐蚀行为研究。热处理研究结果表明,11Cr?1Si不锈钢在经过调质热处理后(950 ℃/60 min+750 ℃/120 min)能够在保证较高强度的同时获得良好的韧性。500 ℃静态腐蚀结果表明,11Cr?1Si在经过3368 h腐蚀后表面形成的氧化膜致密且连续,没有出现开裂和脱落,并且整体氧化速率较缓慢,没有观察到铅铋向材料基体内的渗透,表现出良好的抗腐蚀性能。应力腐蚀实验发现,11Cr?1Si不锈钢在350 ℃和400 ℃下存在本征脆化,但是在450 ℃下没有观察到铅铋致脆现象。 相似文献
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Sunil Goyal K. Laha K. S. Chandravathi K. Bhanu Sankara Rao 《Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals》2010,63(2-3):461-466
Creep tests were carried out on 2.25Cr-1Mo ferritic steel base metal and its fusion welded joint at 823 K over a stress range of 100–240 MPa. The weld joint possessed lower creep rupture strength than the base metal and the reduction was more at lower applied stresses. The failure occurred in the intercritical region of heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the joint, commonly known as Type IV cracking. Type IV cracking in the joint was manifested as pronounced localization of creep deformation in the soft intercritical region of HAZ coupled with preferential creep cavitation. The creep cavitation in intercritical HAZ was found to initiate at the central region of the creep specimen and propagate outwards to the surface. To explain the above observations, the stress and strain distributions across the weld joint during creep exposure were estimated by using finite element analysis. For this purpose creep tests were also carried out on the deposited weld metal and simulated HAZ structures (viz. coarse-grain structure, fine-grain structure, and intercritically annealed structure) of the joint. Creep rupture strength of different constituents of joint were in the increasing order of intercritical HAZ, fine-grain HAZ, base metal, weld metal and coarse-grain HAZ. Localized preferential creep straining in the intercritical HAZ of weld joint as observed experimentally was supported by the finite element analysis. Estimated higher principal stress at the interior regions of intercritical HAZ explained the pronounced creep cavitation at these regions leading to Type IV failure of the joint. 相似文献
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K. LAHA K.S. CHANDRAVATHI P. PARAMESWARAN K. BHANU SANKARA RAO S.L. MANNAN 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2007,38(1):58-68
In the postweld heat-treated (PWHT) fusion welded modified 9Cr-1Mo steel joint, a soft zone was identified at the outer edge
of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the base metal adjacent to the deposited weld metal. Hardness and tensile tests were performed
on the base metal subjected to soaking for 5 minutes at temperatures below Ac1 to above Ac3 and tempering at the PWHT condition. These tests indicated that the soft zone in the weld joint corresponds to the intercritical
region of HAZ. Creep tests were conducted on the base metal and cross weld joint. At relatively lower stresses and higher
test temperatures, the weld joint possessed lower creep rupture life than the base metal, and the difference in creep rupture
life increased with the decrease in stress and increase in temperature. Preferential accumulation of creep deformation coupled
with extensive creep cavitation in the intercritical region of HAZ led to the premature failure of the weld joint in the intercritical
region of the HAZ, commonly known as type IV cracking. The microstructures across the HAZ of the weld joint have been characterized
to understand the role of microstructure in promoting type IV cracking. Strength reduction in the intercritical HAZ of the
joint resulted from the combined effects of coarsening of dislocation substructures and precipitates. Constrained deformation
of the soft intercritical HAZ sandwich between relatively stronger constitutes of the joint induced creep cavitation in the
soft zone resulting in premature failure. 相似文献
6.
采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、Mott-Schottky曲线等电化学方法研究了以308 L为焊丝的304 L不锈钢焊接接头在不同氯离子含量的混凝土模拟孔隙液中腐蚀行为和电化学规律.随Cl-增加,304 L不锈钢焊接接头的三个区域(母材、焊缝和热影响区)在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的自腐蚀电位、点蚀电位及电荷转移电阻降低,钝化膜中载流子密度和焊接接头的点蚀坑数量增加.在同浓度的腐蚀溶液中,308 L的焊缝区域耐蚀性最佳,热影响区次之,304 L基体表现出低的电荷转移电阻和高的掺杂浓度使得母材的耐蚀性最差. 相似文献
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《钢铁研究学报(英文版)》2016,(9):955-962
E32 grade corrosion resistant steel was welded with welding wires with three different S contents.The mi-crostructure,mechanical properties,inclusions,and corrosion behavior of welded joint were investigated.The joint coupon corrosion test and potentiodynamic polarization test were carried out under the simulated corrosion environ-ment of the inner bottom plates of cargo oil tanks.The pitting initiation and propagation mechanism of the weld metal were studied by scanning electron microscopy and infinite focus.The results indicated that the microstructures of three kinds of weld metals are all composed of acicular ferrite,ferrite side-plate and proeutectoid ferrite.The micro-structure of heat-affected zone is composed predominantly of bainite.Joint welded with low S filler wire has good me-chanical properties.S can decrease free corrosion potential and increase the corrosion tendency.The pitting initiation is oxide inclusion or sulfide-oxide inclusion complex.S can induce the formation of occluded area and promote the corrosion propagation.The chemical compositions of weld metal is similar to base metal,which can limit the galvanic corrosion between weld metal and base metal,and avoid formation of corrosion step. 相似文献
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K. Laha K. S. Chandravathi P. Parameswaran Sunil Goyal M. D. Mathew 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2012,43(4):1174-1186
Evaluations of creep rupture properties of dissimilar weld joints of 2.25Cr-1Mo, 9Cr-1Mo, and 9Cr-1MoVNb steels with Alloy
800 at 823 K were carried out. The joints were fabricated by a fusion welding process employing an INCONEL 182 weld electrode.
All the joints displayed lower creep rupture strength than their respective ferritic steel base metals, and the strength reduction
was greater in the 2.25Cr-1Mo steel joint and less in the 9Cr-1Mo steel joint. Failure location in the joints was found to
shift from the ferritic steel base metal to the intercritical region of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the ferritic steel
(type IV cracking) with the decrease in stress. At still lower stresses, the failure in the joints occurred at the ferritic/austenitic
weld interface. The stress-life variation of the joints showed two-slope behavior and the slope change coincided with the
occurrence of ferritic/austenitic weld interface cracking. Preferential creep cavitation in the soft intercritical HAZ induced
type IV failure, whereas creep cavitation at the interfacial particles induced ferritic/austenitic weld interface cracking.
Micromechanisms of the type IV failure and the ferritic/austenitic interface cracking in the dissimilar weld joint of the
ferritic steels and relative cracking susceptibility of the joints are discussed based on microstructural investigation, mechanical
testing, and finite element analysis (FEA) of the stress state across the joint. 相似文献
12.
H. Shaikh H. S. Khatak S. K. Seshadri J. B. Gnanamoorthy P. Rodriguez 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1995,26(7):1859-1868
This article deals with the effect of the microstructural changes, due to transformation of delta ferrite, on the associated
variations that take place in the tensile and stress corrosion properties of type 316 L stainless steel weld deposits when
subjected to postweld heat treatment at 873 K for prolonged periods (up to 2000 hours). On aging for short durations (up to
20 hours), carbide/ carbonitride was the dominant transformation product, whereas sigma phase was dominant at longer aging
times. The changes in the tensile and stress corrosion behavior of the aged weld metal have been attributed to the two competitive
processes of matrix softening and hardening. Yield strength (YS) was found to depend predominantly on matrix softening only,
while sig-nificant changes in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the work-hardening exponent, n, occurred due to matrix
hardening. Ductility and stress corrosion properties were considerably affected by both factors. Fractographic observations
on the weld metal tested for stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) indicated a combination of transgranular cracking of the austenite
and interface cracking. 相似文献
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M. Valsan D. Sundararaman K. Bhanu Sankara Rao S. L. Mannan 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1995,26(5):1207-1219
A comparative evaluation of the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of type 316LN base metal, 316 weld metal, and 316LN/316 weld
joints was carried out at 773 and 873 K. Total strain-controlled LCF tests were conducted at a constant strain rate of 3 ×
10−3 s−1 with strain amplitudes in the range ±0.20 to ±1.0 pct. Weld pads with single V and double V configuration were prepared by
the shielded metal-arc welding (SMAW) process using 316 electrodes for weld-metal and weld-joint specimens. Optical microscopy,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the untested and tested samples were carried
out to elucidate the deformation and the fracture behavior. The cyclic stress response of the base metal shows a very rapid
hardening to a maximum stress followed by a saturated stress response. Weld metal undergoes a relatively short initial hardening
followed by a gradual softening regime. Weld joints exhibit an initial hardening and a subsequent softening regime at all
strain amplitudes, except at low strain amplitudes where a saturation regime is noticed. The initial hardening observed in
base metal has been attributed to interaction between dislocations and solute atoms/complexes and cyclic saturation to saturation
in the number density of slip bands. From TEM, the cyclic softening in weld metal was ascribed to the annihilation of dislocations
during LCF. Type 316LN base metal exhibits better fatigue resistance than weld metal at 773 K, whereas the reverse holds true
at 873 K. The weld joint shows the lowest life at both temperatures. The better fatigue resistance of weld metal is related
to the brittle transformed delta ferrite structure and the high density of dislocations at the interface, which inhibits the
growth rate of cracks by deflecting the crack path. The lower fatigue endurance of the weld joint was ascribed to the shortening
of the crack initiation phase caused by surface intergranular crack initiation and to the poor crack propagation resistance
of the coarse-grained region in the heat-affected zone. 相似文献
14.
利用磁致伸缩空蚀试验机对Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢在蒸馏水和人工海水中进行了空蚀实验,并采用扫描电镜跟踪观察了经不同时间段空蚀后试样的形貌.通过测量失重绘制了材料的累积失重量和失重率曲线.经电化学工作站测量了材料在静态与空蚀条件下的极化曲线和腐蚀电位变化.对比分析了Cr32Ni7Mo3N与SAF2205双相不锈钢在人工海水的抗空蚀能力.结果表明:Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢空蚀破坏首先在铁素体薄弱区以及铁素体和奥氏体相界发生,并向铁素体内扩展,铁素体发生解离断裂脱落;奥氏体随着空蚀的进行,滑移线增多,显微硬度值增加,且人工海水中奥氏体显微硬度值比在蒸馏水中的高;铁素体大面积破坏后,奥氏体才失稳产生延性断裂脱落,奥氏体的存在延缓了破坏在整个材料表面上的扩展.空蚀与腐蚀交互影响导致材料在人工海水中加速破坏.Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢在人工海水中的抗空蚀能力优于SAF2205双相不锈钢. 相似文献
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A. K. Abdul Jawwad M. Strangwood C. L. Davis 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2003,34(8):1637-1645
Electron beam (EB) welding can be used to produce compressor drum assemblies for gas turbine aero-engines. The compressor
disc components are fatigue limited and the weld has been identified as a fatigue susceptible region. Electron beam welds
in forged and double-heat-treated WASPALOY have been characterized in terms of microstructure, hardness, and fatigue initiation
for the base metal, full penetration, and partial penetration (slope-out) weld metal. It has been found that the grain size
increases from the base metal through the full penetration weld to the partial penetration weld metal, being largest at the
end of full penetration (EOP). Fatigue initiation was found to occur preferentially at the EOP and was associated with the
presence of large sulfides at, or close to, the weld surface. The sulfides arise from free surface segregation of sulfur,
from the fused metal and surface contamination (arising from a preweld sulfuric acid etching stage), into the slope-out region
during weld power down. The sulfides provide fatigue initiation sites and also modify the local composition, changing the
type and number density of grain-boundary carbides and γ′ precipitates, in the slope-out region near EOP, resulting in lower hardness regions. Removal of the sulfuric acid etching
stage resulted in a more uniform microstructure. 相似文献
16.
Muhammad Atif Makhdoom Muhammad Kamran Gul Hameed Awan Sehrish Mukhtar 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2013,44(12):5505-5512
Shielded metal arc welding was applied to AISI 1045 medium carbon steel. The microstructural changes and electrochemical corrosion behavior of the heat-affected zone (HAZ), base metal (BM), and weld zone (WZ) were investigated. The effect of welding passes on microstructural changes of BM, HAZ, and WZ were elucidated using optical microscopy, potentiodynamic Tafel scan, and linear polarization resistance (LPR) methods in plain water and 3.5 pct (w/v) NaCl solution under standard temperature and pressure using corrosion kinetic parameters. From microstructural observations, the variations in ferrite morphology in the BM and WZ showed dissimilar electrochemical corrosion behavior and a corrosion rate than that of HAZ. 相似文献
17.
Xiangrong Zhang Zachary P. Cano Brycklin Wilson Joseph R. McDermid 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2017,56(3):308-321
The effect of surface preparations on the atmospheric (continuous NaCl salt fog) corrosion resistance of bare (uncoated) linear friction stir lap welded magnesium (Mg) alloy AZ31B-H24 joints was investigated. The surface preparations evaluated included as-received (as-welded for the weld zones), mechanically abraded and acid-cleaned. Electrochemical potentiodynamic polarisation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy measurements were made to elucidate the link between the surface preparation and the relative corrosion resistance observed across the microstructural zones of the joints. Heavy metal surface contamination of the as-received material, rather than the air-formed oxide or differences in alloy grain size resulting from variations in thermo-mechanical processing history, was found to be the controlling factor affecting the corrosion mode observed and, in turn, the relative corrosion resistance across the joint. Removal of the heavy metal contamination changed the corrosion mode from pit-like to filament-like, which in turn homogenised the corrosion resistance across the joint in the continuous salt fog exposure. 相似文献
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R. K. Singh Raman 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1998,29(2):577-586
Microstructural degradations in the base metal adjacent to the weld pool, i.e., the heat-affected zone (HAZ), caused during welding of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel, were characterized by electron and optical microscopy
of different regions of the weldments. In order to study the influence of the microstructural degradations on scaling kinetics
in steam and the resulting subscale features, samples of the base metal, the HAZ, and weld metal specimens were extracted
from the weldment and oxidized in an environment of 35 pct steam+nitrogen at 873 K for 10 hours. Oxide scales formed in the
three regions and the underlying subscales were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe
microanalysis (EPMA). Influence of the “free” chromium content in the three weldment regions on protective scale formation
and on the subscale features has been investigated. As the principal achievement, this study has clearly shown the occurrence
of oxidation-induced void formation in the subscale zone and grain boundary cavitation in the neighboring area during steam
oxidation of the HAZ. This article also discusses the possible role of oxidation-induced void formation and grain boundary
cavitation in the inferior service life of welds in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel components. 相似文献
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对加Al质量分数为4%的304、2%的316L不锈钢热轧板材的焊接性能进行了研究。采用手工氩弧焊(TIG)的焊接方法,利用光学显微镜对焊缝的显微组织进行分析,利用电子探针(EMPA)分析焊接母材的元素分布,并对焊接接头进行力学性能测试。组织和力学性能的研究结果表明:含铝304和含铝316L合金热轧板分别选用ER308L,ER316L作为焊接材料,经TIG焊接后,焊缝无裂纹、气孔等缺陷,接头具有良好的强度和塑性,焊接接头力学性能接近于其母材;热影响区组织与母材组织基本一致,焊缝与母材熔合良好,组织良好,加铝304和316L不锈钢具有良好的焊接性能。 相似文献
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The fluid flow in a sharp, propagating crack is shown to have a large pressure drop near the tip for finite crack velocities.
An analysis of the effect of liquid surface tension is made to determine the possibility of cavitation of the liquid. The
analysis indicates that cavitation is possible for certain liquid metal embrittlement systems. Other systems apparently cannot
support cavitation, but the fluid flow will still be important since it influences mass transport within the propagating crack. 相似文献