环境对316L钢塑性疲劳短裂纹萌生与扩展行为的影响

研究在对称恒幅塑性应变（Ｒ＝－１，△εＰ＝２×１０－３控制下，真空条件及温度效应对３１６Ｌ钢的塑性疲劳短裂纹萌生和扩展行为的影响。通过观测表面主裂纹长度及裂纹密度随循环周次发展规律给出材料表面损伤的定量分析。结合对表面主裂纹长度与深度的分析建立起疲劳短裂纹前沿扩展速率与循环Ｊ积分及基于塑性应变控制下等效应力强度因子的关系。     

高温渗碳轴承钢旋弯疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展行为

 为了提高航空轴承的服役寿命,借助QBWP-10000X型旋转弯曲疲劳试验机,研究了高温渗碳轴承钢的旋转弯曲疲劳性能和裂纹萌生扩展行为。结果表明,钢的中值疲劳强度达到913.3 MPa。有效渗层中大量M₂₃C₆和少量M₆C碳化物显著提高了试验钢的表面硬度,渗层不同碳浓度导致马氏体先后发生相变而形成408 MPa表面压应力,进而提高了钢的疲劳性能。疲劳裂纹主要萌生在表面缺陷和次表面碳化物,分别占比71.4%和 28.6%。萌生裂纹缺陷特征尺寸及承载应力对应力强度因子和循环次数影响显著,深犁沟形状由于涉及应力集中而直接影响疲劳循环次数,承受相同加载应力碳化物特征尺寸越大,循环次数越低。裂纹萌生后沿渗碳层碳化物边界快速扩展同时向芯部缓慢扩展,最后在试样疲劳源对侧近边缘区域发生准解理和韧性混合断裂。     

粉末高速钢疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展的研究进展

本文系统的阐述了近30年来粉末冶金高速钢的疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展行为的研究进展。粉末高速钢晶粒细化、碳化物分布均匀,弥散度高,碳化物细化效果使得抗弯强度、冲击韧性大幅度提高。但是粉末高速钢由于微结构之间的平均距离比熔铸高速钢要小的多,其裂纹扩展速率较高,使得粉末高速钢过早断裂的危险性比熔铸高速钢要大。而减少粉末高速钢夹杂物的临界尺寸和降低孔隙率可以有效的改善其疲劳性能。     

奥氏体钢四点弯曲疲劳行为的数值模拟与试验

采用有限元方法对奥氏体钢四点弯曲疲劳试验的加载过程进行了数值模拟,分析了疲劳试样的应力分布与疲劳寿命,确定了受力分布相对均匀的试样的合理尺寸范围,并对一种Cr-Mn奥氏体钢进行了四点弯曲疲劳试验研究,对比分析了有限元模拟与试验结果间的差别与原因。结果表明,试样尺寸不同,两加载辊之间的应力分布规律不同;当t/h(材料厚度/加载辊距)1.4时,最大应力出现在靠近加载辊的内侧,距加载辊0.4~0.5 mm;当t/h=1.2~1.4时,两加载辊之间的应力分布比较均匀,最大模拟应力与加载应力(理论值)的误差小于5%;当t/h1.2时,最大应力出现在两加载辊中间,其中t/h=0.7~0.8时,模拟值最大应力与加载应力比较接近,但应力分布均匀性较低;采用t/h≈1.3的试样进行疲劳试验研究,试验后的疲劳裂纹均产生在两加载辊中间,在加载辊外侧未发现疲劳裂纹,这与模拟结果相一致;模拟疲劳极限为498 MPa,循环4.0×10~6周次,试验测定疲劳极限为505MPa,循环3.6×106周次,模拟值略小于试验值,可见有限元方法可以较准确地预测材料的疲劳寿命。     

铸造奥氏体不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展

用紧凑拉伸试样研究了载荷比、单峰过载和两步高-低幅加载对Z3CN20-09M铸造奥氏体不锈钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响.当应力强度因子范围相同时,疲劳裂纹扩展速率随载荷比的增大而增大.单峰过载使裂纹扩展速率先有短暂的增加后长距离的减速扩展,出现裂纹扩展迟滞现象.两步高-低幅加载时,若两步的最大载荷不同,第二步裂纹扩展也会出现迟滞现象.用两参数模型和Wheeler模型能够预测恒幅载荷和变幅载荷下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为.     

航空用超高强度钢中夹杂物导致疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展的微观行为

采用扫描电镜原位观测的方法,跟踪观察了低周疲劳载荷下航空用超高强度钢MA250中夹杂物导致裂纹萌生与扩展的微观行为,得到了MA250钢低周疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展的基本特性,讨论了精确测定MA250钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率的方法.     

氢致钢内部疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的有限元分析

对氢致钢内部疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展进行了数值模拟.首先用有限元法分析了氢在疲劳载荷作用下向钢中缺陷处扩散富集的过程,然后计算得到氢含量分布结果.根据夹杂理论将氢富集区视为在缺陷附近分布的弹性夹杂,用有限元法计算得到的氢含量场求出夹杂处的应力强度因子,进而建立疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的判据.比较了在不同加载条件下氢致疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的规律.用梯形法修正了Sofronis和McMeeking的瞬态扩散有限元公式,发现用梯形法可以缓解加载初期较高的浓度梯度和应力梯度引起的计算结果震荡的情况,这对于计算开裂判据是十分重要的.最后讨论了提高模拟精度和改进模型的方法.     

Q345R钢中微缺陷的裂纹萌生与扩展

 对压力容器与压力管道用钢Q345R在低周疲劳下微孔（[?]40～200 μm）的裂纹萌生与扩展规律进行了研究。研究表明小裂纹的萌生主要机理为滑移带启裂,并且由剪应力起主导作用。微缺陷的尺寸、应力幅等因素对疲劳寿命均有影响显著,当应力幅值较低时,微孔的尺寸对疲劳寿命有明显影响。当应力幅值水平较高时,小孔直径对疲劳寿命的影响则不敏感。微观缺陷尺寸存在临界值,当缺陷尺寸大于临界值时,疲劳寿命下降很快。在同一应力幅水平下,裂纹萌生寿命与疲劳总寿命的比值[（Nt/Nf）]与微孔尺寸没有关系,本试验的低周疲劳下约为10%～25%。     

316L不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为试验

 工程构件普遍承受疲劳载荷,从而导致疲劳失效。针对由316L不锈钢制成的标准紧凑拉伸试样,开展了一系列疲劳裂纹扩展试验。试验内容包括不同应力比下的常幅加载和在常幅加载过程中引入单个拉伸过载峰。试验结果表明：316L不锈钢具有很强的应力比效应,裂纹扩展速率随应力比的增大而增大。在引入单个拉伸过载峰后,观察到出现迟滞效应前发生了短暂的加速扩展现象。通过一种新的双参数模型来描述材料的应力比效应,并使用改进的Wheeler模型对过载后的裂纹扩展行为进行预测。预测结果表明：该方法能够更好地描述不同工况下316L不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。     

Fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior of high cobalt molybdenum stainless bearing steel

The crack initiation and propagation behavior of high cobalt molybdenum stainless bearing steel was studied by rotating bending fatigue test with smooth cylindrical specimens and notched specimens (theoretical stress concentration factor Kt=3). The fatigue limit and S- N curve of bearing steel were measured by up- and- down method and group method, respectively. The fractures of the specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the cracking type of the smooth specimens is single source initiation. The crack source is surface defects and subsurface inclusion. The surface defects are surface roughness, persistent slip band and machining dent, while the subsurface inclusion is Al2O3- CaO- MgO- SiO2 composite inclusion. The fatigue limit of notched specimens is significantly decreased. The cracking type of the notched specimens is multi- source initiation. The notch sensitivity factor qf of bearing steel is 1. 18. The fatigue failure of the smooth specimens is transferred from the surface roughness with high stress amplitude to the persistent slip bands, the machining dents and the inclusions with low stress amplitude. The fatigue crack initiation life accounts for more than 94. 1% of the whole fatigue life.     

固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢组织与疲劳裂纹扩展规律的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EDS能谱分析和力学性能测试等方法,研究了固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢显微组织与疲劳裂纹扩展规律的影响。结果表明：与原始热轧态相比,在950~1150℃范围固溶处理的试样的疲劳裂纹门槛值显著提高,稳态裂纹扩展速率均有所减小。在950℃固溶处理时,组织中析出少量的σ相,试样的稳态裂纹扩展速率显著降低;随着固溶温度的升高,组织中α相含量逐渐增加,σ相溶解,试样的稳态裂纹扩展速率的变化呈现为先增大后减小的趋势;当固溶温度达到1150℃时,组织中α相含量最高且两相组织明显粗化,试样的稳态裂纹扩展速率达到最小,呈现出最高的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力。固溶处理引起σ相的析出与溶解、α相含量的增加及组织粗化是引起2205双相不锈钢试样疲劳裂纹扩展性能非单调变化的原因。     

基于XFEM的岩体卸荷过程裂纹起裂扩展规律研究

地下和边坡工程开挖常涉及岩体卸荷问题,采用ABAQUS软件中的扩展有限单元法(extended finite element method,XFEM)对开挖卸荷过程岩体内部裂纹的起裂扩展进行了模拟,通过计算裂纹尖端应力强度因子研究了其起裂特征,并探讨了起裂影响因素,通过记录裂纹扩展形态研究了其动态演化模式.结果表明,卸荷过程中卸荷速率越快,裂纹长度越长,倾角越大,其起裂越容易;并且裂纹面受到的正应力不断减小,剪应力不断增大,裂纹扩展主要由剪应力控制,这与理论分析结果一致.裂纹最终扩展演化形态也与物理试验相近,充分表明运用扩展有限单元法研究岩体裂纹问题的可靠性.     

Study of fatigue crack propagation behaviour for dual-phase X80 pipeline steel

Load-controlled fatigue tests were conducted on dual-phase X80 pipeline steel to investigate the effects of stress ratio (R-ratio) on the fatigue crack growth behaviour. Dual-phase X80 pipeline steel showed a non-linear relationship between fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) and the stress intensity factor range (ΔK) at each R-ratio. Fatigue crack propagation curves of X80 pipeline steel were evaluated using the conventional Paris equation and a new exponential equation named αβ model. In addition, the electron back-scattered diffraction technique was used to study the effects of stress ratio on the fatigue crack growth behaviour. The results indicated that the corresponding ΔK of the transition point decreased with the increase of R-ratio. That was attributed to the variation of the crack path and the fracture mode because of the changes in the size of monotonic plastic zone and cyclic plastic zone at crack tip. Compared to the overall fitting, piecewise fitting by Paris equation and αβ model, piecewise fitting was the most accurate method, and αβ model is more convenient and efficient than the conventional Paris-based equations.     

High temperature fatigue properties and crack initiation and its expansion mechanism of high nitrogen bearing steel

The flexural fatigue properties of 40Cr15Mo2VN high nitrogen bearing steel at 200?? was 883MPa, which was 17% lower than that at room temperature. The results show that the types of fatigue failure are surface failure initiation and internal non- metallic inclusion. Compared with room temperature, the threshold value of fatigue stress intensity factor ??Kth at 200?? decreases by 20%, leading to the reduction of the critical non- metallic inclusion size at the start of fatigue crack initiation. The interaction of small cracks near the fatigue source in the surface initiation cracks at 200?? increases the stress intensity factor KI and accelerates the initial surface crack propagation. At the same time, according to the ratio of the nominal stress amplitude and the ultimate fatigue strength of the non- metallic inclusions in the high- nitrogen bearing steel, the influence of the size, position and temperature of the non- metallic inclusions on the fatigue life was analyzed.     

疲劳裂纹萌生尺寸确定方法研究

以缺口件为研究对象 ,根据J积分理论 ,对Dowling法进行了改进 ,并根据疲劳非扩展裂纹的性质 ,给出裂纹萌生尺寸的定义 ,介绍疲劳裂纹萌生尺寸的确定方法