0.1C-5Mn钢两相区退火后的残余奥氏体与力学性能

通过ART(奥氏体逆相变)热处理工艺,研究了两相区退火温度对0.1C-5Mn钢中残余奥氏体与力学性能的影响。采用SEM、XRD、室温拉伸等分析测试手段,表征了试验钢组织形貌、亚稳奥氏体含量以及力学性能。结果表明,试验钢经ART工艺处理后,室温组织主要由铁素体与残余奥氏体组成;随退火温度升高,试验钢中出现碳化物析出与再溶解,同时板条状形变马氏体回复多边化形成等轴铁素体,颗粒状奥氏体过冷转变为板条状和块状马氏体;630、645、660℃退火1h试样中奥氏体体积分数相近,分别为18.4%、19.5%、18.8%,随温度升高,奥氏体含量骤降,大量逆相变奥氏体转变为马氏体;综合不同退火温度,表明试验钢经660℃退火可获得最佳的综合力学性能。     

冷轧TRIP590钢带的成分优化

 化学成分和热处理工艺是影响TRIP钢力学性能的关键因素。通过热模拟试验方法研究了不同成分试验钢在临界区退火过程中的微观组织变化规律。结果表明：随着两相区退火温度的升高,铁素体平均晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,铁素体体积分数随着加热温度的升高而降低;残余奥氏体量和其中的C质量分数先随着退火温度的升高而降低,达到一个低谷以后,再随退火温度的升高而升高;在相同的退火温度下,随着Nb的加入,多边形铁素体晶粒尺寸细化,铁素体体积分数逐渐减少;既加Nb又高Si的试验钢钢中残奥数量最多,不加Nb的试验钢中残奥数量最少。TRIP钢试制结果表明,钢带组织类型为典型的TRIP钢组织,多边形铁素体平均晶粒尺寸约8μm,体积分数67%,残余奥氏体体积分数为5.58%,残余奥氏体中C质量分数为1.34%,同时,力学性能也完全满足TRIP590的性能要求。     

合金元素对大线能量焊接用钢组织性能的影响

为阐明钢中常用合金元素对大线能量焊接热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)的影响规律,设计了不同合金质量分数的试验钢,并进行氧化物冶金工艺处理,考察了各试验钢模拟焊接CGHAZ冲击韧性和组织特征。结果表明,低碳高锰有利于韧性的改善,但存在合适的碳质量分数范围,极低碳时需抑制晶界铁素体生成;添加质量分数为0.01%的铌时可保持较高的CGHAZ韧性,但过量的铌促进贝氏体生成而导致韧性恶化;添加质量分数为0.05%的钒时能提高基体强度并保持优良CGHAZ韧性,更高质量分数时因碳化物大量析出导致韧性下降;在一定范围内提高镍和铜质量分数可综合改善钢板强度和CGHAZ韧性;铬和钼的添加可抑制晶界转变产物,促进微细针状铁素体组织生成,但在试验钢成分下较多的M/A使得CGHAZ韧性未得到有效改善。     

70Si3MnCrMo钢中贝氏体及其回火稳定性

 对一种新型70Si3MnCrMo钢进行了等温和连续冷却贝氏体相变热处理。利用拉伸和冲击试验研究试验钢的力学行为,利用XRD、SEM和TEM等方法对试验钢进行了相组成分析和微观组织形貌观察。研究结果表明,试验钢经等温贝氏体相变,其最佳综合力学性能出现在200 ℃回火,强塑积为26.4 GPa·%。经连续冷却贝氏体相变,其最佳综合力学性能出现在300 ℃回火,强塑积达到28.6 GPa·%。回火温度较低的情况下,热处理后的组织为由贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组成的无碳化物贝氏体组织,这种无碳化物贝氏体由超细贝氏体铁素体板条而获得超高强度,由一定量的高碳残余奥氏体来保证较高的塑性和韧性。试验钢经连续冷却贝氏体相变,其贝氏体铁素体板条中出现了超细亚单元,并且残余奥氏体呈薄膜状和小块状两种形态分布于贝氏体铁素体板条之间,这两种形态残余奥氏体的稳定性不同。拉伸试样在变形过程中残余奥氏体持续发生TRIP效应,直至全部残余奥氏体都发生转变生成应变诱发马氏体,从而使钢得到更好的强、塑性配合,表现出十分优异的综合性能。     

含铌冷轧DP780钢的连退工艺对组织及性能的影响

 通过成分工艺优化,在传统冷轧铁素体和马氏体双相钢DP780的显微组织上引入了一定体积分数的残余奥氏体,研究了冷轧退火工艺参数对双相钢DP780的显微组织和力学性能的影响。通过调整连续退火工艺来控制显微组织中一次铁素体、二次铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体的比例、尺寸、形貌、分布,同时获得了连退工艺参数-显微组织-力学性能的本质关系。结果表明,通过在传统冷轧铁素体和马氏体双相钢的组织上引入了体积分数为5%～7%的残余奥氏体,不仅可以获得[ReL/Rm≤0.5]的超低屈强比型冷轧DP780,也改善了成型性能。     

Ni、Co元素对P92焊缝金属δ-铁素体形成的影响

运用大型热力学计算软件Thermo-CalcTM计算分析了P92钢焊接材料中分别添加Ni、Co元素时对焊缝金属中δ-铁素体形成的影响.研究结果表明,Ni、Co元素均能有效抑制P92钢焊缝金属中δ-铁素体的形成,对计算结果进行回归分析,提出了计算公式w(Ni)eq =w(Ni) +0.62w(Co),以定量评估Ni、Co元素对于δ-铁素体形成的抑制效果.综合考虑Ni、Co元素对焊缝金属Ac1点及δ-铁素体形成的影响,并结合Ni、Co元素的价格因素,认为在P92钢焊接材料设计中可以用Co部分替代Ni.     

合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织与性能的影响

采用金相、扫描、X射线衍射和电化学等方法研究了合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织性能的影响。结果表明:钢中加氮细化组织与碳化物,析出相尺寸随着氮含量的增加而降低。高氮不锈轴承钢1 030、1 050℃淬火后残余奥氏体体积分数达到20%～35%,而且碳氮含量越高,残余奥氏体越多。经冷处理及回火后残余奥氏体体积分数降至7%～10.3%,由于残余奥氏体的相变强化与碳氮化物析出强化,低温回火硬度约为59HRC,500℃高温回火硬度可达到58HRC～59HRC。高氮不锈轴承钢中析出相细化、基体贫铬区减少及氮-钼协同作用,使其耐蚀性能明显优于440C钢,而且钢中氮含量越高,耐蚀性能越好。因此,较高合金含量(C+N)的高氮不锈轴承钢兼具高硬度和优异的耐蚀性能。     

冶炼方法对0Cr12Mn5Ni4Mo3Al高强不锈钢棒材力学性能和组织的影响

 研究了使用真空感应炉+电渣重熔工艺代替原有的电炉+炉外精炼（LF）+电渣重熔工艺对0Cr12Mn5Ni4Mo3Al高强度不锈钢不同规格棒材的力学性能和组织的影响。结果表明,使用新工艺得到的钢材更为洁净,组织中保留有适量的残余奥氏体;与旧工艺小规格棒材相比,新工艺得到的大规格棒材在保持或提高抗拉强度的同时,优化了屈强比,提高了塑韧性,冲击吸收功提高了40~60J;适当调节w(Cr)eq/w(Ni)eq比以及采用合理的锻造、轧制工艺,可以消除棒材组织中δ-铁素体的不利影响,更大限度地发挥材料潜力。     

C和Mn元素配分行为对冷轧中锰TRIP钢组织性能的影响

采用冷轧+两相区温轧退火(CR+WR+IA)热处理工艺,研究了两相区退火时间对超细晶铁素体与奥氏体中组织形貌演变、C和Mn元素配分行为以及力学性能的影响。结果表明,冷轧试验钢经两相区形变退火处理后,获得了由铁素体、残余奥氏体或新生马氏体组成的超细晶复相组织。在645℃随退火时间的延长,形变马氏体向逆相变奥氏体配分的C、Mn元素增多,C、Mn元素富集位置增加,同时富Mn区形变马氏体回复再结晶现象明显;伴随少量碳化物溶解,试验钢的屈服强度由741 MPa持续降低到325 MPa。两相区退火10 min时,试验钢力学性能最佳,此时抗拉强度达到最大值1 141 MPa,断后伸长率及均匀伸长率分别为23.6%和18.1%,强塑积达到26.928 GPa·%。     

等温时间对低硅含铝热轧TRIP钢组织性能的影响

 为了实现低硅含铝热轧TRIP钢的工业应用，以低硅含铝热轧TRIP钢为研究对象，采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、拉伸试验和X射线衍射等试验方法，研究了不同等温时间对试验钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明，试验钢的显微组织主要由多边形铁素体、贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组成，随着等温时间的增加，板条贝氏体的体积分数升高，粒状贝氏体的体积分数降低；当等温时间为20 min时，试验钢的综合力学性能最佳，抗拉强度为732.25 MPa，断后伸长率为36%，强塑积为26.36 GPa·%；残余奥氏体的体积分数和碳含量先升高后降低，等温时间为20 min时试验钢表现出较强的加工硬化行为。     

Unexpected Effect of Nb Addition as a Microalloying Element on Mechanical Properties of δ-TRIP Steels

The concept of microalloying was applied to the δ-TRIP(transformation-induced plasticity)steel to investigate the feasibility of increasing the mechanical properties and understanding the effect of microalloying on the morphology and structure of the steel.A hot rolled δ-TRIP steel with three different contents of Nb(0,0.03,0.07 mass%)was subjected to the microstructural and mechanical examination.The high Al and Si concentration in these steels guaranteed the presence of the considerable δ-ferrite phase in the microstructure after the casting and the subsequent hot rolling.The obtained results showed that Nb dramatically affects the microstructure,the dynamic recovery and recrystallization behavior,as well as the grain shape and thus the stability of austenite after the thermomechanical process of hot rolling.The results also revealed an unexpected effect of Nb on the mechanical properties.The addition of Nb to theδ-TRIP steel led to a significant decrease in the ultimate strength(from 1 144 to 917 MPa)and an increase in ductility(from 24% to 28%).These unconventional results could be explained by the change in the steel microstructure.The work-hardening behaviors of all samples exhibit three stages of the work-hardening rate evolution.At the stage 2,the work-hardening rate of the studied steels increased,being attributed to the TRIP effect and the transformation of austenite to martensite.     

Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature on Micro-structure and Property of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 Su-permartensitic Stainless Steel

The microstructural evolution and mechanical property of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2supermartensitic stainless steel(SMSS)subjected to different heat treatments were investigated.Room tensile tests,hardness tests,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were conducted on the heat-treated steels.It is found that the microstructure of the heat-treated steel is composed of tempered lath martensite,retained austenite andδ-ferrite.The austenitizing temperature and tempering temperature have a significant effect on the microstructural changes,which leads to the complex variations of mechanical properties.The fine tempered lath martensite and more dispersed reversed austenite in the microstructure facilitate improving the comprehensive mechanical properties of the studied steel.The optimal heat treatment process of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2SMSS is obtained by austenitizing at 1 000℃for 0.5h+air cooling followed by tempering at 630℃for 2h+air cooling,where the excellent combination of tensile strength,elongation and hardness can be achieved.     

Effect of alloying elements on the microstructure‐property relationship in thermomechanically processed C‐Mn‐Si TRIP steels

The effect of additions of Nb, Al and Mo to Fe‐C‐Mn‐Si TRIP steel on the final microstructure and mechanical properties after simulated thermomechanical processing (TMP) has been studied. The laboratory simulations of discontinuous cooling during TMP were performed using a hot rolling mill. All samples were characterised using optical microscopy and image analysis. The volume fraction of retained austenite was ascertained using a heat tinting technique and X‐ray diffraction measurements. Room temperature mechanical properties were determined by a tensile test. From this a comprehensive understanding of the structural aspect of the bainite transformation in these types of TRIP steels has been developed. The results have shown that the final microstructures of thermomechanically processed TRIP steels comprise ~ 50 % of polygonal ferrite, 7 ‐12 % of retained austenite, non‐carbide bainitic structure and martensite. All steels exhibited a good combination of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation. The microstructure‐property examination revealed the relationship between the composition of TRIP steels and their mechanical properties. It has been shown that the addition of Mo to the C‐Si‐Mn‐Nb TRIP steel increases the ultimate tensile strength up to 1020 MPa. The stability of the retained austenite of the Nb‐Mo steel was degraded, which led to a decrease in the elongation (24 %). The results have demonstrated that the addition of Al to C‐Si‐Mn‐Nb steel leads to a good combination of strength (~ 940 MPa) and elongation (~ 30 %) due to the formation of refined acicular ferrite and granular bainite structure with ~7 ‐ 8 % of stable retained austenite. Furthermore, it has been found that the addition of Al increases the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite laths. The investigations have shown an interesting result that, in the Nb‐Mo‐Al steel, Al has a more pronounced effect on the microstructure in comparison with Mo. It has been found that the bainitic structure of the Nb‐Mo‐Al steel appears to be more granular than in the Nb‐Mo steel. Moreover, the volume fraction of the retained austenite increased (12 %) with decreasing bainitic ferrite content. The results have demonstrated that this steel has the best mechanical properties (1100 MPa and 28 % elongation). It has been concluded that the combined effect of Nb, Mo, and Al addition on the dispersion of the bainite, martensite and retained austenite in the ferrite matrix and the morphology of these phases is different than effect of Nb, Mo and Al, separately.     

含钛中锰钢淬火-配分组织及力学性能

 为了研究淬火-配分含钛中锰钢的组织与力学性能,借助扫描电子显微镜,透射电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射技术与万能拉伸试验机、磨粒磨损试验机等,分析与测试了含钛中锰钢在165~240 ℃淬火380 ℃配分处理后组织、强度、塑性与磨粒磨损性能。结果表明,试验钢淬火-配分组织主要为板条状一次马氏体、块状二次马氏体及残余奥氏体,同时含有大量微米级TiN和纳米级(Ti,Mo)C及TiN-(Ti,Mo)C复合析出相。190 ℃淬火380 ℃配分后残余奥氏体体积分数最高为12.5%。试验钢不同温度淬火与配分后屈服强度均大于1 000 MPa,抗拉强度均大于1 500 MPa,硬度从482.5HV增大到542.2HV,伸长率范围为9.2%~14.5%,在165~190 ℃淬火-配分处理后其抗磨粒磨损性能优于220~240 ℃淬火-配分钢。磨损机制主要是塑性变形和疲劳破坏,磨损过程中残余奥氏体发生应变诱导马氏体相变(TRIP)效应,析出相颗粒阻断基体塑性变形过程犁沟的前进和刮削行为,含钛中锰钢通过淬火-配分引入一定体积分数的残余奥氏体,有利于提高钢的强塑性与抗磨损性能。结合力学性能指标,含钛中锰钢最佳淬火-配分工艺为900 ℃奥氏体化30 min,190 ℃淬火,380 ℃配分10 min。     

Effects of Mo and Controlled Cooling on Microstructure and Properties of Thick-Wall High-Strength Pipeline Steel

Herein, the effect of molybdenum (Mo) and postrolling cooling processes on the mechanical properties and microstructure transformation characteristics of an X80 thick-wall high-strength pipeline steel are deeply investigated. The results reveal that the yield strength and tensile strength of the steel are enhanced with Mo addition at the equalization temperature of 480 °C at a cooling rate of 25 °C s⁻¹, accompanied by the improvement in the yield ratio. However, when the postrolling cooling temperature is reduced to 380 °C, the mechanical properties of steels with Mo-free and 0.29 wt% Mo are comparable. The mechanistic study indicates that the Mo addition would inhibit the transformation from deformed austenite to polygonal ferrite, and promote the transformation of acicular ferrite/granular bainite at medium–low temperatures, as well as significant differences in the volume fraction, size, and morphology of martensite/austenite (M/A) in the matrix. Notably, the volume fraction of M/A decreases from 7.2% to less than 1.0% with Mo content increasing, while its average size also reduces from 1.5 to less than 1.0 μm. And the fine, spheroidal, and dispersed M/A is found to play a vital role in the high-strength and excellent low-temperature toughness of the steel.     

Interrelations of cooling rate,microstructure, and mechanical properties in four HSLA steels

The present study was carried out on four steels containing 0.1 pct C-1.5 pct Mn-0.003 pct B* in common, with additions of 1 pct Cr, 0.5 pct Mo, 0.25 pct Mo + 1 pct Cr, 0.2 pct Ti + 1 pct Cr. They were designated, accordingly, as Cr, Mo, Mo-Cr, and Cr-Ti steels. All the steels exhibited a complete lath martensite microstructure with thin interlaths of retained austenite (≈0.05 pct) in the quenched condition. The normalized microstructures, granular bainite, contained massive areas of ferrite and granules of bainite laths. Both microconstituents contained a fine dispersion of cementite particles (size ≈50 Å) together with high dislocation densities. A mechanism explaining their for-mation has been given. The Cr steel, due to its low hardenability, showed in addition polygonal ferrite in the neighborhood of the so-called M-A constituent (twinned martensite and/or austenite). The annealed microstructure (using a cooling rate of 0.033 °C s^?1) of the Cr steel consisted of coarse ferrite-pearlite. Addition of 0.2 pct Ti to the Cr steel markedly refined the structure, whereas an addition of 0.25 pct Mo altered the microstructure to ferrite-lower bainite. In the 0.5 pct Mo steel, polygonal ferrite was found to be completely missing. The mechanical properties of the four steels after quenching, normalizing, and annealing were investigatedvia hardness and tensile test mea-surements. An empirical equation, relating the ultimate tensile strength to the steel composition, for steels that had granular bainite microstructures in the normalized condition, was proposed. The fracture surfaces exhibited cleavage and variable-size dimples depending on the microstructure and steel composition.     

Retained austenite and mechanical properties of 0. 1C- 5Mn steel after intercritical annealing

The effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure, mechanical property and austenite content for 0. 1C- 5Mn steel was studied by ART (Austenite Reverted Transformation) heat treatment process. The morphology, metastable austenite content and mechanical properties of experimental steel were characterized by means of SEM, XRD and tensile testing at room temperature. The results indicate that the structure of experimental steel is composed of ferrite and retained austenite; with the increase of the inintercritical annealing temperature, precipitation and redissolution of carbides are found in experimental steels; simultaneously, the lath- like deformed martensite reverts to form equiaxed ferrite through the recovery and polygonization, and granular austenite undercools to lath- like and blocky martensite; the contents of retained austenite are similar in 630, 645 and 660?? samples, which are 18. 4 vol.%, 19. 5 vol.% and 18. 8 vol.%, respectively; with the increase of the annealing temperature, the volume fraction of the retained austenite suddenly drops and a large amount of reversed austenite changes into martensite; the combination of different annealing temperatures indicates that the experimental steel can obtain the best comprehensive mechanical properties when the annealing temperature is 660??.     

The Effect of Nb on Mechanical Properties of Quenching and Partitioning Steels

In order to study the effect of alloy elements on mechanical properties of quenching and partitioning steels,the Q and P heat treatments on different chemical composition steels were carried on in lab.The tensile test results indicated the strength of Nb+Ti-bearing steel was not increasing as expected,but lower than that of the Nb+Ti-free steel,and the elongation was raised to 26% from 9%.The Nb+Ti-bearing steel microstructures after tensile test were detected by TEM and found a certain amount of twins in the deformed microstructure while the deformed microstructure mainly was lath martensite in Nb+Ti-free steel,which means the addition of Nb and Ti elements could cause the twinning induced plasticity by inhibiting the phase transformation from austenite to martensite.Based on above analysis,adding trace Nb element could greatly increase the stacking fault energy of the retained austenite,which is beneficial to the formation of twins,and the formation of twins would lower the strength slightly and raise the elongation drastically.     

Optimization of strength and toughness in two high-strength stainless steels

It has been found possible to increase the strength and toughness of two high-strength stainless steels, AFC 77 and AFC 260, by austenitizing at temperatures that are in the range where both austenite and δ ferrite are stable. The δ ferrite is then removed by isothermal transformation in the range 1800° to 2000°F. This technique results in a greater solution of carbides and intermetallic particles and consequently in a greater amount of retained austenite than is possible at austenitizing temperatures below the δ-ferrite range. In addition, the technique permits optimum mechanical properties to be obtained over a wider compositional range.