Recovery of Rare Earths, Niobium, and Thorium from the Tailings of Giant Bayan Obo Ore in China

The recovery of rare earths, niobium, and thorium from Bayan Obo??s tailings has been investigated because the Bayan Obo ore is rich in rare earths and rich in niobium and thorium, but it is mined mainly as an iron ore and will be used up soon. By carbochlorination between 823?K (550?°C) and 873?K (600?°C) for 2?hours, 76 to 93?pct of rare earths were recovered from the tailings, which were much higher than those from Bayan Obo??s rare earth concentrate, together with 65 to 78?pct of niobium, 72 to 92?pct of thorium, 84 to 91?pct of iron, and 81 to 94?pct of fluorine. This suggests a cooperative reaction mechanism that carbochlorination of iron minerals (and carbonates) in the tailings enhances that of rare earth minerals, which is supported by a thermodynamic analysis. Subsequently, niobium separation from the low-volatile, ultrahigh iron chloride mixture was achieved efficiently by selective oxidation with Fe₂O₃. This process, combined with the best available technologies for separation of rare earths and thorium from the involatile chloride mixture and for comprehensively using other valuable elements, allows the ore to minimize radioactive waste and to use rare metal resources sustainably in the future.     

Recovery of rare earth and cobalt from Co-based magnetic scraps

The reuse of RE and cobalt in Co-based magnetic scraps was studied.The optimized feat lixiviated condition was:200 mesh,sulfuric acid dosage was of 1.4 times theoretic dosage,temperature was 80 oC and leaching time 1 h.The optimum technology conditions was:Na2S2O8 dosage was of 8 times theoretic dosage,oxidation temperature 80 oC,oxidation time 2 h and pH=4.5.Rare earth was precipitated by saturated(NH4)2C2O4 solution,after roasting of rare earth oxalate,rare earth oxide was received.Cobalt-iron residue was soaked by hydrochloric acid,the Fe(OH)3 was preferential solution,pH was adjusted to 1.4 by hydrochloric acid,Co(OH)3 did not dissolve,cobalt and iron were separated,after roasting of Co(OH)3,cobalt oxide was received.The total recovery of cobalt was found to be 97% and rare earths was 96%.     

贫赤铁-黄金尾渣悬浮态磁化焙烧选矿试验

针对河南黄金尾渣中低品位、难选的赤铁矿,采用悬浮态磁化焙烧-磁选工艺和阶段粉磨-磁选工艺流程对该黄金尾渣进行选矿试验,并取得了良好的效果:原矿铁品位只有27.30％,在焙烧温度750～850℃、焙烧时间2～3 s的煤基直接还原和一定的粉磨-磁选条件下,获得铁品位56.05％、回收率77.51％的铁精矿.分析了影响焙烧磁选的主要因素.     

从废荧光粉中回收稀土的工艺研究

研究了从废荧光粉(REO^12.00%)中回收稀土元素的工艺。采用碳酸钠焙烧-酸浸出工艺回收废荧光粉中的稀土,研究了碳酸钠加入量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间以及浸出条件对稀土回收率的影响。研究结果表明,碳酸钠焙烧试验的最佳条件为碳酸钠与荧光粉焙烧比例1∶2,焙烧温度700℃,焙烧时间1 h;焙烧产物用盐酸浸出,浸出试验最佳条件:盐酸浓度、液固比、浸出温度、浸出时间分别为3 mol/L、10∶1、70℃、2 h,在上述焙烧及浸出最优条件下,稀土总回收率(REO)达97%以上。     

白云鄂博高品位混合稀土精矿特性分析

随着稀土选矿技术的日趋进步,白云鄂博稀土精矿的品位提升至65%以上,且可进行大规模的生产应用。以白云鄂博高品位混合型稀土精矿为研究对象,采用XRD、EDS、SEM、AMICS等表征手段对高品位稀土精矿进行系统研究。研究结果表明,高品位精矿中REO品位为67.96%,轻稀土元素占稀土总量的98.65%,属典型富铈低钇型轻稀土,矿中的钙、氟、磷杂质含量明显降低;稀土精矿主要由氟碳铈矿、独居石、萤石、磷灰石构成,稀土主要赋存于氟碳铈矿和独居石,其总质量分数为92.55%;氟碳铈矿和独居石与萤石、铁矿石、硅酸盐、碳酸盐矿物连生,连生关系复杂。高品位稀土矿的特性研究对稀土资源高效综合利用具有一定指导意义。     

从选铜尾矿中选择性还原回收铁

提出采用煤较低温度下选择性还原选铜尾矿中的铁, 还原球团磁选回收铁的技术, 并考察了还原温度、还原剂用量、还原时间、活化剂用量对选铜尾矿选择性还原回收铁的影响, 得出最佳工艺条件: 还原温度为1200℃, 还原剂用量为原料质量25%, 还原时间为2 h, 活化剂用量为原料质量5%;在最佳工艺条件下, 磁选精矿中铁质量分数超过90%, 铁回收率大于95%.借助X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等检测手段对原料、还原球团、磁选矿的矿相组成和结构进行分析, 揭示了铁矿相还原及金属相生成/融合演变规律: 升高温度促进金属相的还原、融合兼并和生长; 增加还原剂用量使金属颗粒的融合兼并变得更加普遍; 延长还原时间促进金属粒子的融合和铁橄榄石相的还原; 活化剂促进金属粒子的扩散和融合.金属颗粒的兼并生长促使其粒度增大, 粗粒金属颗粒在磁选工序裹夹带入磁选精矿的渣相量相对较少, 磁选精矿铁含量显著提高.      

Rare Earths, Niobium and Tantalum Minerals in Bayan Obo Ore Deposit and Discussion on Their Genesis

Bayan Obo ore deposit is endowed with and lie hidden in the Proterozoic strata. The localities and occurfences of the minerals in the ore deposit were described. It is obviously that some minerals are strata minerals and some are post-strata minerals. The rare earths, niobium and tantalum minerals are exactly the post-strata minerals. In these minerals the hydrothermal metasomatic phenomena distinctly reveal their metallogenic characteristics. According to tectonic movement, magma activity, mineral paragenesis, hydrothermal metasomatism, geological age and lasting time-scale of metallogenesis, and some other factors, it is supposed that genesis of rare-earths, niobium and tantalum minerals in Bayan Obo ore deposit are closely related with hydrothermal metallogenic solution which is differentiated from silica acid and carbonic acid magma and derived from deep seated source, and then intruded into Proterozoic strata and metasomatized. It is recognized that the metallogenesis of Bayan Obo ore deposit is undergoing a long geological period and many episodes.     

微波强化焙烧一水硬铝石矿浸出效果的研究

将一水硬铝石矿和过饱和NaOH溶液及Ca(OH)2混合均匀后在微波炉中焙烧;熟料在稀碱性溶液、常压条件下进行浸出,研究配料比、微波焙烧和浸出条件对熟料浸出的影响。结果表明,升高微波焙烧温度、增加NaOH添加量或延长保温时间都可以增加熟料中铝的浸出率。增加Ca(OH)2添加量可以减少溶液中硅的溶解率,但过量添加Ca(OH)2反而导致铝的浸出效果下降。适当的浸出温度和浸出时间有助于减少二次反应发生,提高铝硅分离效果。在最优试验条件下,熟料中铝、钠、硅的浸出率分别达到96.7%、98.2%和7.05%,赤泥颗粒较大,利于过滤过程。     

鞍钢东部铁尾矿悬浮磁化焙烧-磁选试验

 为提取和回收鞍钢东部铁尾矿中的铁,采用实验室间歇式悬浮反应炉作为磁化焙烧装置,以高纯CO和N₂的混合气体作为还原性气体,考察了铁品位为26.50%的鞍钢东部铁尾矿强磁再选精矿在悬浮磁化焙烧-磁选过程中的影响因素。试验结果表明,在气体流量为800 mL/min、焙烧温度为600 ℃、CO浓度为25%、焙烧时间为2.5 min及焙烧矿磨矿粒度小于0.023 mm占90%的条件下,可获得TFe质量分数为65.91%、铁回收率为94.06%的磁选精矿。物相分析表明,在上述还原焙烧条件下,弱磁性赤(褐)铁矿选择性转变为强磁性磁铁矿,实现了铁矿物相转化的精准调控。     

酒钢尾矿制粒磁化焙烧试验研究

酒钢本部尾矿坝现堆存铁品位21%~24%的尾矿约7 000万t,为使尾矿中的铁资源得以回收利用,开展了酒钢尾矿制粒-磁化焙烧-干选抛废-磨矿磁选试验研究,结果表明,在煤粉与矿样的质量比为1.5%,焙烧温度为810℃,焙烧时间为30 min,焙烧产物磨矿细度为-0.074 mm占80%,弱磁选磁场强度为125 m T条件下,可获得铁品位为56.13%、铁回收率为72.87%的铁精矿。     

某褐铁矿磁化焙烧-磁选工艺的探讨

通过对某复杂褐铁矿进行磁化焙烧-磁选工艺条件的研究,在最佳焙烧温度750℃,焙烧时间50min,还原剂用量7％的磁化焙烧条件下,采用探索实验流程获得了铁精矿品位56．59％,铁回收率为74．60％的良好指标,对开发同类型矿石具有借鉴意义。     

石煤提钒钠化焙烧与钙化焙烧工艺研究

调研了石煤提钒钠化焙烧和钙化焙烧两种工艺的发展现状。高硅低钙含量的石煤宜采用钠化焙烧,高钙含量的石煤宜采用钙化焙烧,两种工艺各有所长。归纳了两种工艺下石煤提钒的最佳焙烧条件,得出最佳焙烧条件分别为:钠化焙烧温度区间800～850℃,焙烧时间2.0～2.5h,磨矿粒度106～180um,氯化钠用量为矿石的10%～20%。钙化焙烧比钠化焙烧要高100℃,温度区间900～950℃,焙烧时间2～3h,磨矿粒度106～180um,石灰用量为矿石的6%～8%。两种焙烧都需要充足的氧化氛围,但钠化焙烧时氧气不宜过多。各最佳焙烧条件之间存在一定耦合关系,在生产实际中,宜针对不同石煤进行特定实验。最后,总结了石煤提钒的主要焙烧设备,其中流化床炉具有较好的发展前景。     

黄金冶炼氰渣火法处理研究现状及展望

焙烧氰化尾渣是含金硫化矿氰化法提金产生的固废,占氰渣总量的50%以上。其中的金被铁矿石和脉石包裹,采用火法回收工艺才可有效回收金和铁。目前的火法回收工艺有氯化挥发焙烧法回收金银、还原焙烧—磁选法回收铁、氰渣-铜精矿协同冶炼同时回收金和铁。氰渣-铜精矿协同冶炼法具有高效性、经济性和环保性,前景更加广阔。     

Decomposition of mixed rare earth concentrate by NaOH roasting and kinetics of hydrochloric acid leaching process

A new clean extraction technology for the decomposition of Bayan Obo mixed rare earth concentrate by NaOH roasting is proposed.The process mainly includes NaOH roasting to decompose rare earth concentrate and HCl leaching roasted ore.The effects of roasting temperature,roasting time,NaOH addition amount on the extraction of rare earth and factors such as HCl concentration,liquid-solid ratio,leaching temperature and leaching time on the dissolution kinetics of roasted ore were studied.The experimental results show that when the roasting temperature is 550℃ and the roasting time is 60 min,the mass ratio of NaOH:rare earth concentrate is 0.60:1,the concentration of HCl is 6.0 mol/L,the ratio of liquid to solid(L/S) 6.0:1.0,and the leaching temperature 90℃,leaching time 45 min,stirring speed 200 r/min,and the extraction of rare earth can reach 92.5%.The relevant experimental data show that the process of HCl leaching roasted ore conforms to the shrinking core model,but the control mechanism of the che mical reaction process is different when the leaching temperature is different.When the leaching temperature is between 40 and 70℃,the chemical reaction process is controlled by the diffusion of the product through the residual layer of the inert material.The average surface activation energy of the rare earth element is E_a=9.96 kJ/mol.When the leaching temperature is 75-90℃,the chemical reaction process is controlled by the interface transfer across the product layer(product layer interface mass transfer) and diffusion.The average surface activation energy of rare earth elements is E_a=41.65 kJ/mol.The results of this study have certain significance for the green extraction of mixed rare earth ore.     

还原焙烧—磁选在黄金冶炼渣中的应用

本文以焦煤为还原剂对某矿山黄金冶炼渣进行了还原焙烧—磁选试验,分别对焦煤加入量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、矿物磨细度以及磁场强度进行了试验。试验结果表明:矿物磨细度为-0.0045mm占74.56%,焙烧温度为1150℃,焙烧时间为60min,焦煤加入量为15%,磁场强度为60KA/m,此时可获得精铁矿中铁品位93.24%,铁回收率为82.75%的铁粉。     

江西某铅锌银复杂多金属矿综合回收试验研究

江西某铅锌银多金属矿的特点是含硫高,并含有铅、锌、银、铁、锰等多种有用金属矿物可以回收利用.试验针对该多金属矿物中伴生复杂的情况,对比了铜铅锌优先浮选和铜铅锌优先浮选-锌粗精矿再磨-锌中矿磁选的工艺流程,后者获得了较好指标:铅精矿含Pb 49.57%,Pb回收率87.53%;锌精矿含Zn 45.82%,Zn回收率75.12%;硫精矿含S 44.69%,S回收率71.35%.针对铁锰以碳酸盐的形式存在,且与脉石伴生严重呈细粒嵌布的情况,采用了磁选-焙烧-磁选的试验方案回收浮选尾矿中的铁锰.      

高炉灰为还原剂对海滨钛磁铁矿直接还原焙烧磁选--钛铁分离的影响

对高炉灰在直接还原焙烧-弱磁选工艺中用作印尼某海滨钛磁铁矿还原剂的可行性及其机理进行研究.结果表明,以萤石为添加剂的条件下,高炉灰可代替煤做还原剂,通过高炉灰与萤石的共同作用,可以在直接还原过程中提高还原铁粉中铁的回收率及品位并降低TiO₂质量分数,同时回收高炉灰中铁.三种不同产地高炉灰还原效果的比较表明,高炉灰性质对还原效果有影响.在相同用量条件下,津鑫高炉灰(JX)还原效果最好;在JX高炉灰用量30%、萤石用量10%、焙烧温度1250℃以及焙烧时间为60 min时,焙烧产物通过两段磨矿和两段磁选,最终得到最佳的还原铁粉中铁品位为91.28%,TiO₂质量分数降至0.93%,包括海滨砂矿和高炉灰中铁的铁总回收率达到89.19%.      

含锌除尘灰锌铁分离研究

摘要：含锌除尘灰是钢铁厂重要的固体废弃物,属于危废,为了探索妥善解决该种危废的方法,模拟回转窑工艺对国内某钢厂含锌除尘灰进行焙烧 磁选锌铁分离研究,研究不同焙烧温度、时间以及不同内配C含量对焙烧矿金属化率、脱锌率以及对磁选后精矿铁品位、Fe回收率的影响。结果表明,在C质量分数为12%、焙烧温度1100℃、焙烧时间60min的条件下,得到铁品位53.45%、金属化率91.95%、脱锌率99.05%的焙烧物料,挥发物中ZnO质量分数高达95.04%。焙烧物料经过磨矿磁选后可得到铁品位91.30%,Fe回收率82.37%的金属铁粉。     

尾矿铁回收技术的研究与开发

以铁矿企业的尾矿为对象,以微磁学理论为基础,利用龙窑烧砖技术系统地模拟研究了高梯度磁选机回收含铁的强磁( Fe3O4)、弱磁(Fe2O3、FeCO3)矿物.结果表明:利用尾矿还原砖坯的传热性、龙窑内焙烧温度和时间控制、还原焙烧后的降温技术这三个关键环节,通过焙烧将弱磁性矿物转化为强磁性矿物,再经过磨矿磁选工艺,能够提取合格的铁精粉.     

红土镍矿还原焙烧-磁选试验研究

论述了采用还原焙烧-磁选工艺处理含镍1.66%、全铁13.0%的红土矿。考察了配煤量、焙烧温度和焙烧时间对焙烧球团铁、镍品位及铁金属化率的影响;当焙烧温度达到1 350℃时出现粒铁。磁选结果表明,粒铁的生成有利于磁选精矿中铁、镍品位的提高,磨矿粒度越细,磁选效果越好。试验结果达到镍质量分数(含量)6.56%、全铁51.60%。