非平衡CO2-Ar等离子流的光学气流评价

In this study,spectroscopic measurements of CO2- Ar arc plasma flow are conducted using a hollow electrode arc heated wind tunnel. In CO2- Ar plasma,radiation of C2 Swan band system is predominant. Other molecular and atomic spectra are not observed except Cu spectra which are produced due to the electrode melting. Background continuum radiation is observed and overlapped with C2 Swan band system. Temperature evaluation of CO2- Ar arc plasma flow is conducted by the area intensity method and temperature distribution is obtained along the stagnation streamline around a disk model. It is found that the vibrational temperature is much higher than the rotational temperature in the free stream region due to the vibrational nonequilibrium process. In the shock layer,the rotational temperature increases by about 1 000 K while the vibrational temperature decreases by about 1 000 K. Energy exchange between translation and vibration modes is activated in the shock layer,resulting in the decrease of the vibrational temperature. However,the vibrational temperature is still higher than the rotational temperature,indicating that the vibrational relaxation process is not completed. In conclusion,the thermochemical state of the CO2- Ar arc plasma flow is in the vibrational nonequilibrium state along the stagnation streamline around the disk model.     

不锈钢精炼配料优化模型开发

介绍了根据某不锈钢企业精炼材料及工艺参数,采用C++编程开发了网页版的不锈钢精炼配料优化模型。模型包括基础数据模块、性价比分析模块和精炼配料优化模块。模型兼具手动配料和自动配料两种模式,在满足目标产品成分和原料配比等限制条件下,以成本最低为目标进行优化配料。模型界面简洁、操作简单。精炼产品理论成本较现有人工方案低3.0元/t以上,经济效益显著。     

超纯铁素体不锈钢品种和精炼技术的进展

超纯铁素体不锈钢中(C+N)含量≤150×10- °,其耐蚀性、焊接性能、韧性等显著高于普通铁素  体不锈钢。介绍了新开发的409改进型、429及改进型、444及改进型超纯铁素体不锈钢的钢种、成分和性能; 采用三步法工艺冶炼18Cr超纯铁素体不锈钢,用SS-VOD 精炼时,钢中[C+N]≤70×10-⁶ ;VOD-PB 精炼时, [C+N] 为80×10-⁶ ;VCR 精炼时,[C+N] 为(80~100)×10-⁶。     

电积和电解精炼中操作实践与延长不锈钢阴极寿命的关系

长期已来已证明采用不锈钢阴极板电积和电解精炼生产阴极铜是一种可靠技术。芒特·艾萨矿业有限公司是这一技术的原创者。经验表明,这些阴极在电解精炼中寿命可超过十五年,在电积精炼中可达十年。生产系统的正确管理以及对细节的关注将确保电极在这两种应用中的寿命。电解液的氯化物含量、电流密度、剥离方式、电流分布、出铜方式以及阴极电解周期都会影响阴极板寿命。本论文旨在讨论阴极管理中遇到的共同问题,特别强调了电积精炼厂遇到的问题。这些建议主要是根据艾萨电解小组进行的试验工作,以及通过与客户合作获得的经验和知识基础上得出的。     

不锈钢二次精炼的转炉化

对两种不同炉型的不锈钢精炼设备的特点进行了比较,与钢包型精炼设备相比,转炉型精炼设备炉容比大,吹氧和脱碳速度大,生产率高,而且可以使用高碳铬铁,具有真空业炼功能的精炼设备优越的深脱碳,氮热力学条件,真空转炉（ＶＯＤＣ和ＶＣＲ）法在同一单元四兼有转炉型和真空精炼功能,是精炼超低碳,氮不锈钢的理想设备,特别是ＡＯＤ－ＶＣＲ法更适合于我国现有ＡＯＤ精炼炉的改造,用于生产超纯铁素体不锈钢。     

超纯铁素体不锈钢精炼技术的进步与发展

超纯铁素体不锈钢因碳、氮含量极低,较普通铁素体不锈钢拥有更优越的耐腐蚀性、韧性及焊接性,近半个世纪得到了大力发展和广泛应用。对于超纯铁素体不锈钢冶炼的核心环节——不锈钢精炼,首先阐述了超纯净化、高洁净化、高效稳定化控制等一系列精炼技术难点,其次从精炼主体设备与工艺技术以及辅助技术等方面系统介绍了超纯铁素体不锈钢精炼技术...     

VOD精炼水轮机用不锈钢的洁净度研究

运用金相观察、扫描电镜和大样电解等方法研究了VOD精炼前后不锈钢的洁净度变化.结果表明:VOD吹氧终点控制滞后是VOD精炼后钢中氧质量分数高达250×10-6的主要原因;钢中w(O)偏高而精炼渣的碱度低等造成钢中夹杂物含量高,大于10μm的夹杂物含量为0.56～0.58个/mm2,其中每10kg试样中大型夹杂物含量在1.71～2.41 mg.针对钢液洁净度偏低的情况,提出了延长真空保持时间10～12 min,选用优质精炼渣并保证炉渣碱度R≥3和延长软吹时间15～20 min的工艺改进措施,改进后w(T.O)降至(60～77)×10-6.     

转炉喷吹CO2+O2混合气体基础研究

通过对转炉喷吹CO_2+O_2混合气体的热力学分析,结合实验室模拟转炉吹炼末期喷吹CO_2+O_2实验结果,探讨了在顶吹转炉中应用CO_2+O_2进行脱碳抑氧的可行性。得出结论,混合气体中CO_2比例增大,碳氧积降低,枪位对碳氧积的影响减弱,但回磷量增加,当CO_2比例增大到CO_2:O_2=1:1时,顶吹转炉碳氧积可控制在0.23×10-6~0.25×10-6,平均回磷量0.001%,混合气体中CO_2最大理论比例可增加到79.1%。     

不锈钢AOD精炼工艺的应用和发展

简要介绍了我国浦钢30t AOD、太钢40tAOD、宝钢不锈钢分公司120t AOD不锈钢精炼炉的经济技术指标及应用;叙述了AOD精炼技术-脱碳、脱硫、以N₂代Ar和顶枪技术的发展;讨论了AOD精炼的供气形式的完善和炉衬寿命等技术问题。     

VOD冶炼超低碳马氏体不锈钢

利用40tVOD精炼炉脱碳冶炼00Cr13Ni4Mo超低碳马体不锈钢.通过合理控制炉内参数得到,吹氧时炉内真空度在26660 Pa左右,停吹氧时真空度在7998 Pa;开吹温度控制在1600℃左右,停吹温度在1750~1800℃左右;开吹时提高供氧强度至570 Nm³·h^-1左右,吹炼后期降低供氧强度至550 Nm³·h^-1左右,可以避免铬的大量氧化;控制氧枪高度在75mm;开吹供氩强度控制在48.4 NL³·min^-1,提高低碳区供氩量至117.5 NL³·min^-1,用以加快钢包内钢水环流速度.     

Development and prospect of secondary refining technology for ultra pure ferritic stainless steel

Ultra pure ferritic stainless steel has more advantages in the performance than the ordinary ferritic stainless steel because of ultra low carbon and nitrogen content,such as corrosion resistance,toughness and weldability,etc.Such steel has therefore been applied in many fields,leading to the very rapid development over the past 40 years.This study focuses on the secondary refining process which is the most important step of the whole steelmaking process for the ultra pure ferritic stainless.Firstly,some difficulties of the secondary refining process are described,including the high purification in terms of both carbon and nitrogen contents, high efficient and stable control.Secondly,the development and progress of the secondary refining technology for ultra pure ferritic stainless is introduced in terms of the refining equipments,metallurgical process and assistant technologies.Finally,the prospect was made for the development of secondary refining process for ultra pure ferritic stainless in the future.     

VOD精炼不锈钢过程中真空喷溅的预防与控制

对VOD真空精炼不锈钢过程中普遍存在的一种棘手的工艺控制问题——\     

LF精炼渣碱度变化对304不锈钢夹杂物成分的影响

采用氧氮分析仪、扫描电镜、金相显微镜等分析手段,系统研究LF精炼渣系对304系不锈钢全氧质量分数wT[O]、夹杂物数量、尺寸及成分的影响。研究结果表明,当LF精炼渣碱度由1.5升高至2.6时,LF出站溶解氧质量分数w[O]由11.6×10~(-6)降低至4.8×10~(-6),铸坯wT[O]由47×10~(-6)降低至24×10~(-6),铸坯夹杂物总数量降低,但当量直径不大于10μm的夹杂物所占比率由77.7%增加至95.1%。热力学计算结果表明:在钢液中各元素达到平衡状态时,渣系碱度越高,低熔点夹杂物2MgO·2Al_2O_3·5SiO_2生成区域越小,MgO·Al_2O_3尖晶石类夹杂物生成区域越大,与生产试验结果一致。随着LF炉渣碱度升高,铸坯夹杂物成分中MgO和Al_2O_3的质量分数分别升高了14.4%和9.1%,当碱度不大于1.9时,铸坯中不会存在镁铝尖晶石。     

超低碳钢RH混合喷吹Ar-CO2冶金反应特性

 钢铁生产过程CO₂的资源化利用对中国“碳达峰,碳中和”目标的实现起着重要作用。氩气驱动的RH(ruhrstahl-heraeus)真空装置是超低碳钢精炼的关键设备,利用高真空下钢水循环流动可有效脱碳、脱气和去除夹杂物。由于真空条件下CO₂可直接与钢水中碳反应生成CO,在实现脱碳的同时可促进熔池搅拌。因此,尝试将Ar-CO₂混合气体作为提升气体引入超低碳钢RH脱碳过程。首先,针对CO₂在RH脱碳条件下的冶金反应行为,通过热力学理论分析了不同压力下Fe-C-O熔体与Ar-CO₂的反应特性。其次,搭建了Ar-CO₂混合气体作为RH提升气体的工业试验平台,通过工业性试验研究了超低碳钢RH脱碳过程混合喷吹Ar-CO₂对钢水脱碳、脱氮和温降的影响。Fe-C-O熔体与Ar-CO₂反应热力学表明,在低于100 kPa和超低碳条件下,Ar-CO₂混合气体中的CO₂仍可能与钢水中碳反应,从而促进RH脱碳和脱气。工业性试验表明,喷吹100% CO₂、50% Ar+50% CO₂和100% Ar炉次出站平均碳质量分数分别为0.001 50%、0.001 57%和0.001 19%,因而混合喷吹Ar-CO₂并不会显著影响RH脱碳效率。同时,由于CO₂与钢水中碳反应十分有限,与喷吹100% Ar相比,喷吹100% CO₂和50% Ar+50% CO₂对RH脱氮效率和钢水温降没有明显影响。因此,超低碳钢RH脱碳时,完全可采用CO₂取代部分或全部氩气作为提升气体,尽管无法提高精炼效率,但仍具有显著的经济价值和环保优势。     

超音速气雾化制备316L不锈钢粉末的表征

利用自行研制的超音速雾化技术制备了316L不锈钢粉末,采用激光粒度仪、扫描电镜、金相显微镜和X射线衍射仪进行了表征.结果表明,316L不锈钢粉末的平均粒度约为24μm,粒度分布的几何标准偏差δ为1.75;粉末内部存在三种典型凝固组织,即具有发达二次枝晶的枝晶组织、胞晶组织以及枝状晶与胞状晶的混合组织;大粒径气雾化316L不锈钢粉末为单一的γ奥氏体相,小粒径粉末由γ奥氏体相+少量δ铁素体相共同组成;熔滴的冷速随着粒径的减小而提高,平均冷却速率为10⁴~10⁷K·s^-1.     

Corrosion behavior of super 13Cr stainless steel in a H_2S and CO_2 environment

The corrosion behavior of 95 ksi grade super 13 Cr stainless steel in an environment consisting of H_2S and CO_2 was investigated.The results reveal that for both loading methods(constant load and four-point bending),local corrosion occurred on the surface of the samples tested at ambient temperature but was absent from the samples tested at high temperatures.The local corrosion was caused by the formation of pits at nonmetal inclusions; the pits were formed under the action of stress in an acidic environment, which was due to an acid solution.Subsequently, the corrosion extended along the direction of stress.The sensitivity of stress corrosion cracking increased because of the local corrosion.     

超级13Cr在H2S和CO2共存环境下的腐蚀行为影响研究

对CO2和H2S共存环境中95 ksi钢级超级13Cr钢的腐蚀行为进行了研究,发现常温条件下H2S和CO2共存环境中,无论是采用恒载荷的方法还是四点弯曲的方法,都在试样的表面出现了局部腐蚀,而在高温条件下未发生点蚀和应力腐蚀现象。分析结果表明,95 ksi钢级的超级马氏体不锈钢在常温H2S和CO2共存环境中出现的局部腐蚀主要是因为夹杂物在应力集中和酸性溶液的作用下形成点蚀,并沿着相同应力水平的区域扩展,局部腐蚀增加了应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性。     

Study on the 316L stainless steel coatings and their properties by cold gas dynamic spraying

316L stainless steel coatings were prepared by cold gas dynamic spraying(CGDS)on a carbon steel.A new heater of sprayed powders was added to the traditional facility.The results show that the coating quality is obviously improved,due to better interface bonding and reduced porosity.     

Study on the 316L stainless steel coatings and their properties by cold gas dynamic spraying

316L stainless steel coatings were prepared by cold gas dynamic spraying ( CGDS) on a carbon steel. A new heater of sprayed powders was added to the traditional facility. The results show that the coating quality is obviously improved,due to better interface bonding and reduced porosity.