Pigment dyeing of polyamide‐epichlorohydrin cationized cotton fabrics

A synthesized cationic reagent named polyamide‐epichlorohydrin (PAE) was used to cationize cotton fabrics which were dyed with nanoscale pigments after PAE modification. The results showed that when the PAE concentration was below 7% (owf), the K/S value increased nearly linearly with increasing of PAE concentration, and excess that concentration the K/S value did not increase further. With increasing the pH value of cationization bath, the K/S value increased first and then decreased, the maximum K/S value appeared at pH 9–10. Cotton fabrics cationized at 80°C for 20 min exhibited the best cationizing result. Both the pigment uptake and the color strength reached their own maximum values when the dye bath was neutral. When the pigment concentration was 1% (owf) the addition of 1g/L sodium chloride in the dye bath could decrease the pigment uptake while for 5% (owf) pigment concentration the uptake increased with increasing the amount of sodium chloride. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Synthesis of some new 2‐[(2,3‐dihydroinden‐1‐ylidene) hydrazinyl]‐4‐methylthiazole derivatives for simultaneous dyeing and finishing for UV protective cotton fabrics

Several 2‐[1‐(1,2‐dihydroinden‐3‐ylidene) hydrazono]‐5‐aryldiazo‐4‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazoles were synthesized by reaction of 1‐(1,2‐Dihydroinden‐3‐ylidene) thiosemicarbazide with different hydrazonyl chlorides. The products are water insoluble and UV absorbers, expressed UPF‐rating values, and their H₂O/DMF solutions were used in simultaneous dyeing and resin finishing of cotton fabrics. Results obtained show that finishing of cotton samples in presence of any of that dyes, irrespective of dye concentration, brings about an improvement in percent nitrogen, wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), dyeability, and UV protection rating values along with slight decrease of tensile strength (TS) compared with the untreated samples. Irrespective of dye structure, increasing the dye concentration from 0.5 and up to 1.7% results in an improvement in the percent nitrogen, TS and a remarkable improvement in both the dyeability, UPF‐rating values along with slight decrease in WRA and lower fastness properties of the treated fabrics. The treated fabrics was characterized using energy dispersive X‐ray analysis indicating the entrapped dye within the fabric structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors and thermal adaptability of cotton knitted fabrics containing crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) moieties

Cotton knitted fabrics were treated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the presence of polyhydric alcohol etherified dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea as the crosslinker and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as the catalyst. In wet–dry cycles, the fabrics treated with 30% PEG1500 in the presence of 15% crosslinker and 3% catalyst showed obvious wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors in terms of a 12% shrinkage rate in the wet state and a 80% shrinkage‐recovery rate in the dry state. The results of weight gain, morphological structures, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and X‐ray diffraction pattern tests confirmed PEG deposits on the surface of the treated fabrics, demonstrated the crosslinking of cotton cellulose with PEG and crosslinker, and also explained the wet‐driven shape‐memory mechanism. The results from differential scanning calorimetry show that the treated fabrics with wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors had a phase‐change enthalpy and heat‐storage capacity. The crosslinking of cotton cellulose with PEG had a strong influence on the mechanical performance and air permeability of the cotton knitted fabrics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43473.     

Fixation of cationic P (st‐BA‐AA‐GMA) emulsion on pigment particles in dyeing of cotton fabrics

Cationic copolymer emulsions of St, BA, AA, and GMA were successfully synthesized via semi‐continuous emulsion polymerization. The properties of synthesized cationic emulsions were characterized by monomer conversion and solid content, differential scanning calorimeter, particle size and distribution, zeta potential, and centrifugal stability. The film performance of the cationic emulsions formed on cotton fiber surface was observed by scanning electricity microscopy. The influence of cationic emulsions on the color data, K/S values and rubbing fastness of dyed cotton fabrics was also investigated. The results show that P (St‐BA‐AA‐GMA) emulsion had larger particle size and higher zeta potential than P (St‐BA‐AA) emulsion. When the films were formed at room temperature, P (St‐BA‐AA‐GMA) emulsion film had better performance than P (St‐BA‐AA) emulsion film. The addition of GMA monomers improved the film performance. P (St‐BA‐AA‐GMA) emulsion films formed at 120 °C after acetic acid solution treatment had the best water resistance. Dyed cotton fabrics pretreated with P (St‐BA‐AA‐GMA) emulsion had better pigment dyeing performance than those pretreated with P (St‐BA‐AA) emulsion. It demonstrates that the addition of GMA monomers further improved the effect of pigment dyeing for cotton fabrics with cationic emulsions as binders. With the increase of P (St‐BA‐AA‐GMA) concentration, the color performance of dye fabrics improved while the rubbing fastness decreased a little. But, the handle and fastness still meets the use standards for consumers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44987.     

Thermal properties and combustion behavior of POSS‐ and bohemite‐finished cotton fabrics

A finishing process with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and bohemite nanoparticles has been exploited for enhancing the thermal stability and flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. The thermal behavior of flame retardant treated cellulosic fabric has been studied by thermogravimetric analyses (TGAs). It has been found that such nanoparticles favor the carbonization of the cellulose and slow down the kinetics of thermo‐oxidation in air. At the same time, the finished fabrics have turned out to be more efficient with respect to neat cotton as far as the flame retardancy is concerned, pointing out an increase of the time to ignition (TTI) and a decrease of the heat release rate (HRR). Furthermore, a comparison between the fire performances of the nanoparticles under study and a commercial phosphorus‐based flame retardant has been investigated. The morphology and elemental composition present in the treated fabrics have been also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and the results have been compared with the untreated fabric. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Physical properties of cotton fabrics and free CH2O content in crease‐resistant finish with DMEU/MMEU prepolymer mixture

Combinations of ethylene urea and paraformaldehyde with different mol ratios are used as source materials to synthesize a DMEU/MMEU resin prepolymer in various mixing ratios. The DMEU/MMEU resin prepolymer is then applied to the crease‐resistant finish of cotton fabrics. The results show that the dry and wet crease‐recovery angles and nitrogen and free formaldehyde contents increase with increasing curing time, curing temperature, and mol ratio of paraformaldehyde, while the tensile strength retention decreases. Optimized relations between both physical and chemical properties can be obtained by mixing the source materials in a 1 : 1.5–1 : 1.7 ratio, drying at 80°C for 5 min, and curing at 150°C for 3 min. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 390–395, 2000     

Microbial detection,surface morphology,and thermal stability of cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics treated with antimicrobial formulations by a radiation method

Cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics were treated with a proposed antimicrobial formulation based on zinc oxide (ZnO), Impron MTP (binder), and Setamol WS (dispersing agent) under the effect of γ irradiation. The effect of this treatment on the growth of certain bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and fungi (Aspergillus niger) was studied. In general, it has been confirmed that ZnO ratio is an inhibitory factor on the growth of both microbes. As a result of treatment of cotton fabrics, as an example, the B. subtilis counts were decreased by 4 log cycles whereas the A. niger count was decreased by 2 log cycles. This finding was illustrated by observing the surface microstructure of the fabrics after they had been buried in a moist soil for two weeks. The deterioration in the weaving structure of the nontreated was so strong that it could not distinguish the strings forming the fabric. On the basis of microbial detection, it was found that the treatment with ZnO formulation causes a net reduction in the bacterial cells amounts to 78 and 62% in the case of treated cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics while the net reduction in the fungi was calculated to be 80.7 and 32%, respectively. However, it was found that the treatment with ZnO formulation caused a reduction in the thermal stability of the fabrics as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2604–2610, 2003     

A novel halogen‐free and formaldehyde‐free flame retardant for cotton fabrics

A novel halogen‐free and formaldehyde‐free flame retardant (FR), which contains phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon, was synthesized for cotton fabrics considering the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon. The structure of the new FR was characterized by Fourier‐trans‐form infrared spectroscopy, and the surface morphology of the treated fibre was observed using scanning electron microscope. The thermal property of the FR treated cotton fabric was studied through thermal gravimetric analysis. The TG results indicate that the FR can protect cotton fabric from fire to a certain degree. The vertical flammability test and limiting oxygen index results further indicate that the FR has excellent FR properties. Finally, the durability and other performance properties of the treated fabric were studied and the results show that the new materials can be used as a semi‐durable FR for cellulosic fibres. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of conductive cotton fabrics for heating devices

Recent developments in the area of textiles to make fabrics more functional have led to synthesizing “intelligent fabrics.” This can be achieved by making the fabrics electrically conducting. In the present study it is reported that the cotton fabrics, when impregnated with polypyrrole, achieve enhanced level of conduction. The method of diffusion of pyrrole, followed by polymerization using iron chloride as oxidant, was used. The different levels of conduction were achieved by varying the contents of monomer in the bath from 0.01 to 0.1M during the synthesis. The conductivity could be enhanced from the initial value of 10^?12 to 10¹ S/cm. It is shown that when a fixed voltage is applied to such a modified piece of cloth, the heat generated is up to 1000 W/m² depending on the percentage of pyrrole present. Such fabrics can be used as heating pads and integrated into the apparel to keep the wearer warm enough using a portable 9.0‐V battery. Being flexible and breathable, such fabrics have better comfort properties (compared with conventional heating pads). It can find applications in dresses for army personnel and old‐age patients. Such conductive fabrics can also find applications in many areas such as electromagnetic interference shielding, gas sensors, and temperature indicators. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4690–4695, 2006     

Kinetics of the thermal inactivation of Bacillus subtilis α‐amylase and its application on the desizing of cotton fabrics

The thermal inactivation of Bacillus subtilis α‐amylase was studied in the presence and in the absence of Ca²⁺ at various temperatures. Inactivation rate constant (k), half‐life time (t_1/2), and activation energy (E_a) were determined to characterize the inactivation of the enzyme. Results obtained showed that the thermal inactivation of Bacillus subtilis α‐amylase followed a first‐order kinetics. The addition of Ca²⁺ had a good thermostabilizing effect on the enzyme. The stabilizing effect of Ca²⁺ is reflected by the increased values of the activation energy, which is about two times higher in the presence than that in the absence of 20 mM Ca²⁺, and the decreased values of the inactivation rate constants. The desizing of the cotton fabrics was performed through steaming at 100°C with Bacillus subtilis α‐amylase. The desizing efficiency seemed to be dependent on the concentration and pH value of the enzyme solution. It was found that through the steaming process with α‐amylase, the desizing ratio of the cotton fabrics could be beyond 98% and little damage happened to the fibers of the fabrics. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

交联改性壳聚糖在棉织物活性染料染色中的应用

采用交联改性降解壳聚糖对棉织物进行接枝改性,考察壳聚糖接枝改性对棉织物雷马素活性染料染色性能的影响.结果表明:棉织物经壳聚糖改性后,增加了织物表面对染料阴离子的亲和力和固着力,上染率和K/S值都有所提升,其固色率也有很大提高,均达80%以上;经雷马素红RR和雷马素黄RR染色后,改性棉织物的干、湿摩擦牢度和耐皂洗褪色同未改性棉织物一样,分别为4、3~4和4级,耐皂洗沾色降低半级,为3~4级.用雷马素蓝RR染色后,改性棉织物干摩擦牢度提高半级,达4级,湿摩擦牢度和耐皂洗等级同未改性棉织物一样,分别为3~4和4级.     

新型反应型P-N膨胀型阻燃剂的合成及其在棉织物中的应用

以三聚氯氰、亚磷酸三乙酯和丙三醇为原料合成了一种新型结构的反应型P-N膨胀型阻燃剂三氧代(3-亚磷酸乙酯-5-氯-1-三嗪)丙三醇(TTCTG),并通过红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱和磷谱分析对其进行了结构表征,热重分析(TGA)表明TTCTG有优良的热稳定性能。以TTCTG为原料对棉纤维进行了阻燃改性,通过极限氧指数(LOI)和垂直燃烧实验测试表明当阻燃整理液中TTCTG的质量浓度为20%时,阻燃整理后棉织物(20%TTCTG-CF)的氧指数为27.3,阻燃等级可达国家标准B1级,TGA分析表明TTCTG在284℃便能促进棉织物快速分解成炭,700℃下的残炭率高达为35.7%,扫描电镜(SEM)分析发现20%TTCTG-CF燃烧后,其表面形成了致密的膨胀炭层,TTCTG阻燃整理后的棉纤维表现出了优异的阻燃性能。耐水性研究表明水洗20次后的20%TTCTG-CF的阻燃等级仍可达B1级,极限氧指数可达26.4,通过SEM和FTIR对水洗20次后20%TTCTG-CF进行结构分析,研究表明TTCTG与棉纤维通过共价键相连而融为一体,赋予棉纤维优良持久的阻燃性能。     

Flame‐retardant finishing in cotton fabrics using zinc oxide co‐catalyst

In this article, N‐Methylol dimethylphosphonopropionamide (FR) in combination with a melamine resin (CL), phosphoric acid (PA) catalyst and zinc oxide (ZnO) or nano‐ZnO co‐catalyst were used (FR‐CL‐PA‐ZnO or nano‐ZnO system) to impart flame‐retardant property on cotton fabrics. FR‐CL or FR‐CL‐PA‐treated cotton specimen showed roughened and wrinkled fabric surface morphology, which was caused by the attack of the FR with slightly acidity. In addition, FTIR analysis showed some new characteristic peaks, carbonyl, CH₂ rocking and CH₃ asymmetric and CH₂ symmetric stretching bands, in the chemical structure of treated cotton specimens. Apart from these, the flame ignited on the flame‐retardant‐treated fabrics (without subjected to any post‐wet treatment) extinguished right after the removal of ignition source. However, FR‐CL treated specimens were no longer flame‐resistant when the specimens subjected to neutralization and/or home laundering, while FR‐CL‐PA treated specimens showed opposite results. By using 0.2% and 0.4% of ZnO or nano‐ZnO as co‐catalyst, the flame spread rate of neutralized and/or laundered test specimens decreased, even the specimens were undergone 10 home laundering cycles. Moreover, flame‐retardant‐treated cotton specimens had low breaking load and tearing strength resulting from side effects of the crosslinking agent used, while addition of ZnO or nano‐ZnO co‐catalyst could compensates for the reduction. Furthermore, the free formaldehyde content was dropped when ZnO and nano‐ZnO co‐catalyst was added in the treatment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Application of urea/H2O2 activation‐oxidation system in degradation of PVA and desizing of polyester/cotton fabric

The viscosity and the UV–vis spectrum of PVA degradation aqueous solutions, the FTIR, and DSC spectrums of degradation products were measured to investigate and compare the effect of Fenton's reagent and urea/H₂O₂ activate oxidation systems on the degradation of PVA. The results showed that the viscosity of PVA aqueous solution decreased and the degradation rate of PVA increased with the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in both activate oxidation systems. The FTIR and DSC spectrum of degradation products showed that the degradation products contained aldehyde, ketone groups. The aldehyde compounds and carbon dioxide produced in the degradation systems were validated by Fehling reagents and clarifying limewater. When the urea/H₂O₂ system was applied in the one‐bath and one‐step desizing and scouring process of polyester/cotton 65/35 fabric, the results of 94.7% degradation rate of PVA, the 99.0% desizing rate of PVA, the whiteness, and wicking height of the fabric were obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Reactivity ratios during radiation‐induced grafting of comonomer mixtures onto polyester fabrics

Radiation‐induced grafting of binary mixtures of acrylonitrile (AN)/styrene (S) and acrylamide (AAm)/styrene (S) onto polyester fabric (PET) has been investigated. Synergism during radiation grafting was investigated by determining the graft yield fraction for each monomer in the final graft copolymer. Moreover, by knowing the mole fraction of each monomer in the grafting solution, the reactivity ratio of the individual monomers in the comonomer mixture during graft copolymerization could be determined: in the case of AN/S comonomer mixture, the calculated reactivity ratios for AN and S are 0.04 and 0.05, respectively; the calculated reactivity ratios of AAm and S in their comonomer mixture are 1.82 and 0.41, respectively. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Improved antimicrobial activity of polypropylene and cotton nonwoven fabrics by surface treatment and modification with chitosan

Nonwoven polypropylene and cotton fabrics were subjected to plasma pretreatment followed by flash evaporation and radiation crosslinking acrylate polymer coating, which is based on a vacuum deposition, solvent free, process that produces high quality, uniform fabrics with various thicknesses (0.05–5.0 μm). These treated fabrics were then dipped into chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, and carboxymethyl chitin solution. These polysaccharides form strong complexes with the modified surface. The antimicrobial activity of these treated samples was then evaluated for their antifungal and antibacterial properties. The antifungal activity for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Verticillium albo‐atrum, and Alternaria solani (A. alternata) were examined by the disc plate method. The antibacterial activities of the modified fabrics against Clavibacter michiganensis and Pseudomonas solanacearum were also examined by the viable cell counting method. The inhibition zone of the chitosan covered samples has increased by a factor of 2–3.1 over the original pretreated samples. The chitosan‐modified fabrics showed a good antibacterial activity in killing almost 10⁵ cells/mL within 18–23 h. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

涤棉织物化学回收工艺研究

以废旧涤棉织物为原料,乙二醇(EG)为醇解剂,通过改变醇解时间、醇解温度、EG/废旧涤棉织物中聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)质量比(mEG/mPET)、催化剂种类及用量等研究了蓬松态下废旧涤棉织物的醇解工艺,以及醇解过程对涤棉织物中棉纤维性能的影响。结果表明:随着醇解时间、醇解温度的提高,mEG/mPET的增大,涤棉织物的醇解程度增大,各参数达到一定程度后醇解程度基本不变;最佳醇解工艺为涤棉织物中mEG/mPET为2/1,催化剂用量为涤棉织物中PET质量的0.30%,醇解温度196℃,醇解时间1 h;在乙酸锌、碳酸钠、乙酸钾、氯化镁4种催化剂中,碳酸钠综合催化效果最佳;经醇解过程后涤棉织物中棉纤维表面变得粗糙,力学性能有较大下降。     

Using carbon black nanoparticles to dye the cationic‐modified cotton fabrics

Carbon black (CB) aqueous dispersion was prepared and used to dye the cationic‐modified cotton fabrics through exhaust dyeing process. The effects of CB concentration, CB nanoparticles size, dyeing bath pH, dyeing time and dyeing temperature were investigated. The color yields of dyed fabrics were evaluated on Kubelka‐Munk value K/S. The surface morphologies of cationic modified and nonmodified cotton fabrics were measured by video microscope. The fabrics presented 18.9 of the color yield with the dyeing conditions: the dyeing solution contained 2% o.w.f. CB and dyeing at 80°C for 30 min with pH 13 using a 50 : 1 liquor ratio. The images of the video microscope demonstrated a clear surface profile for the cationic‐modified cotton fabrics dyed with smaller CB particle size solutions. These results indicated that CB nanoparticles were suitable for dyeing the cotton fabrics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Study on the mechanical and dielectric properties of photocured jute fabrics with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate

Jute fabric (Hessian cloth) was treated with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) under ultraviolet radiation in order to improve the mechanical and electrical properties. Concentration of the monomer 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), radiation dose, and soaking time were optimized with respect to mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break of the treated and untreated Hessian cloth. The 10% HEMA, 15 min soaking time, and 15th pass of radiation rendered the best tensile properties. The variations of dielectric properties with temperature were measured at 10 kHz frequency. It was observed that dielectric constant and loss tangent (tan Ω) increased with increasing temperature up to the transition temperature and then decreased, and at the end become almost constant. The surfaces of treated and untreated jute were characterized by scanning electron microscope. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 655–661, 2003     

Selective properties of polyester and cotton/polyester fabrics gamma radiation grafted with different binary mixtures of vinyl monomers

Radiation graft copolymerization of individual and comonomer mixtures of vinyl monomers onto polyester and cotton/polyester fabrics by the mutual method has been investigated. The effect of factors that may affect the grafting yield, such as solvent composition, comonomer mixture composition and radiation dose, have been examined. Suitable conditions that gives the highest graft yield without altering the original properties of the substrates are reported briefly. An attempt was made to determine the graft yield fraction from each monomer in the final graft copolymer in the case of grafting comonomer mixtures by using elemental analysis of nitrogen. Moreover, the results of elemental analysis were used to determine the reactivity ratios of the vinyl monomers. Some selective properties of the graft copolymers of polyester and cotton/polyester with the individual and comonomer mixtures have been investigated. The studied properties are the dye affinity for various dyestuffs and the mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength, elongation at break and Young's modulus. In general and regardless of the system used, grafting improves the dyeability of polyester and cotton/polyester with basic, vat, acid and disperse dyes. Also, it was found that improvement in dyeing and mechanical properties depends essentially on the composition of the graft copolymer and not on the composition of the feed comonomer solution or the total graft yield. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry