黑小麦全粉的流变学特性及复配混粉馒头的品质研究

通过对黑小麦全粉、与对照样特精粉复配混粉的面筋数量与质量测定,对黑小麦全粉占10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、40%、50%复配混粉进行流变学特性指标的测定及制作馒头成品以评价。结果表明:不同复配比例的混粉湿面筋数量表现比例越大含量越高;黑小麦全粉的流变学特性较差;复配混粉也都低于对照样特精粉的流变学指标;黑小麦全粉单独并不适合制作馒头,当复配比例在10%~15%时,馒头评价总分在80以上。     

不同比例黑麦粉对黑麦面包品质的影响

为了改善黑麦面包的加工性能和食用品质,以高筋小麦粉为主要原料,添加不同比例的黑麦粉,采用直接发酵法制作黑麦面包,通过烘焙试验研究不同比例的黑麦粉对黑麦面包质量的影响。结果表明:当黑麦粉比例增大时,面团不耐揉和,弹性、光泽及发酵效果等评价指标下降,面包感官评价值降低,硬度、黏合性增加,确定最适宜黑麦粉添加量为50%~70%,制作的面包结构细腻柔软、纹理均匀、香气浓郁,评分较高。     

Effect of wheat flour characteristics on sponge cake quality

BACKGROUND: To select the flour parameters that relate strongly to cake‐making performance, in this study the relationship between sponge cake quality, solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile and flour physicochemical characteristics was investigated using 38 soft wheat samples of different origins. Particle size average, protein, damaged starch, water‐soluble pentosans, total pentosans, SRC and pasting properties were analysed. Sponge cake volume and crumb texture were measured to evaluate cake quality. Cluster analysis was applied to assess differences in flour quality parameters among wheat lines based on the SRC profile. RESULTS: Cluster 1 showed significantly higher sponge cake volume and crumb softness, finer particle size and lower SRC sucrose, SRC carbonate, SRC water, damaged starch and protein content. Particle size, damaged starch, protein, thickening capacity and SRC parameters correlated negatively with sponge cake volume, while total pentosans and pasting temperature showed the opposite effect. CONCLUSION: The negative correlations between cake volume and SRC parameters along with the cluster analysis results indicated that flours with smaller particle size, lower absorption capacity and higher pasting temperature had better cake‐making performance. Some simple analyses, such as SRC, particle size distribution and pasting properties, may help to choose flours suitable for cake making. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

黑麦混合粉的品质特性研究

近年来,黑麦作为一种良好的烘培食品和保健食品的原料,被广泛应用于食品工业中.针对黑麦粉筋力较弱的问题,提出添加高筋粉改善黑麦粉加工品质的方法.通过将不同比例的黑麦粉和高筋粉进行搭配并混合均匀,研究了混合粉的理化指标、糊化特性和流变学特性等.试验结果表明,随着黑麦粉比例的增加,黑麦混合粉的灰分、粗蛋白质含量、降落数值、面筋含量和面筋指数提高,白度降低;糊化特性中的糊化温度变化并不明显,峰值黏度降低,峰值时间增加;粉质特性中的吸水率无明显变化,稳定时间、弱化度和粉质质量指数降低;拉伸特性中的拉伸能量、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸比和最大拉伸比这些指标都有先增加后减小的趋势,即混合粉的拉伸指标普遍低于高筋小麦粉的拉伸指标.同时以黑麦粉与高筋小麦粉比例为6∶4的混合粉理化指标与其糊化、流变学特性进行相关性分析,得知其理化指标与糊化、粉质和拉伸特性的相关性良好,粗蛋白质与糊化、粉质和拉伸特性中的很多指标呈极显著关系.     

Effect of heat treatment of rye flour on rye‐wheat steamed bread quality

To study the effect of heat treatment on rye flour quality, rye flour was treated by steaming, high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) and extrusion and then the pasting properties of rye flour and rye‐wheat blend, the dough rheological and steamed bread (respectively, fermented by yeast and Chinese traditional starter – Laomian) making properties of rye‐wheat blend were investigated. All three kinds of heat treatment increased the viscosity of rye flour, with the peak viscosity value followed the order 1744 cP (by steaming) >823.5 cP (by HTHP) >669 cP (by extrusion) > 626.5 cP (untreated). Dough and gluten made from mRFh (HTHP‐treated rye flour and wheat flour blend) had higher storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″), which contributed to better extensibility and deformation capability. Steamed bread fermented by Laomian (LSB) made by mRFh had larger specific volume (2.26 mL g^?1), lower hardness (3510.93 g) and higher sensory scores (82.63), comparable to the quality of control samples, indicating the feasibility of adding rye flour into wheat flour for healthy product development without compromising the taste and texture.     

Comparative compositional and functional characterisation of rye varieties and novel industrial milling fractions

This work aimed to collect and study all milling fractions generated during an industrial rye milling technology and to select nutritionally promising subfractions for further investigations (chemical composition and rheological behaviour) also considering their yield. To investigate the varietal effect, four rye samples were examined and applied in the milling experiments. The results showed great variability of technological properties (mainly in viscous behaviour) among rye samples. Generally, subfractions had higher protein, lipid, total and soluble dietary fibre content than white flours, and several subfractions provided higher values even than wholemeal flours. Significant differences were found between the fractions in the mixing and viscous behaviour, which could be explained principally by the variable dietary fibre content and composition, however, the effect of protein content was found also prominent. The results pointed out that alternative milling products with favourable composition and technological properties can be produced by collecting appropriate subfractions.     

青稞全粉与中筋小麦粉复配体系品质特性研究

选用青稞全粉作为研究对象,与中筋小麦粉复配,检测不同添加量青稞全粉的损伤淀粉特性、粉质特性、糊化特性、溶剂保持力,并进行相关性分析。研究表明:随着青稞全粉比例增加,破损淀粉显著增加(P<0.05),且与降落数值呈显著负相关;面团的吸水率呈上升趋势,当青稞全粉添加量为85%时面团的吸水率达到最大值73.10%,吸水率、弱化度显著增加(P<0.05);不同添加量对混合粉稳定时间的影响不显著;峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、衰减值、回生值显著下降(P<0.05),降落数值与峰值黏度呈极显著正相关;乳酸溶剂保持力SRC显著减少(P<0.05),湿面筋含量和乳酸溶剂保持力SRC呈极显著正相关;碳酸钠溶剂保持力SRC、蔗糖溶剂保持力SRC、水溶剂保持力SRC显著增加(P<0.05),破损淀粉值与碳酸钠溶剂保持力SRC,蔗糖溶剂保持力SRC与吸水率、蛋白质,水溶剂保持力SRC与蛋白质均呈极显著正相关性。     

Effect of tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) flour addition on the quality of wheat‐based cake

The effect of substituting tigernut flour for wheat flour on the proximate, mineral and pasting properties of the resultant blends and cake quality were studied. The proximate composition of flour blends increased with increasing level of tigernut. Protein increased from 22.30 to 26.93% and fat from 4.17 to 7.21% resulting in an increase in energy value from 342.09 to 390.93 kcal. The pasting properties of the flour blends were affected significantly (P ≤ 0.05) by tigernut substitution. Pasting peak time and temperature decreased with increasing level of tigernut. Mineral elements such as iron and calcium increased from 3.13 to 4.19 and 54.01 to 56.41 (mg 100 g^?1) respectively, with tigernut substitution. The weight and volume of cakes increased with tigernut level while batter density and volume index decreased. Acceptable cakes can be made with up to 30% tigernut flour substitution. Such composite cakes may help in reducing protein energy and micronutrient deficiencies.     

紫甘薯全粉-黑麦粉混粉理化特性及其对酥性饼干品质的影响

本研究以紫马铃薯和黑麦粉为原料,根据不同比例将紫薯粉与黑麦粉混合,对其溶剂保持率(SRC)、粉质特性、糊化特性和吹泡特性等进行研究,并分析了紫薯全粉对黑麦酥性饼干的质构、色差和风味等的影响。结果表明,紫薯粉中纤维素含量是黑麦粉的4.07倍,但蛋白质含量较低;紫薯粉的加入使得混合粉的SRC值上升,而面团的形成时间、稳定时间及糊化黏度降低;紫薯粉比例提高引起混合粉弱化度的降低,改善产品的贮藏特性,但其混合面团的P值、L值和W值均呈现下降趋势。随着紫薯粉的加入,紫薯-黑麦酥性饼干的硬度和咀嚼性下降,色泽呈现紫色并具有明显的紫薯风味。当紫薯粉含量在30%时,制作的酥性饼干的感官品质较好。     

黑小麦粉的流变学特性及在食品中的应用研究

研究了黑小麦粉的流变学特性及在面条和面包中的应用。研究结果表明,黑小麦粉属于中等筋力的面粉,可适量地应用于面条和面包的生产中。     

Effect of mechanically damaged starch on wheat flour,noodle and steamed bread making quality

Wheat flour was ground in an ultrafine pulveriser to obtain different levels of damaged starch (DS). The effect of DS content on physicochemical properties of flour and quality attributes of Chinese noodles and northern‐style Chinese steamed bread were investigated. Results showed that the degree of starch damage raised from 6.54% to 12.06% as grinding intensity increased from 0 to 130 Hz (P < 0.05). The falling number, sedimentation value, starch pastes' viscosity, dough proofing stability were negatively, while water absorption, pastes thermal stability, the degree of starch pastes and dough level were positively correlated with DS content, respectively (P < 0.05). The increase in DS content from 6.54% to 8.86% did not lead to a deterioration of texture characteristic, which might be attributed to the slight declining in hardness while enhancing in springiness and cohesiveness. The flour with DS content of 6.54–9.66% was suitable for steamed bread making.     

马铃薯全粉对小麦粉及面条品质的影响

通过在小麦粉中添加不同比例的马铃薯全粉,测定其面筋特性、粉质特性、热特性及面条的蒸煮、质构特性和感官评价,并用扫描电镜观察面条微观结构,来探讨马铃薯全粉对小麦粉及面条品质的影响。结果表明:随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增大,混合粉湿面筋含量逐渐减少。面团的形成时间和稳定时间下降,稳定时间从5.1 min下降到0.8 min,弱化度增大。起始温度To、峰值温度TP变化不明显、终止温度TC呈上升趋势,热焓值H呈下降趋势,热焓值从257.56 J/g下降到179.46 J/g,面团的热稳定性下降。面条的干物质损失率、断条率逐渐增大。面条的硬度、弹性随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加而逐渐减小。扫描电镜观察结果显示,随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增大面条表面变得松散,面筋断裂,淀粉颗粒暴露在面筋网络结构之外。结果得到,当马铃薯全粉添加量在20%以下时,面条具有较好的品质。      

蜡质玉米淀粉对糯米粉及速冻汤圆品质的影响

将蜡质玉米淀粉添加于糯米粉中制作速冻汤圆,考察蜡质玉米淀粉对糯米粉及速冻汤圆品质的影响.结果显示:蜡质玉米淀粉的添加能提高糯米粉的透明度,升高沉降值,同时降低糯米粉的峰值黏度和崩解值.蜡质玉米淀粉添加于糯米粉中制作速冻汤圆,使汤圆的高径比有所降低,冷冻失水率上升.加有蜡质玉米淀粉的速冻汤圆煮制后汤的透明度提高,质构特性...     

生物酶对玉米面粉糊化性质的影响

采用蛋白酶、脱支酶、乳酸菌胞外酶处理玉米面粉,用RVA测其糊化曲线,筛选出对糊化性质有所改善的生物酶及其用量,并分析其改良机理。结果表明:蛋白酶可明显改善原面粉的糊化性质,其回生值和破损值都减小;脱支酶的作用效果不明显;乳酸菌胞外酶在一定浓度下也可以改善面粉的糊化性质。     

市售饺子用小麦粉品质性状及其加工品质特性

利用混合实验仪对优质饺子粉进行评价筛选研究,旨在为达成饺子专用粉高效在线配粉提供理论支撑。本研究以市场上现有的30种饺子粉为研究对象,通过分析面粉的白度、湿面筋含量、流变学特性、糊化特性等理化指标和饺子皮感官评分,比较不同饺子粉品质差异性,运用聚类分析将上述面粉进行等级分类。结合混合实验仪软件的内置功能Chopin+标准协议对优类饺子粉进行测定并制作目标剖面图。利用该剖面图实现了郑麦136、郑麦366和新麦26等3种基础粉的饺子皮配粉应用。结果表明,30种饺子粉品质性状的变异系数大小依次为：形成时间>稳定时间>粉质质量指数>弱化度>面筋指数>衰减值>最低粘度>峰值粘度>湿面筋含量>糊化温度>吸水率>白度>峰值时间>感官评分,其中形成时间的变异系数最大,为68.59,感官评分变异系数最小,为0.11。在欧式距离5处可将30种饺子粉分为三大类群。其中,第二类有16个样品,其稳定时间、峰值粘度、最终粘度和感官评分均为三类中最佳,将其归为优质饺子粉。所得到的优质饺子粉目标剖面图的吸水率指数范围在8~9,混合指数范围为5~7,面筋+指数范围在5~6,粘度指数范围为5~7,淀粉酶指数范围为7~8,回生指数范围在7~8。利用混合试验仪对3种基础粉和10种不同比例的混合粉进行测定,从6个指数综合分析发现混合粉7:2:1、6:3:1、6:2:2、5:4:1均落在优质饺子粉目标剖面图的范围内,说明该4种混合粉适合饺子加工,考虑优麦成本,可选取7:2:1作为最优配比。该研究可为企业生产高质量的饺子专用粉和面粉品质控制提供理论参考。     

专用粉生产与质量控制

结合本厂实际情况,论述了面粉厂在产品质量控制方面所采取的一些措施,在专用粉的生产方面所采取技术要点、工艺要求及生产秘诀等方面的经验和体会。     

小麦粉熟化过程中淀粉特性变化及与面条的关系

通过采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)及损伤淀粉检测试剂盒的方法对新磨制以及储存30 d的两种小麦的7种粉样进行测定分析,研究在小麦粉熟化过程中淀粉的糊化特性及损伤淀粉含量的变化,以及面条制作品质变化,并探索小麦粉熟化过程中淀粉的糊化特性及损伤淀粉含量的变化与面条的质构和食用品质的关系.结果表明:新磨制的小麦粉峰值黏度、最终黏度、最低黏度均比储存30 d的小麦粉高,而损伤淀粉含量则低于30 d的小麦粉,采用RVA所测得小麦粉的淀粉特性与面条的黏附性呈显著性负相关,与面条的弹性、黏结性及回复性呈显著性正相关.     

制粉过程中各系统面粉流变学特性的研究

在生产面包及饼干专用粉的制粉过程中,粉路各系统不同出粉部位面粉的流变学特性呈现出明显的差异,这为粉流选择性混配提供了条件,使粉路在线配粉成为可能。研究表明,面包专用粉宜选择皮磨、渣磨、中路心磨及一部分前路心磨的面粉,饼干专用粉选择前路皮磨、前路渣磨及一部分心磨的面粉进行混配,由此能够配制出质量稳定的优质专用粉。     

荞麦粉对馒头品质的影响

荞麦具有丰富的营养和药食价值,采用10％、20％、30％、40％、50％和60％的全荞麦粉置换出等量高筋小麦粉蒸制馒头,通过荞麦馒头感官评价、色泽、质构特性的变化,研究荞麦粉对馒头品质的影响.结果表明:全荞麦粉会弱化面团结构,影响馒头的品质.随着荞麦粉添加量的增加,馒头表皮及内部色泽变暗,质构参数中硬度、胶凝性、咀嚼性明显增大.     

面粉特性对荞麦馒头预拌粉品质的影响

测定8种不同面粉的基本性质、面团流变特性、发酵特性,并用其制备成荞麦馒头预拌粉制作荞麦馒头,通过测定荞麦馒头的比容、质构特性、感官品质等指标,探究面粉特性对荞麦馒头预拌粉品质的影响。试验结果表明:湿面筋含量在33%～34%,蛋白质含量在11%～12%的面粉其蛋白质弱化度较小,面团形成时间和稳定时间较长,面团的持气率较好,面团开始漏气时间较晚;对应编号制作的荞麦馒头比容较大,硬度、弹性、咀嚼性适中,感官评价总分较高;灰分0.4g/100g的面粉制作的荞麦馒头表面颜色光亮、色泽均匀。综上可得:湿面筋含量在33%～34%,蛋白质含量在11%～12%,吸水率在58%～60%,灰分0.4g/100g的面粉制作的荞麦馒头品质较好,比较适合制备荞麦馒头预拌粉。