CO2对油田地下水环境中Q235钢和X70钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了探明辽河油田地下水环境中CO₂对Q235钢和X70管线钢的腐蚀规律,采用动电位极化技术及交流阻抗技术研究了不同CO₂浓度对该环境下两种钢腐蚀行为的影响,并利用光学显微镜对试样腐蚀界面进行表征。结果表明:随着CO₂浓度的增加,Q235和X70钢的交流阻抗图谱的半径均减小,腐蚀电流密度增大,腐蚀坑数量、深度和面积都增加,腐蚀敏感性增大。在低浓度CO₂环境下(CO₂含量为10%时),Q235钢的腐蚀敏感性比X70钢更高;而在高浓度CO₂环境下(CO₂含量为20%、40%、60%时),Q235钢的腐蚀速率反而较小,耐腐蚀性更好。     

硫酸盐还原菌对X70钢土壤宏电池腐蚀的影响

利用极化曲线、电化学阻抗、扫描电镜和表面能谱等方法,研究了硫酸盐还原菌对X70钢在土壤中宏电池腐蚀的影响.结果表明,接菌或灭菌粘土和砂土组成的宏电池,砂土中试样为宏电池的阴极,粘土中试样为阳极;随实验时间的增加,接菌及灭菌粘土中自然埋藏X70钢腐蚀速率逐渐减小,而砂土中宏电池阳极的腐蚀速率一直相当高;接菌土壤宏电池的电流和电动势比灭菌的大,接菌及灭菌粘土中阳极的腐蚀速率分别是自然腐蚀速率的4.93和2.45倍;在宏电池阴阳极面积比15∶1情况下,接菌及灭菌粘土中宏电池阳极的腐蚀速率分别为宏电池阴阳极面积比11时的5.01及2.33倍.     

Experimental study of dynamic DC stray current corrosion of X70 steel

In this paper, an experimental investigation on X70 steel was performed with respect to dynamic DC stray current interference in a soil-simulated solution and in quartz sand. The results showed that the interference period had a huge impact on the corrosion rate. When the interference period was less than 100 s, corrosion rates in the two testing conditions were less than 12% of that induced by steady DC corrosion with an equivalent current. When the interference period was longer than 100 s, the corrosion rate in the soil-simulated solution increased more significantly than that in quartz sand. Also, when the interference period was longer than 1 h, the corrosion rate in the soil-simulated solution was approximately equal to the Faraday theory corrosion rate. However, the corrosion rate in quartz sand was still less than 81% of the Faraday theory corrosion rate, even though the interference period had been increased to 16 h. The difference of the corrosion rates in the two testing conditions was probably because of the different capacities of charge consumption by the capacitance effect of the electric double layer as well as the different charge consumption due to the extra reaction of species other than iron.     

Experimental study on the corrosion behavior of X70 steel under asymmetric dynamic DC interference

The corrosion behavior of X70 steel in simulated soil environment under asymmetric dynamic direct current (DC) interference was studied by immersion tests. The experimental results showed that the negatively asymmetric dynamic DC interference would induce localized corrosion. Under the same dynamic period of 160 ±80 s, when the negative half-wave current density remained stable at −10 mA/cm² and the positive half-wave one decreased from 7 to 1 mA/cm², the equivalent diameters of the localized corrosion zones became smaller and the steel samples demonstrated typical pitting corrosion morphologies. To further explore the effect of asymmetric dynamic DC interference on the localized corrosion behavior of carbon steel, a variety of experimental measurements were carried out including real-time DC potential monitoring, in-situ near-surface pH measurements, cyclic voltammetry, and Mott–Schottky tests. It was found that the localized corrosion behavior was probably related to the breakdown of passive film formed on the metal surface exposed to negatively asymmetric DC current generated high pH conditions.     

Effect of dynamic DC stray current on corrosion behavior of X70 steel

Corrosion behavior of X70 steel under the application of dynamic DC stray current was investigated in simulated soil solution by immersion tests and electrochemical measurements. Experimental results indicated that the corrosion rate of X70 steel under dynamic DC stray current was strongly influenced by the dynamic period. When the dynamic period was <80 s, the corrosion rate was only approximately 1–7% of that caused by an equivalent amount of steady direct current. However, as the dynamic period became >80 s, the corrosion rate increased significantly with the dynamic period. And finally when the dynamic period was >1 hr, the corrosion rate was nearly equal to 100% of that caused by an equivalent amount of steady direct current. Meanwhile, the surface examination showed that the specimens experienced uniform corrosion under the experimental conditions. On the basis of the experiment results, the dynamic DC stray current corrosion mechanism of X70 steel under the experimental conditions was discussed, which was closely related to the electric double-layer structure at the electrode/solution interface and dynamic electrochemical reactions under dynamic stray current.     

Cathodic protection of XL 52 steel under the influence of sulfate reducing bacteria

The effect of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) upon the cathodic protection of XL 52 steel was determined, in order to identify if the potential value of ?0.950 V versus copper/copper sulfate electrode is good enough to protect the metal surface. During the experiments, different operational parameters were monitored: hydrogen sulfide production, iron concentration, electrolyte alkalinity, microorganisms' population, as well as the metal surface damage. At the same time, the corrosion rate was determined using two electrochemical techniques: polarization resistance (PR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). According to the results, it was observed that the protection potential of ?0.950 V versus copper/copper sulfate electrode is not enough to control the microbiologically induced corrosion. This situation is reinforced by the fact that significant iron concentration was found in the electrolyte. The microbiological activity is not affected by the protection potential. On the contrary, the population growth is slightly strengthened. The alkalinity generated by the applied potential did not stop the SRB growth. A type of localized corrosion was developed during the experiments with microorganisms, even when the protection potential was applied to the system.     

X70管线钢渗铝层盐雾腐蚀后能谱面扫描分析

利用激光热效应对X70管线钢进行渗铝处理,研究了其在5％盐雾试验中的腐蚀行为,通过SEM、EDS和XRD等手段对腐蚀产物表面-界面形貌、化学元素面扫描和物相组成进行了分析,探讨了渗铝层耐盐雾腐蚀机理.结果表明,渗铝层界面由渗铝层、扩散层和基体组成,Al和Fe原子在扩散层相互扩散,形成了FeAl2金属化合物相,是界面冶金结合的主要机制;盐雾腐蚀以点蚀为主,表面出现裂纹是热扩散过程中热应力作用的结果;腐蚀后渗铝层界面中存在Al和O元素的分层富集现象,形成的Al2O3氧化膜有效地阻止Cl-对基体金属的腐蚀,Al在渗铝层的局部富集是保护基体的主要因素,提高了X70管线钢的耐盐雾腐蚀性能.     

X70管线钢焊接性分析

针对管道建设中日益广泛采用的X70管线钢，分析了其碳当量与冷、热裂纹敏感性问题，探讨了防止X70管线钢产生冷裂纹的工艺措施，计算了不同板厚X70管线钢的预热温度，为实际的管道建设提供了理论依据与工程指导。     

粉土pH对X70钢早期电化学腐蚀行为的影响

采用电化学阻抗(EIS)、极化曲线和扫描电子显微镜观察(SEM)等方法,通过室内模拟试验研究了X70钢在不同pH粉土中的早期电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明:X70钢在酸性(H_2SO_4)、碱性(NaOH)以及中性粉土中的腐蚀差异较明显。在模拟酸性粉土中,X70钢在pH为5的粉土中腐蚀龄期达21d时的自腐蚀电位明显高于在其他环境中的,且X70钢的腐蚀速率随着pH的增大(4~5),呈现出降低的趋势。在模拟碱性粉土中,液相介质中的OH-对X70钢的腐蚀行为有较大的影响,且X70钢的腐蚀速率随着pH的增大(9~11),呈现出升高的趋势。     

激光冲击对X70管线钢焊缝盐雾腐蚀的影响

利用激光冲击波对X70管线钢焊缝进行了表面改性处理,通过人工气氛盐雾腐蚀试验考察了激光冲击处理前后焊缝的盐雾腐蚀行为.用扫描电镜、能谱分析仪和X射线衍射技术分析了盐雾腐蚀后焊缝表面形貌、腐蚀物的化学元素和物相组成,讨论了激光冲击处理对其腐蚀机理的影响.结果表明,原始状态的X70管线钢焊缝存在残余拉应力,易与腐蚀介质Cl-发生应力腐蚀开裂,且与晶界腐蚀共同作用发生剥落腐蚀;激光冲击处理使得试样内部晶粒细化,表层产生强化层,有利于提高焊缝抗盐雾腐蚀性能.     

X70管线钢焊接接头慢拉伸应力腐蚀行为

利用金相显微镜观察了X70管线钢焊接接头组织结构,通过慢拉伸试验分析了X70管线钢焊接接头在NACE溶液中应力腐蚀行为,测试了X70管线钢焊接接头在不同H2S浓度下电化学腐蚀电位,讨论了X70管线钢焊接接头自腐蚀电位形成机理。结果表明,X70管线钢焊接接头熔合区中M-A组元所产生的微裂纹是焊接接头应力腐蚀产生裂纹的主要来源,使得其耐腐蚀性能下降;焊接接头在腐蚀初期主要表现为典型的点腐蚀特征,点蚀坑相互连接不断扩展,点蚀坑被生成的腐蚀产物所覆盖;焊接接头自腐蚀电位随着H2S浓度的增加而发生负移,应力腐蚀敏感性增加,在含饱和H2S NACE溶液中具有明显的应力腐蚀倾向。     

Comparison of electrochemical techniques during the corrosion of X52 pipeline steel in the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB)

This work compares three electrochemical techniques, linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical noise (EN), used in the study of corrosion of X52 steel samples in an environment containing a culture of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). The study emphasizes the different electrochemical information obtained when using these techniques in microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) studies.     

硫酸根浓度对X70钢在卵石黄泥土中腐蚀行为的影响

利用极化曲线法、电化学阻抗法和扫描电镜研究了硫酸根浓度对X70钢在卵石黄泥土中腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,在不同硫酸根浓度的卵石黄泥土中,随着硫酸根浓度的增大,X70钢的自腐蚀电位负移,自腐蚀电流密度增大。交流阻抗谱表现为叠加的双容抗弧,弧半径随硫酸根浓度的增大而减小。X70钢在加入0.5%硫酸根的土壤中发生较严重的坑点腐蚀。     

SRB 对 X70 钢在土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用失重法、SEM、EDS微观分析方法和电化学阻抗技术研究了X70钢在有/无SRB的侵蚀性土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,在无菌介质中,X70钢表面生成不具有保护性的腐蚀产物,其腐蚀速率随浸泡时间的延长而增大;在有菌介质中,钢表面形成致密的生物膜,对界面传质有一定的阻碍作用,从而减轻X70钢的腐蚀。腐蚀产物的吸附及S含量随浸泡时间的延长而增加,使得腐蚀产物膜疏松易脱落,促进了基体的腐蚀。无菌介质中腐蚀产物内层的稳定性与腐蚀产物的沉积及分布有关;而在有菌介质中,多孔的胞外聚合物对活化过程中的质量传输过程有一定阻碍作用。     

X70高钢级管线钢焊接接头盐雾腐蚀机理

利用中性盐雾试验对X70高钢级管线钢焊接接头进行室温腐蚀,通过扫描电镜和能谱仪观察了X70管线钢焊接接头盐雾腐蚀前后表面微观形貌和化学元素的变化,并采用EDS对盐雾腐蚀后焊接接头表面进行了面扫描分析. 利用XRD讨论了其盐雾腐蚀前后表面物相,分析了X70管线钢焊接接头盐雾腐蚀后表面腐蚀膜的组成、作用和腐蚀机理. 结果表明,盐雾腐蚀后失效主要形式是点蚀和剥落腐蚀,活性Cl-离子破坏了试样表面的钝化膜,与Fe原子接触,是发生点蚀的主要原因;焊接过程中产生的残余拉应力成为腐蚀的应力源,使材料在腐蚀介质中发生应力腐蚀开裂,在与晶间腐蚀共同作用下发生剥落腐蚀;腐蚀膜达到一定厚度后覆盖在试样表面,阻隔试样与腐蚀介质的接触,有利于抑制腐蚀的持续进行.     

激光冲击处理对X70管线钢焊接接头应力腐蚀的影响

利用激光冲击波对X70管线钢焊接接头进行了表面改性处理,通过SSRT分析了激光冲击处理对试样在NACE饱和H2S溶液中应力腐蚀的影响。采用扫描电镜观察了激光冲击处理前后试样表面腐蚀产物形貌、断口形貌和应力腐蚀裂纹形貌等,并用能谱分析仪分析了腐蚀产物化学成分组成,探讨了激光冲击处理对试样SCC的影响机理。结果表明:激光冲击处理后焊接接头抗拉强度、伸长率和断面收缩率分别提高了5.1%、4.5%和28.7%,内积功的SCC敏感性指数Iscc从50.94%下降至45.10%,降低了11.64%,断口形式由脆性断裂转变为韧性断裂。激光冲击处理改善了焊接接头表面应力状态和材料组织结构,减缓了裂纹的萌生和扩展,增强了其抗SCC的性能,但不能消除明显的应力腐蚀倾向;激光冲击处理降低了氢致开裂的倾向,有利于提高焊接接头抗H2S应力腐蚀的性能。     

X70钢焊接接头在近中性溶液中应力腐蚀行为研究

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)、扫描电镜以及电化学测量技术研究了X70管线钢焊接接头在近中性模拟土壤溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为。结果表明,断口和柱面SCC裂纹均发生在热影响区(HAZ)。在试验溶液中,随着外加极化电位降低管线钢SCC敏感性增强,电位负移到一定电位值后,SCC敏感性减弱;随着溶液pH值降低,腐蚀速率增大,敏感电位区间负移。施加阴极电位时,在试样断口观察到明显的准解理脆断特征,断口和柱面有穿晶SCC裂纹。分析了焊接接头试样HAZ的SCC机理,在试验介质中,管线钢应力腐蚀开裂主要受阳极溶解和氢致开裂两种机理的联合作用,适当的电位可以使阳极溶解和氢致开裂的联合作用达到最大,从而造成较严重的应力腐蚀开裂。     

The effect of cathodic polarization on the corrosion behavior of X65 steel in seawater containing sulfate-reducing bacteria

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are one of the main reasons for the accelerated corrosion of steel. Cathodic polarization has been reported as an effective and economic method against marine corrosion, including microbiologically induced corrosion. However, the interaction between cathodic polarization and microbial activity has not been well defined. In this study, a fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode is used to study the effect of cathodic current on SRB cells. Fluorescence microscopy results clearly show that the attachment degree of SRB is dependent on the electric quantity and current intensity. The large electric quantity and high cathodic current (400 mA/m² × 30 h) can effectively inhibit bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation. Furthermore, the effect of cathodic potential on the corrosion behavior of X65 steel in the presence of SRB is systematically investigated. Results show that the impressed charges, the increase of pH, and the formation of calcareous deposits on the electrode surface at the cathodic potential of −1,050 mV/SCE inhibit the attachment of SRB. In turn, the presence of SRB also interferes with the electrochemical reactions that occur during the polarization process, thus increasing the cathodic current. The interaction between SRB-induced corrosion and the process of preventing corrosion by various cathodic potentials is discussed.     

Microbial corrosion of galvanized steel by a freshwater strain of sulphate reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio sp.)

Microbially influenced corrosion of galvanized steel was investigated exposing coupons (2.0 × 2.0 cm) to culture of sulphate reducing bacteria strain Desulfovibrio sp. The coupons were exposed to the SRB culture for 4, 8, 24, 72, 96, 168, 360 and 744 h along with a control set in uninoculated medium. The results from the present study suggest that SRB were responsible for the corrosion of the galvanized steel. The corrosion rate of galvanized steel was not be correlated with the number of sessile SRB cells. Also Desulfovibrio sp. had an ability to produce EPS (Extracellular Polimeric Substances) and biodegrade the carbohydrate, that is the predominant component of the EPS produced by them. When Desulfovibrio sp. cells were in logarithmic phase, the concentration of dissolved zinc in the bulk solution was very toxic for Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.     

温度和外加电位对X70管线钢在土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位扫描、慢应变拉伸（SSRT）和扫描电镜观察研究了温度和外加电位对X70管线钢在成都土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,在不同温度和不同电位下,X70管线钢在土壤模拟溶液中表现出不同的应力腐蚀敏感性。在温度和外加电位的交互试验中,电位的变化对X70管线钢在成都土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性的影响占主导地位,应力腐蚀敏感性在不同温度下的变化趋势保持一致。在－450 mV(vs SCE,下同)的阳极电位下,SCC的机理为阳极溶解;在－850 mV电位下,阴极保护作用抑制了阳极溶解;当电位负移至－1200 mV时,表现出较强的应力腐蚀敏感性,SCC机理以氢脆为主。温度对应力腐蚀敏感性的影响主要体现在对阴极极化电位的影响,但是各种因素综合在一起导致应力腐蚀敏感性随温度变化的复杂性。