Iron bioavailability from ferric pyrophosphate in rats fed with fructan-containing yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) flour

The effects of inulin-type fructans (ITF)-containing yacon flour (YF) on Fe bioavailability from ferric pyrophosphate (FP) were evaluated in Fe-deficient rats using the Hb repletion efficiency (HRE) assay. Weanling male Wistar rats were fed a low-Fe diet (12 mg/kg) for 15 days followed by 2 weeks of Fe repletion with diets providing 35 mg Fe/kg as either ferrous sulphate (FS) or FP, supplemented with 7.5% ITF as either YF or Raftilose (RAF), a purified ITF. ITF increased caecal fermentation, whereas YF was more butyrogenic than RAF. ITF improved HRE in FP-fed rats, and those fed YF had a higher relative biological value compared with those fed FP and RAF. Liver Fe was increased by ITF, but only YF led to values similar to those in the FS group. It is observed that ITF increased caecal fermentation and Fe bioavailability. These effects were more pronounced when YF was the ITF source.     

Impact of goat milk powdered formulations on mineral absorption,peak bone mass and bone loss due to ovariectomy in rats

BACKGROUND: Goat milk is recognised as nutritious, with benefits to growth and skeletal development. The initial aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three different goat milk formulae—a whole milk, a skim milk and a goat milk growing‐up formula fortified with pre‐ and probiotics (Formula 1)—on mineral absorption and retention in rats. The effect of long‐term intake of the fortified formula diet on peak bone mass and post‐ovariectomy bone loss in rats was then investigated in a follow‐up study and was assessed by bone density dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and biomechanical testing of bone ex vivo. RESULTS: Goat whole milk and fortified milk formulations improved calcium and phosphorus absorption and retention. Body composition analysis showed that rats fed the fortified diet had higher body calcium and phosphorus content. The fortified diet was then tested in a long‐term feeding trial. Rats fed the fortified diet from weaning had a higher peak bone mass than rats fed a soy protein control diet. Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of the lumbar spine were higher in rats fed the fortified diet. After ovariectomy, all rats lost bone mass, but rats fed the fortified diet maintained significantly higher BMD and BMC values throughout the trial, though still lower than those of non‐ovariectomised control rats. The fortified diet increased bone strength. CONCLUSION: Goat milk specific nutrients supported by pre‐ and probiotics in Formula 1 may improve mineral status during growth and support attainment of peak bone mass. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Squid Ink Melanin‐Fe on Iron Deficiency Anemia Remission

ABSTRACT: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of a new iron tonic (squid ink melanin‐Fe [SM‐Fe]) on remission of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) using a rat model of IDA. The rat IDA model was established with low‐iron diet feeding and caudal vein blooding. Then different dosages of SM‐Fe were given to the rats once a day by intragastric administration, with FeSO₄ and FeCl₃ as positive control. The content of Hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were analyzed in addition to the contents of serum iron (SI) and intracellular free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in serum was also measured. The results showed that anemia caused by iron deficiency was established as a consequence of the low‐iron diets. SM‐Fe showed an effective restoration action by returning Hb, RBC, HCT, MCV, SI, and FEP in IDA animals to normal values. An antioxidant effect was also observed that reduced MDA level, enhanced the activities of SOD and GSH–Px in serum, and protected erythrocytes from the injury of reactive oxygen species as a consequence of SM‐Fe intake. In comparison with FeSO₄ and FeCl₃, higher bioavailability of iron and fewer side effects were also observed. In conclusion, SM‐Fe remitted iron deficiency anemia symptoms significantly, suggesting that SM‐Fe might contribute to improving hemopoietic function in IDA rats and might be exploited as a safe, efficient new iron tonic.     

Bioavailability to rats of iron from fortified grain amaranth flour

In this study, fortified and unfortified grain amaranth seed flour and FeSO₄ fortified casein diet as control were evaluated for their iron bioavailability. NaFeEDTA, ferrous fumarate, and FeSO₄-fortified grain amaranth were fed to Sprague Dawley weanling male rats. Iron intake, Hb Fe gain, Fe availability and binding capacity, serum iron, non-haem liver iron and relative biological value (RBV) were determined and values compared with FeSO₄-fortified casein control; all were improved greatly by fortification.
Relative biological values (RBV) were 0.40, 1.55, 1.75, 1.67 and 1.00 for animals receiving unfortified amaranth diet, those fed diet fortified with NaFeEDTA, ferrous fumarate, FeSO₄ and casein fortified with FeSO₄ respectively. RBV of the unfortified cereal was 40% of control suggesting perhaps low iron absorption from the amaranth cereal.
Based on the results of this study, amaranth cereal is ideal as a food vehicle for iron fortification. The iron fortificant of choice is ferrous fumarate.     

Feeding differently processed soya bean. Part 2. An assessment of haematological responses in the chicken.

The use of differently processed soya bean as a major source of dietary protein was evaluated in a haematological study using broiler chickens in which groundnut cake (GNC), raw soya bean (RSB), roasted soya bean (RtSB), cooked soya bean (CSB) and soya bean oil cake (SBC) were fed on equi-protein basis. The results showed that: 1. Red blood cell (RBC) count and haemoglobin content of blood significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in chicks fed RSB relative to the other soya bean diets. Feeding differently processed soya bean significantly (P less than 0.05) influenced mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) while the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was not significantly influenced. 2. Both the total white blood cell (WBC) count and the monocytes were significantly (P less than 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Chicks fed processed soya bean generally had higher number of monocytes. 3. Physical properties determined were specific gravity and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The latter was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in all the processed soya bean-fed chicks. 4. Minerals determined in blood were Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and P. Of all these, chicks fed RSB had significantly (P less than 0.01) lower levels of blood Mg and marked decrease in Ca.     

Carotenoids,but Not Vitamin A,Improve Iron Uptake and Ferritin Synthesis by Caco‐2 Cells from Ferrous Fumarate and NaFe‐EDTA

Due to the high prevalence of iron and vitamin A deficiencies and to the controversy about the role of vitamin A and carotenoids in iron absorption, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the following: (1) the effect of a molar excess of vitamin A as well as the role of tannic acid on iron uptake by Caco‐2 cells; (2) iron uptake and ferritin synthesis in presence of carotenoids without pro‐vitamin A activity: lycopene, lutein, and zeaxantin; and (3) iron uptake and ferritin synthesis from ferrous fumarate and NaFe‐EDTA. Cells were incubated 1 h at 37 °C in PBS pH 5.5, containing ⁵⁹Fe and different iron compounds. Vitamin A, ferrous fumarate, β‐carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxantin, and tannic acid were added to evaluate uptake. Ferritin synthesis was measured 24 h after uptake experiments. Vitamin A had no effect on iron uptake by Caco‐2 cells, and was significantly lower from NaFe‐EDTA than from ferrous fumarate (15.2 ± 2.5 compared with 52.5 ± 8.3 pmol Fe/mg cell protein, respectively). Carotenoids increase uptake up to 50% from fumarate and up to 300% from NaFe‐EDTA, since absorption from this compound is low when administered alone. We conclude the following: (1) There was no effect of vitamin A on iron uptake and ferritin synthesis by Caco‐2cells. (2) Carotenoids significantly increased iron uptake from ferrous fumarate and NaFe‐EDTA, and were capable of partially overcoming the inhibition produced by tannic acid. (3) Iron uptake by Caco‐2 cell from NaFe‐EDTA was significantly lower compared to other iron compounds, although carotenoids increased and tannic acid inhibited iron uptake comparably to ferrous fumarate.     

蛋氨酸螯合铁对大鼠肝脏物质代谢相关基因表达的影响

研究缺铁日粮中补充蛋氨酸螯合铁与硫酸亚铁对大鼠铁利用及肝基因表达的影响。20只SD断奶大鼠,建立缺铁大鼠模型,然后均分成两组,分别饲喂加入等量铁(35mg/kg)的蛋氨酸螯合铁和硫酸亚铁日粮,补铁后4、7d后测定体重、血红蛋白,组织器官铁含量及血清总铁结合力;并提取大鼠肝组织总RNA,用Afymetrix基因芯片进行基因表达分析,研究硫酸亚铁与蛋氨酸螯合铁对缺铁大鼠物质代谢基因表达的差异。结果表明,蛋氨酸螯合铁组大鼠增重明显高于硫酸亚铁组,血红蛋白、总铁结合力含量有升高趋势。与硫酸亚铁组比较,蛋氨酸螯合铁组肝组织珠蛋白与转铁蛋白合成相关基因,以及胆固醇合成,脂肪代谢、ATP合成相关基因明显上调。补充蛋氨酸螯合铁动物铁代谢和物质代谢存在显著差异。     

Iron‐encapsulated cold‐set whey protein isolate gel powder ‐ Part 2: Effect of iron fortification on sensory and storage qualities of Yoghurt

Iron was incorporated at 20–60 mg/kg of yoghurt using iron‐encapsulated cold‐set whey protein isolate gel powder (WPI‐Fe) and by direct addition of ferrous sulphate solution. The changes in physicochemical and sensory qualities of the yoghurt samples were determined over 14 days of storage. Quality attributes of the yoghurt fortified using WPI‐Fe particles at up to 60 mg iron/kg were similar to those of unfortified control samples, especially in terms of colour and flavour, while the samples fortified by direct addition of ferrous sulphate exhibited noticeable adverse effects even at 20 mg iron/kg.     

Feeding differently processed soya bean Part 2. An assessment of haematological responses in the chicken

The use of differently processed soya bean as a major source of dietary protein was evaluated in a haematological study using broiler chickens in which groundnut cake (GNC), raw soya bean (RSB), roasted soya bean (RtSB), cooked soya bean (CSB) and soya bean oil cake (SBC) were fed on equi-protein basis. The results showed that:

• 1 Red blood cell (RBC) count and haemoglobin content of blood significantly (P < 0.05) increased in chicks fed RSB relative to the other soya bean diets. Feeding differently processed soya bean significantly (P < 0.05) influenced mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) while the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was not significantly influenced.
• 2 Both the total white blood cell (WBC) count and the monocytes were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Chicks fed processed soya bean generally had higher number of monocytes.
• 3 Physical properties determined were specific gravity and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The latter was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in all the processed soya bean-fed chicks.
• 4 Minerals determined in blood were Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and P. Of all these, chicks fed RSB had significantly (P < 0.01) lower levels of blood Mg and marked decrease in Ca.

     

Iron bioavailability from Amaranthus species: 2—Evaluation using haemoglobin repletion in anaemic rats

Initial screening of 46 lines from 12 species of Amaranthus indicated wide variation in total iron (Fe) and small but significant differences in bioavailable Fe when estimated by an in vitro assay. To verify if differences in bioavailable Fe detected by in vitro assay were biologically significant, one line from each species A tricolor, A hypochondriacus and A cruentus was evaluated using a haemoglobin (Hb) repletion assay with anaemic rats. Anaemic rats were fed treatment diets in which almost all Fe was provided by amaranth lines, and Hb gains were compared to those of rats fed control FeSO₄ diets. Slope ratio analysis indicated that Fe supplied by A hypochondriacus had a greater relative bioavailability (61%) than from A tricolor (44%), when compared to FeSO₄ (100%). However, A tricolor contained a higher concentration of total Fe (690 ppm) in the leaf material. When the same amount of amaranth was added to individual diets (30 g kg⁻¹ diet), analysis of Hb repletion efficiency (HRE) indicated that A tricolor supported the largest Hb gain of the three lines, despite having the lowest relative bioavailability compared to A hypochondriacus and A cruentus. Despite a lack of correlation between total and bioavailable Fe, these results suggest future efforts should focus initially on enhancing total Fe concentration of green leafy vegetables (GLVs), until the forms of bioavailable Fe in these plant materials are identified. Rat bioassay did confirm relative differences in bioavailable Fe estimated by the in vitro assay, supporting use of the in vitro assay in breeding programmes focused on improving Fe nutritional quality of GLVs. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of iron‐fortified Feta cheese for physicochemical and sensory properties

Standardised cow's milk (fat 3 g/100 g) was used to manufacture Feta cheese fortified with 40, 60 and 80 mg of iron/kg cheese using ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄), ferric chloride (FeCl₃), ferric pyrophosphate (Fe₄ (P₂O₇)₃) and microencapsulated ferrous sulphate. Chemical composition and sensory characteristics of fortified cheeses were determined after 60 days of ripening, during which the iron content and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were measured. The metallic taste, colour, flavour, overall score and TBA values were statistically (P < 0.05) affected by the source and concentration of iron. The best quality was found in cheeses fortified with 40 mg/kg of microencapsulated ferrous sulphate.     

Physicochemical and sensory properties of milk fortified with iron microcapsules prepared with water‐in‐oil‐in‐water emulsion during storage

This study investigated the possibility of fortifying iron microcapsule powder into milk and the effects of the fortification on the physicochemical and sensory properties of the products during storage. The iron microcapsules were prepared by the water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) emulsion technique. Fortifying the lower concentrations (0.1–0.3%, w/v) of iron microcapsules into the milk samples did not significantly change thiobarbituric acid values. The L‐values for the milk samples were not significantly influenced by fortifying iron microcapsules (0.1–0.7%, w/v). The overall acceptability scores were not affected when the lowest concentration of iron microcapsules (0.1%, w/v) was fortified into the milk.     

Iron deficiency anemia following prenatal nutrition interventions.

PURPOSE: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy and infancy is still common in developed countries, especially in low-income groups. We examined the prevalence of anemia and IDA in healthy low-income pregnant women participating in the Early Childhood Initiatives (ECI) program, and in their infants when they reached six months of age. METHODS: Pregnant women were recruited by nutritionists. In mothers, hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume, and serum ferritin (SF) were measured at 36 +/- 2 weeks of gestation. In infants, Hb, mean corpuscular volume, SF, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TS) were measured at six months of age. Thirty-one mother-infant pairs participated. RESULTS: Among the 31 pregnant women participating in the ECI program, six (19.4%) were anemic (Hb <110 g/L) and five (16.1%) suffered from IDA (Hb <110 g/L and SF <10 microg/L). Among infants, seven of 23 (30.4%) were anemic (Hb <110 g/L) and five of 23 (21.7%) suffered from IDA (Hb <110 g/L plus two of the following: TIBC >60 micromol/L, SF <10 microg/L, serum iron <5.3 micromol/L, TS < or = 15%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of anemia in this group of low-income pregnant women is comparable to that in privileged women. The prevalence of IDA in infants is comparable to that observed in other high-risk groups. Effective strategies are needed to prevent IDA in vulnerable groups.     

Relative Bioavailability of Dietary Iron from Three Processed Soy Products

The relative bioavailability of iron from soy flour (SF), freeze-dried soy beverage (SB) and soy concentrate (SC) was determined utilizing a hemoglobin repletion bioassay. Weanling male rats were fed a low iron depletion diet (3.5 ppm Fe) for 4 wk. For the next 2 wk groups of rats were fed repletion diets containing 0, 6, 12, or 18 ppm added iron from ferrous sulfate, SF, SB, or SC. Slope ratio analysis revealed that the relative iron bioavailabilities from SC (92%) and SF (81%) were not different from the reference standard, ferrous sulfate added to a casein-based diet, whereas that from SB (66%) was significantly less (P<0.01) than the inorganic source of iron. Analysis of results at individual iron levels suggested an iron bioavailability of SC>SF>SB.     

Casein micelles as a vehicle for iron fortification of foods

Casein micelles were loaded with iron to create a dispersible delivery format for insoluble iron by exposing milk at chilled temperatures to a high concentration of soluble iron (up to 20 mmol kg⁻¹ ferrous and ferric chloride). The loading was maximised by applying a pH-cycle to the fortified milk by means of carbonation. Upon acidification of fortified milk, no release of iron was observed, except at the highest concentration. Changes in the buffering capacity as a function of pH confirmed the formation of colloidal iron phosphates. Overall, most properties of the micelles did not change: hydration, protein distribution between soluble and colloidal phase remained constant, but zeta potential decreased slightly and curd formation upon renneting became much slower. The renneting behaviour could be improved by carbonation or storage at 30 °C for a day. Iron-fortified milk samples were stable under heating, except when fortification was achieved by means of 20 mmol kg⁻¹ ferric chloride. The most obvious difference of iron-fortified milk is its appearance: samples fortified with ferrous chloride were darker than control, whereas samples fortified with ferric chloride were more red/yellow.     

EFFECT OF PACKAGING MATERIALS ON THE QUALITY OF IRON-FORTIFIED WHOLEMEAL FLOUR DURING STORAGE

ABSTRACT

The effect of packaging materials on the physicochemical and rheological characteristics of iron‐fortified wholemeal flour (WMF) during storage was determined. WMF was fortified with three fortificants, namely ferrous sulfate (30 ppm), ferrous sulfate + ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (20 + 20 ppm) and elemental iron (60 ppm). Each flour was also fortified with 1.5 ppm folic acid. Moisture, flour acidity and peroxide value increased during storage, while protein and fat contents decreased. Highest conversion of Fe²⁺ into Fe³⁺was observed in flour fortified with ferrous sulfate (2.72%), followed by that fortified with ferrous sulfate + EDTA (1.49%) and elemental iron (1.06%). Water absorption and dough viscosity of iron‐fortified flours increased during storage. The flour containing ferrous sulfate was most acceptable regarding sensory characteristics, followed by samples containing ferrous sulfate + EDTA. Fortified flours were more stable during storage than unfortified. Addition of EDTA increased the stability of flours and fortificants. The fortified flours stored in polypropylene bags proved more stable than those stored in the tin boxes.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The main role of packaging is to protect the product during handling, distribution and storage against environmental and mechanical hazards. The success of a fortification program depends on the stability of micronutrients and food to which these are added. Chemical changes during storage badly affect chapatti making and sensory properties. Exposure of the fortificant to any factor including heat, moisture, air or light, and acid or alkaline environments during processing, packaging, distribution, or storage affects its stability. Flour containing elemental iron and ferrous sulfate with EDTA remained stable up to 42 days. The unfortified flour and flour containing ferrous sulfate remained stable for 21 days in tin boxes and 28 days in the polypropylene bags. Wheat flour milling industry would be benefited from this research if government is keen to launch iron fortification program in the country to curb iron deficiency anemia among population.

     

Preparation of iron‐fortified rice using edible coating materials

Iron‐fortified rice premix (IFRP) was prepared using soaking and spraying method followed by coating with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methyl cellulose (MC), combination of HPMC and MC, zein, palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA). Steaming caused a reduction in iron content in iron‐fortified rice premix than without steaming treatment. Iron content ranged from 1.33 to 7.11 and 1.61 to 4.49 mg g^?1, respectively, in IFRP prepared using soaking and spraying method. Retention of iron in IFRP samples coated with 9% PA, 7% and 9% SA, and combination of HPMC and MC at 2% level, respectively, after washing twice with distilled water was similar (P > 0.05). Retention of iron in these coated IFRP ranged from 87.34% to 89.39% (P > 0.05) as compared to 39.12% in uncoated IFRP. Sensory acceptability indicated the scope for the production of IFRP by spraying of iron solution with iron content 20.1 mg mL^?1, 180‐min tempering time and coating with 2% HPMC and MC followed by drying.     

甘氨酸螯合铁纳米脂质体对缺铁性贫血大鼠的补铁效果

研究了甘氨酸螯合铁纳米脂质体作为补铁剂对缺铁性贫血大鼠的补铁效果。通过对SD品系初断乳大鼠喂养缺铁基础饲料,建立缺铁性贫血大鼠模型,再用甘氨酸螯合铁纳米脂质体对缺铁性贫血大鼠补铁,并与甘氨酸螯合铁和硫酸亚铁进行比较。结果表明,甘氨酸螯合铁纳米脂质体能够显著增加大鼠血液中血红蛋白含量,提高血清铁含量,降低血清总铁结合力(P<0.05);并且它能够有效地促进大鼠肝脾组织中铁含量的增加。因而,甘氨酸螯合铁纳米脂质体可显著改善大鼠的缺铁性贫血状况,且比甘氨酸螯合铁和硫酸亚铁有更好的补铁效果。     

Effect of Fermentation on Iron, Zinc, and Calcium Availability from Iron-fortified Dairy Products

ABSTRACT: Iron, zinc, and calcium dialyzability and ascorbic acid (AA) concentrations were determined in milk, acidified milk, or yogurt fortified with ferrous sulfate (FS) or iron bis-glycinate (FBG) with or without AA addition in a 4:1 AA:Fe molar ratio. Milk fermentation or acidification caused an increase in iron availability from both iron sources. Highest availability values were obtained for fermented products with added AA (18-fold increase compared to milk). AA oxidation during fermentation was minor. However, at 14 d of cold storage, AA degradation was close to 50% in FS-fortified yogurt and 35% in FBG-fortified yogurt. Nevertheless, iron dialyzability remained constant. Lactic acidification and fermentation also increased Zn availability, but Ca dialyzability was hardly increased by either treatment. AA addition did not modify Zn or Ca availability.     

Preparation of Chitosan‐Coated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (CH‐NLCs) to Control Iron Delivery and Their Potential Application to Food Beverage System

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and chitosan‐coated NLCs (CH‐NLCs) were prepared by a combined double emulsion and melt dispersion method. The physicochemical properties of them were investigated to determine the optimum conditions. At 3% emulsifier concentration, the NLCs showed about 191.0 ± 4.1 nm mean particle size and low polydispersity index value compared to those observed under other conditions. The encapsulation efficiency of CH‐NLCs was 83.9% which was about 10% higher than that of NLCs. In vitro release test showed that low release amount of iron from the NLCs (11%) and CH‐NLCs (5%) in simulated gastric condition within 3 h, whereas the iron release amounts of the NLCs and CH‐NLCs were high (over 77%) in simulated intestinal condition because both NLCs and CH‐NLCs were totally destructed in the intestinal condition after 3 h. In the thiobarbituric acid test, the absorbance of milk‐fortified NLC and CH‐NLCs was lower than that of original milk. Based on these results, CH‐NLCs showed great potential for iron fortification in milk.