Unique interrelationships between fiber composition,water-soluble carbohydrates,and in vitro gas production for fall-grown oat forages

Sixty samples of ‘ForagePlus’ oat were selected from a previous plot study for analysis of in vitro gas production (IVGP) on the basis of 2 factors: (1) high (n = 29) or low (n = 31) neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 62.7 ± 2.61 and 45.1 ± 3.91%, respectively); and (2) the range of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) within the high- and low-NDF groups. For the WSC selection factor, concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 13.4% (mean = 7.9 ± 2.06%) and from 3.5 to 19.4% (mean = 9.7 ± 4.57%) within high- and low-NDF forages, respectively. Our objectives were to assess the relationships between IVGP and various agronomic or nutritional characteristics for high- and low-NDF fall-oat forages. Cumulative IVGP was fitted to a single-pool nonlinear regression model: Y = MAX × (1 – e ^{[–K× (t – lag)]}), where Y = cumulative gas produced (mL), MAX = maximum cumulative gas produced with infinite incubation time (mL), K = rate constant, t = incubation time (h), and lag = discrete lag time (h). Generally, cumulative IVGP after 12, 24, 36, or 48 h within high-NDF fall-oat forages was negatively correlated with NDF, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash, but positively correlated with WSC, nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). For low-NDF fall-grown oat forages, IVGP was positively correlated with growth stage, canopy height, WSC, NFC, and TDN; negative correlations were observed with ash and crude protein (CP) but not generally with fiber components. These responses were also reflected in multiple regression analysis for high- and low-NDF forages. After 12, 24, or 36 h of incubation, cumulative IVGP within high-NDF fall-oat forages was explained by complex regression equations utilizing (lignin:NDF)², lignin:NDF, hemicellulose, lignin, and TDN² as independent variables (R² ≥ 0.43). Within low-NDF fall-grown oat forages, cumulative IVGP at these incubation intervals was explained by positive linear relationships with NFC that also exhibited high coefficients of determination (R² ≥ 0.75). Gas production was accelerated at early incubation times within low-NDF forages, specifically in response to large pools of WSC that were most likely to be present as forages approached boot stage by late-fall.     

超声提取辣木叶黄酮优化及其抗氧化活性

采用响应面分析法对辣木叶黄酮的超声提取工艺进行优化。以乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间、提取温度为考察因素,总黄酮得率和氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC）值为响应值,进行四因素三水平的Box-Behnken实验设计,最优条件:乙醇浓度70%,料液比1∶27（g/m L）,提取时间46 min,提取温度50℃,在此条件下,总黄酮得率为（48.93±0.44）mg RE/g,ORAC值为（2747.17±301.51）μmol TE/g,与预测值（49.23 mg RE/g,2853.99μmol TE/g）的误差为0.6%和3.7%。采用聚酰胺树脂对辣木叶黄酮粗提物进行纯化,纯化后黄酮含量为65.89%,ORAC值为（5923.48±228.65）μmol TE/g,且纯化前后均表现出较强的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力,其EC50值分别为0.45、0.10 g/m L和0.26、0.05 mg/m L。结果表明超声提取是一种高效的提取辣木叶黄酮方法;聚酰胺树脂可有效提高辣木叶提取物中的黄酮含量并显著提高其抗氧化性。      

Technical note: In vitro total gas and methane production measurements from closed or vented rumen batch culture systems

This study compared measured gas production (GP) and computed CH₄ production values provided by closed or vented bottles connected to gas collection bags. Two forages and 3 concentrates were incubated. Two incubations were conducted, where the 5 feeds were tested in 3 replicates in closed or vented bottles, plus 4 blanks, for a total of 64 bottles. Half of the bottles were not vented, and the others were vented at a fixed pressure (6.8 kPa) and gas was collected into one gas collection bag connected to each bottle. Each bottle (317 mL) was filled with 0.4000 ± 0.0010 g of feed sample and 60 mL of buffered rumen fluid (headspace volume = 257 mL) and incubated at 39.0°C for 24 h. At 24 h, gas samples were collected from the headspace of closed bottles or from headspace and bags of vented bottles and analyzed for CH₄ concentration. Volumes of GP at 24 h were corrected for the gas dissolved in the fermentation fluid, according to Henry’s law of gas solubility. Methane concentration (mL/100 mL of GP) was measured and CH₄ production (mL/g of incubated DM) was computed using corrected or uncorrected GP values. Data were analyzed for the effect of venting technique (T), feed (F), interaction between venting technique and feed (T × F), and incubation run as a random factor. Closed bottles provided lower uncorrected GP (−18%) compared with vented bottles, especially for concentrates. Correction for dissolved gas reduced but did not remove differences between techniques, and closed bottles (+25 mL of gas/g of incubated DM) had a greater magnitude of variation than did vented bottles (+1 mL of gas/g of incubated DM). Feeds differed in uncorrected and corrected GP, but the ranking was the same for the 2 techniques. The T × F interaction influenced uncorrected GP values, but this effect disappeared after correction. Closed bottles provided uncorrected CH₄ concentrations 23% greater than that of vented bottles. Correction reduced but did not remove this difference. Methane concentration was influenced by feed but not by the T × F interaction. Corrected CH₄ production was influenced by feed, but not by venting technique or the T × F interaction. Closed bottles provide good measurements of CH₄ production but not of GP. Venting of bottles at low pressure permits a reliable evaluation of total GP and CH₄ production.