Physiological responses and quality attributes of table grape fruit to chitosan preharvest spray and postharvest coating during storage

The effects of preharvest chitosan spray (PCS) or/and postharvest chitosan coating (PCC) treatments on the quality and physiological response of table grape fruit stored at 20 or 0 °C was evaluated, respectively. PCS/PCC treatment showed the best control effect on decay. PCC or PCS/PCC treatment significantly decreased the weight loss of fruit stored at 20 °C. Additionally, all chitosan treatments inhibited the increase in rate of soluble solid content to titratable acid in fruit, stored at 20 °C, while enhancing the rate at 0 °C and affecting the content of total phenolic compounds in the fruit. Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase decreased in all chitosan treatments and PCS or/and PCC treatments also changed the activities of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. The results indicated the beneficial effect of chitosan by preharvest spray and/or postharvest coating on fruit quality and resistance to fruit decay.     

Influences of preharvest spraying Cryptococcus laurentii combined with postharvest chitosan coating on postharvest diseases and quality of table grapes in storage

The effects of preharvest spray with Cryptococcus laurentii combined with chitosan coating after harvest on decay and quality of table grapes during storage periods were evaluated in the present study. Preharvest spray with C. laurentii (PreA) significantly decreased decay index (DI), and postharvest chitosan coating (PCC) enhanced the effectiveness of the pre-harvest spray when fruits were stored at 0 °C. PreA combination with PCC increased the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) of fruit in storage. PreA + PCC treatment was effective in reducing weight loss of fruits by 85% at 17 d storage and 38% at 42 d storage as compared to PreA alone at the same stage. In addition, PreA enhanced the ratio of soluble solids content (SSC) to titratable acid (TA) by 12% at harvest time, 7% at 17 d storage and 25% at 42 d storage, mainly by increasing SSC and decreasing TA in fruit stored at 0 °C. These results suggested that integration of preharvest spray with C. laurentii and postharvest chitosan coating treatment may be a promising management strategy for decay control and quality maintenance of table grapes.     

壳聚糖和酵母甘露聚糖对蓝莓酒单宁特性及品质的影响

为探究壳聚糖和酵母甘露聚糖对蓝莓酒单宁特性、理化指标、香气成分及感官品质的影响。通过比色法测定单宁的含量及平均聚合度,并运用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）技术分析蓝莓酒中的有机酸和挥发性香气成分。结果表明,添加多糖后蓝莓酒中单宁的含量和平均聚合度较未添加多糖显著增加（P＜0.05）。酵母甘露聚糖组蓝莓酒中乳酸的含量最高,为1.15 g/L。香气成分GC-MS分析表明,酵母甘露聚糖组的香气成分种类（35种）和质量浓度（205.65 mg/L）均最高,主要是乙酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、香茅醇、α-松油醇、苯乙酸、β-大马士酮等物质。感官评价结果表明,酵母甘露聚糖组的涩感最弱,圆润度和香气浓郁度最高。综上可知,添加酵母甘露聚糖比添加壳聚糖更适合蓝莓酒的酿造。     

激发子诱导培养提高拮抗酵母对水果采后病害生防效力的研究进展

对引起水果贮藏期间腐烂的病原真菌,多采用化学杀菌剂,考虑到环保以及人体健康等因素,人们将目光转向了生物防治—酵母拮抗菌,而其防治效力的稳定性和广谱性与化学杀菌剂相比还存在很大的差距,防治成本较高。为此,研究者们加入添加物(激发子)对酵母进行培养,以提高酵母的生防效果。对激发子诱导培养酵母菌以提高其生防效果的研究进展进行综述。     

热空气复合茉莉酸甲酯处理对杨梅果实采后腐烂和品质的影响

目的 分析热空气复合茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate, MeJA)处理对杨梅果实采后腐烂和品质的影响。方法 将“乌种”杨梅在48 °C下进行10 μmol/L MeJA的熏蒸处理, 随后在20 °C下贮藏3 d或者1 °C下贮藏5、10 d、15 d后再20 °C贮藏1 d以模拟货架条件, 贮藏期间或结束后测定果实发病率以及硬度、可滴定酸(titratable acid, TA)、可溶性固形物(Total Soluble Solid, TSS)、维生素C和总酚等品质指标。同时, 采用芽管离体培养法测定该复合处理对Verticicladiella abietina(杨梅轮帚霉)孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。结果 10 μmol/L MeJA处理对V. abietina孢子萌发无明显抑制作用, 但可显著抑制病原菌菌丝的生长; 48 °C热空气处理则可显著抑制病原菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长。单一热空气或茉莉酸甲酯处理均可抑制杨梅果实采后贮藏期间绿霉病发病率, 但两者复合处理较单一处理更为显著的抑制了杨梅果实病害发生, 且经复合处理的杨梅果实其硬度、TA、TSS、维生素C和总酚含量均显著高于单一处理果实。结论 热空气复合茉莉酸甲酯处理可通过抑制V. abietina的生长从而控制杨梅果实采后腐烂并同时延缓果实品质下降, 从而为该复合处理的实际应用提供理论依据。     

Effect of yeast strain selection on the concentration of cis- and trans-resveratrol and resveratrol glucoside isomers in wine

The influence of four fermentative yeast strains belonging to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae species, on the content of cis‐ and trans‐resveratrol and resveratrol glucoside isomers in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz grape musts during alcoholic fermentation was studied by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP‐HPLC) analysis. During vinification an increase in both the free and the glucosidic forms was observed up to day three/five (cis‐ resveratrol/piceid) or day four (trans‐ isomers) after which varible yeast, β‐glucosidase activity was noted until dryness where a general increase in free forms of resveratrol was accompanied by a decrease in the corresponding glucoside. In the finished wines ready for bottling or aging, the total amount of all resveratrol forms reflected (P < 0.05) the manufacturers polyphenol extraction ratings for the strains. Relative extraction of total phenolics in red wine amongst different yeast strains was demonstrated to mimic relative stilbene content.     

采前翠贝喷洒及采后壳聚糖涂膜对厚皮甜瓜低温贮藏期间冷害及品质的影响

厚皮甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)对低温敏感,在低温条件下贮藏易发生冷害,导致果实品质下降,货架期缩短。本实验以\     

Effect of chitosan on incidence of brown rot,quality and physiological attributes of postharvest peach fruit

The effect of chitosan (5.0 and 10.0 mg ml ⁻¹) on the incidence of brown rot (caused by Monilinia fructicola), quality attributes and senescence physiology of peaches was investigated. It was found that both concentrations of chitosan reduced the incidence of brown rot significantly and delayed the development of disease compared with the control, but were less effective than the fungicide prochloraz. Chitosan‐treated peaches were firmer and had higher titratable acidity and vitamin C content than prochloraz‐treated or control peaches. Compared to control (water‐treated) peaches, chitosan‐treated peaches showed lower respiration rate, less ethylene and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and better membrane integrity. Hence it can be concluded that chitosan has the potential to control brown rot, preserve valuable attributes and prolong the shelf life of postharvest peaches, presumably because of its antifungal property and inhibition of the ripening and senescence process of postharvest peaches. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

壳聚糖涂膜处理对猪腰枣保鲜效果的影响

研究了采用1.0%、1.4%和1.6%浓度的壳聚糖涂膜处理武隆猪腰枣后,在1℃,相对湿度90%的条件下的保鲜效果。结果表明:1.4%壳聚糖涂膜处理有效地延缓了武隆猪腰枣果实硬度、Vc及可溶性固形物含量的下降,在贮藏末期(60d)时,各检测指标均明显优于对照组,并有效地抑制了细菌和降低了烂果率,较好地保持了猪腰枣贮存期的品质。     

葡萄果实组织能量水平对其品质劣变的影响

目的探讨葡萄冷藏期间组织细胞能量亏损对果实品质劣变的影响。方法 "红地球"葡萄采后经抗菌、涂膜和热处理后在(4±0.5)℃贮藏不同时间,每隔10 d测定果实组织的能量物质、可溶性固形物(SSC)、可滴定酸(TA)、维生素C(Vc)、可溶性糖、有机酸和pH值。结果冷藏期间葡萄果肉组织内能量水平下降,处于亏损状态。SSC、TA、Vc、可溶性糖和有机酸含量下降,但pH值上升。采后经适当处理可缓解组织能量亏损,减缓品质劣变,尤以涂膜效果更显著。ATP水平与TA、Vc呈一元二次曲线拟合,拟合度大于或接近0.9;与SSC、葡萄糖、酒石酸、pH值呈线性拟合,拟合度近0.9。ATP水平与SSC、酒石酸、TA、Vc、葡萄糖极显著正相关(r=0.894~0.942,P0.01);与pH值极显著负相关(r=-0.934,P0.01)。结论能量水平对果实营养品质劣变有直接影响,减缓能量亏损可维持果实营养品质。     

Effects of mechanical thinning on fruit and wine composition and sensory attributes of Grenache and Tempranillo varieties (Vitis vinifera L.)

Background and Aims: Cost-effective yield control is required by the wine industry in order to reduce the existing worldwide wine surplus and to improve grape quality. The object of this study was to evaluate the chemical and sensory effects on the resulting wines of mechanical cluster thinning performed at different intensities on Grenache, and at different timings (pea size and veraison) on Tempranillo. Methods and Results: The experiments were conducted with a machine harvester in 2007 on two commercial vertical shoot-positioned vineyards in Spain's Rioja region. In both varieties, mechanical thinning was effective in yield reduction and resulted in more ripened fruit, and wines with higher alcohol and pH values, more intense colour and increased phenolic content. Regardless of the thinning intensity, sensory changes were less noticeable in Grenache than in Tempranillo wines. Of the latter, those from vines thinned during veraison were less aromatic and sour, but had increased astringency. Conclusions: Yield management through mechanical thinning induced changes to the chemical composition of fruit and wines as well as to the wines' aroma, taste and mouthfeel. The extent of the sensory implications seems to depend on several factors such as the variety and timing of thinning application. Significance of the Study: This is one of the first studies addressing the effects of mechanical thinning on the sensory properties of the resulting wine and has implications for viticultural management practices.     

采后壳聚糖处理对薄膜包装枸杞鲜果低温贮藏品质的影响

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壳聚糖涂膜处理对沙糖桔采后生理及品质的影响

目的研究壳聚糖涂膜处理对沙糖桔(Shatang mandarin)采后生理及品质的影响。方法常温条件下(20±2)℃采用0.5%、1.0%和1.5%壳聚糖涂膜处理,每4 d取一次样品,分别对沙糖桔果实的腐烂率、呼吸强度、可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量进行测定。结果与对照组相比,不同质量分数的壳聚糖涂膜处理均能有效抑制沙糖桔果实腐烂率的上升,延缓呼吸强度、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量的下降。其中,1.5%壳聚糖涂膜处理对维持沙糖桔果实采后生理及品质的效果更显著。结论常温条件下,1.5%壳聚糖涂膜处理适用于沙糖桔果实的贮藏保鲜。     

The effects of homogenisation method and freezing on the determination of quality parameters in red grape berries of Vitis vinifera

The effect of sample processing with three different blenders, sample freezing and storage time on the determination of berry quality parameters – total anthocyanins, total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolics (TP) and pH – in homogenates of red grape berries has been examined. Samples of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Shiraz from four regions of South Australia were homogenised using Ultra-Turrax, Waring or Retsch commercial blenders applied to fresh samples, and to samples held in frozen storage overnight or for 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. All samples were analysed immediately after homogenisation. The results showed that neither homogeniser type nor freezing had any significant effect on total anthocyanins or TSS. However, freezing had an effect on total anthocyanins concentrations in samples with higher colour. The homogeniser type had a significant effect on TP and pH for all varieties analysed together. Freezing had no significant effect on TP, but significant effect on pH, the value being greater in samples at the lower end of the pH range. Frozen storage time of up to 3 months had no significant effect on total anthocyanins, TSS or T P. Statistically significant differences were observed in the concentration of total anthocyanins in samples after 3 months of frozen storage.     

Effect of Pichia membranaefaciens combined with salicylic acid on controlling brown rot in peach fruit and the mechanisms involved

BACKGROUND: Fruits are usually stored at low temperature to slow physiological metabolism, maintain quality and extend storage life. However, brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola often occurs in peach fruit at low temperature, resulting in serious losses. As a promising alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides, the antagonistic yeast Pichia membranaefaciens showed a potential effect on controlling post‐harvest brown rot. To improve biocontrol efficacy of the yeast against fungal pathogen, the biocontrol efficacy of P. membranaefaciens combined with salicylic acid (SA) in inhibiting brown rot in peach fruit caused by M. fructicola was investigated. RESULTS: As compared to P. membranaefaciens used alone, the yeast combined with SA significantly reduced lesion diameter caused by M. fructicola, and increased the activities of chitinase, β‐1,3‐glucanase and peroxidase (POD), as well as enhanced the expressions of chitinase and β‐1,3‐glucanase genes in peach fruit. Moreover, SA at 2 mmol concentration did not affect yeast growth, but inhibited pathogen growth. CONCLUSION: The mechanism by which SA enhances the biocontrol efficacy of the antagonistic yeast against brown rot may be related to inducing biochemical defence responses in peach fruit, and a moderate inhibitory effect of SA on growth of M. fructicola. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

壳聚糖-柠檬烯涂膜对鲜切哈密瓜贮藏品质的影响

目的 探究壳聚糖-柠檬烯涂膜对鲜切哈密瓜贮藏品质的影响。方法 以无菌蒸馏水和2%壳聚糖涂膜处理鲜切哈密瓜作为对照组,用2%壳聚糖复配0.1%柠檬烯涂膜处理鲜切哈密瓜作为实验组,在贮藏第0、1、3、5、7 d对鲜切哈密瓜的感官、硬度、呼吸强度、可溶性固形物含量、色差、维生素C含量、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性及菌落总数进行测定。结果 2%壳聚糖复配0.1%柠檬烯涂膜显著(P<0.05)减缓了鲜切哈密瓜果肉软化,可溶性固形物和维生素C含量的下降及色差值L^*、a^*、b^*的改变;抑制了鲜切哈密瓜的呼吸强度、PPO和POD活性,增强了SOD和CAT活性,并抑制了菌落的生长,有利于鲜切哈密瓜感官品质的维持。结论 2%壳聚糖复配0.1%柠檬烯涂膜处理鲜切哈密瓜可以降低鲜切哈密瓜贮藏期间的营养物质损耗,减缓果肉的衰老变质,较好地...     

Coating citrus (Murcott tangor) fruit with low molecular weight chitosan increases postharvest quality and shelf life

This study investigates the effects of coating with low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC, Mw = 15 kDa) and high molecular weight chitosan (HMWC, Mw = 357 kDa) on the decay of Murcott tangor and the maintenance of its quality. A 0.1% LMWC coating substantially slowed the decay of Murcott tangor stored at 15 °C in relation to a control sample and reduced decay by over 20% as compared to the fungicide TBZ. A concentration of 0.2% LMWC was more effective in controlling the growth of fungus on citrus fruits caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, exhibiting effective antifungal activity. LMWC coating improved firmness, titratable acidity, ascorbic acidity and the water content for Murcott tangor stored at 15 °C for 56 days. Consequently, Murcott tangor coated with LMWC exhibited greater antifungal resistance than TBZ and its quality was maintained for longer.