云南省不同引种地油橄榄果制取的油脂脂肪酸组成和角鲨烯含量分析

为了对云南省引种油橄榄优异种质资源提供理论依据,收集云南省不同引种地不同品种的油橄榄果,用索氏法提取橄榄油,通过气相色谱法测定其脂肪酸组成及角鲨烯含量。结果表明：不同引种地同一品种的橄榄油脂肪酸组成具有一定的相似性,大多聚于一类;不同品种橄榄油具有不同的脂肪酸组成,同一品种不同成熟度油橄榄果制取的橄榄油脂肪酸组成差异不大;不同品种橄榄油中角鲨烯含量变化幅度较大,最低值与最高值之间相差8.2 mg/g。综上,同一品种橄榄油的脂肪酸组成总体上具有一定的遗传稳定性,不同品种橄榄油具有不同的脂肪酸组成,且角鲨烯含量差异显著。     

陇南两种单品种初榨橄榄油的化学性质和脂肪酸组成随成熟度的变化

分析了陇南2个品种初榨橄榄油的化学性质和脂肪酸组成随成熟度增加的变化规律。结果表明：随着成熟度的增加2个品种的鲜果出油率增加且存在显著性差异。初榨橄榄油风味成分中氮氧化合物、含硫以及烷烃类化合物变化幅度较大,通过电子鼻可以区分不同品种不同成熟度的橄榄油。恩帕特雷和科拉蒂的k232、270值最高分别为1.85和1.91、0.18和0.14,多酚、黄酮含量变化范围分别为2.39～4.53和7.47～10.39、0.07～0.40和0.75～2.84 mg/g。氧化稳定时间在第6（6.28 h）和第5(16.71 h)成熟度为最高。酸价的变化范围分别为0.37～1.02和0.19～0.38 mg/g,过氧化值的变化范围分别为2.92～8.32和2.38～5.19 mmol /kg,油酸含量分别为72.36%～77.76%和59.23%～65.73%,亚油酸含量分别为7.70%～11.81%和9.74%～15.86%,SFA含量分别为11.81%～13.15%和14.25%～20.99%,PUFA含量分别为8.34%～12.36%和10.92%～16.84%,MUFA含量为72.69%～78.50%和62.36%～68.20 %。同一品种的MUFA/PUFA、C18:1/C18:2和MUFA含量变化趋势一致,与PUFA呈相反的变化趋势,2个品种之间各种脂肪酸含量差异明显,上述测定指标完全符合GB 23347—2009中特级初榨橄榄油的标准。科拉蒂的出油率、多酚、黄酮、油酸含量和氧化稳定时间明显大于恩帕特雷,而酸价、过氧化值低于后者。综合考虑认为科拉蒂的初榨橄榄油品质优于恩帕特雷,恩帕特雷和科拉蒂分别在第6和第5成熟度的初榨橄榄油品质最好。     

The effect of irrigation level and harvest mechanization on virgin olive oil quality in a traditional rain‐fed ‘Souri’ olive orchard converted to irrigation

BACKGROUND: Olive trees are generally grown under rain‐fed conditions. Since yield response to application of water in the growing season may be considerable, irrigation is increasingly introduced to existing, mature orchards. An additional feature of modernization of olive cultivation is mechanical harvesting. To investigate the effect of irrigation level on the quality of virgin olive oil (VOO) produced from cv. Souri, six regimes, ranging from deficit to excess, were applied to trees in a mature, traditional orchard as it was converted to irrigation. Furthermore, in order to investigate the effect of damage incurred during harvest, oil quality of hand‐picked fruit was compared to that of mechanically harvested olives. RESULTS: Data were collected from two consecutive growing seasons. Increased irrigation quantity increased the free acidity level of the oil and decreased the total phenol content of VOO, while the peroxide level of the oil was not affected. Oil of hand‐picked fruits had lower free acidity, higher polyphenol content and slightly lower peroxide level compared to the oil of mechanically harvested olives. CONCLUSION: Fruits from irrigated trees demonstrated an apparent sensitivity to mechanical wounding that subsequently led to increased free acidity, increased peroxide level and decreased total phenol content in oil. Management of irrigated orchards including method and timing of harvest and oil extraction techniques should consider these results in order to optimize production of high‐quality oil. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Two by-products of the olive oil extraction industry as oleic acid supplement source for Iberian pigs: effect on the meat's chemical composition and induced lipoperoxidation

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two by‐products of the olive oil extraction industry—olive soapstocks and olive‐pomace oil—as added fat sources into feed concentrates, in two different rearing systems (free‐range complemented with concentrates and intensive rearing with concentrates) on the chemical composition and oxidative stability of Iberian pig meat. RESULTS: No differences in the chemical composition, colour and fatty acid composition of gluteobiceps m. were found due to added fat source. However, the feeding system had a significant effect on protein (P < 0.05), γ‐tocopherol (P < 0.05), colour (P < 0.01) and fatty acid composition of gluteobiceps m. Neither added fat source nor the feeding system had an effect on the malondialdehyde content. CONCLUSION: The addition of olive soapstock or olive‐pomace oil as fat sources into concentrates did not influence meat composition or fatty acid profile. However, there are differences in the fatty acid composition of meat from Iberian pigs as a result of the production system used. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

橄榄油市场行情及其与其他植物油的脂肪酸组成和微量营养成分比较

旨在更全面、深入地了解橄榄油,对2010—2021年世界橄榄油的产量和消费量以及2015—2019年中国橄榄油的进口量进行了统计分析,测定不同品牌和不同等级市售橄榄油(特级初榨橄榄油、混合橄榄油和混合油橄榄果渣油)与9种其他植物油的脂肪酸组成和微量营养成分,并分析比较其差异。结果显示：世界橄榄油的产量和消费量常年维持在300万t左右,其中欧盟占比最大,分别为58.71%～76.68%和48.73%～62.15%;2015—2019年中国橄榄油产量仅在0.5万～0.7万t,而消费量和进口量分别达到了3.9万～5.75万t和3.86万～5.37万t;不同品牌和不同等级市售橄榄油的脂肪酸组成整体差异不大,但微量营养成分存在明显差异,其中特级初榨橄榄油的角鲨烯、多酚含量明显高于混合橄榄油和混合油橄榄果渣油,而混合油橄榄果渣油的甾醇和总生育酚含量最高;与一级菜籽油、一级玉米油、一级葵花籽油、一级大豆油和亚麻籽油等其他植物油比较,特级初榨橄榄油的油酸、角鲨烯和多酚含量最高,而甾醇和总生育酚含量偏低。     

植物油脂脂肪酸组成及位置分布研究进展

天然甘油三酯很少含有三个相同酰化脂肪酸,而由多种不同脂肪酸组成。该文对天然植物油脂油样预处理技术和测定方法及手段进行综述,同时对甘油三酯脂肪酸位置分布与油脂理化性质关系进行分析。     

油橄榄果渣油的提取工艺及其脂肪酸组成研究

以油橄榄加工废渣为原料,研究了提取条件对果渣油提油率的影响.结果表明:果渣水分含量在10％以下时适宜果渣油的提取,最佳的萃取溶剂为正己烷;响应面法优化的正己烷萃取条件为提取转速200 r/min、提取时间3h、提取温度55℃、料液比1:9;在此优化条件下的预测提油率为9.46％,验证值为9.16％,模型预测精度达96.8％.气相色谱-质谱(GC -MS)分析结果表明,正己烷萃取的果渣油主要脂肪酸为油酸(68.73％)、棕榈酸(15.28％)、8,10-二甲氧基-十八烷酸(6.65％)、亚油酸(2.80％)、硬脂酸(2.78％)和棕榈油酸(0.97％),其主要脂肪酸组成与橄榄油类似.     

橄榄油、葵花籽油和米糠油的氧化稳定性

对橄榄油、葵花籽油和米糠油3种植物油进行氧化稳定性研究。选取在空气、光照、煎炸条件下,测定3种植物油的酸值(AV)、碘值(IV)和过氧化值(POV)。同时,在煎炸条件下,选取阿魏酸、番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素3种天然抗氧化剂对米糠油进行抗氧化性研究。结果表明：过氧化值和酸值在实验条件中上升顺序为煎炸＞光照＞空气,碘值的下降也具有此顺序。3种植物油酸值、碘值和过氧化值变化幅度的顺序为：葵花籽油＞米糠油＞橄榄油。3种天然抗氧化剂氧化速率变化顺序为：阿魏酸＞番茄红素＞β-胡萝卜素。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilisation on protein content,total fatty acid content and composition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grains

The impact of N-fertilisation level on protein content, total fatty acid (TFA) content and major fatty acid composition of barley grains (cv. Eldorado), grown in a replicated field trial, was investigated. Increasing amounts of N-fertiliser, applied at several stages during the growing season, resulted in a higher protein content and a very slightly lowered TFA content in the grains. Protein and TFA contents were negatively correlated (r=-0.4685). Minor changes of fatty acid composition were found in the decrease of the oleic acid (C18:1) proportion (r=-0.8376) and in the increase of the palmitic acid (C16:0) proportion (r=0.7273). The stearic acid (C18:0) and the linoleic acid (C18:2) proportions were also affected, however, no significant linear correlations with the total N-fertiliser level were obtained. The slow increase in the linolenic acid (C18:3) proportion (r=0.5674) was too small, compared to the residual variance, to be significant. TFA content was positively (P<0.001) correlated with the oleic acid proportion, and negatively (P<0.001) with the palmitic acid proportion. These data suggest that the application of higher amounts of N-fertiliser slightly decreases the total fatty acid content of barley grains, probably due to a decreased synthesis of oleic acid, precursor of the unsaturated C18 fatty acids. The result is a relative increase in palmitic acid.     

Effect of increasing amounts of olive crude phenolic concentrate in the diet of dairy ewes on rumen liquor and milk fatty acid composition

Agro-industrial by-products contain several secondary plant metabolites, such as polyphenols, tannins, saponins, and essential oils. The effects of these compounds on animal metabolism may vary significantly according to the dose, the chemical nature of the molecules, and the overall composition of the diet. In the Mediterranean area, the olive oil extraction is associated with 2 by-products: olive pomace and wastewater, both rich in polyphenols. In particular, wastewater may be further processed to obtain olive crude phenolic concentrate (OCPC). An experiment was carried out aiming to evaluate animal performance, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, diversity of rumen microbial population, and rumen liquor FA profile in dairy ewes fed diets containing extruded linseed (EL) and increasing doses of OCPC. Twenty-eight Comisana ewes in mid lactation were allotted to 4 experimental groups. The experiment lasted 5 wk after 3 wk of adaptation. Diets were characterized by lucerne hay administrated ad libitum and by 800 g/ewe and day of 4 experimental concentrates containing 22% of EL on dry matter and increasing dose of OCPC: 0 (L0), 0.6 (L0.6), 0.8 (L0.8), and 1.2 (L1.2) g of OCPC/kg of dry matter. Milk yield was daily recorded and milk composition was analyzed weekly. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, samples of rumen liquor were collected to analyze FA profile, changes in rumen microbial population, and dimethylacetal (DMA) composition. The inclusion of OCPC did not affect milk yield and gross composition, whereas milk from L0.8 and L1.2 sheep contained higher concentrations of linoleic (+18%) and α-linolenic acid (+24%) and lower concentration of the rumen biohydrogenation intermediates. A similar pattern was observed for rumen liquor FA composition. No differences were found in the diversity of the rumen microbial population. Total amount of DMA did not differ among treatments, whereas significant differences were found in the concentration of individual DMA; in the diet with a higher amount of OCPC, DMA 13:0, 14:0, 15:0, and 18:0 increased, whereas DMA 16:0 decreased. Probably the presence of polyphenols in the diet induced a rearrangement of bacteria membrane phospholipids as a response to the rumen environment stimulus. Overall, the use of OCPC allowed a significant increase in the polyunsaturated FA content of milk, probably due to a perturbation of the rumen biohydrogenation process. Further studies are needed to understand the correlation between diet composition and the pattern of DMA in rumen liquor.     

Oxidative stability and consumer acceptance of fish oil fortified nutrition bars

Oat and soy-based nutrition bars were fortified with 4 levels of fish oil (0, 6, 12, or 18 g per approximately 600 g batch), representing 0%, 20%, 40%, or 60% replacement of canola oil. The commercially available purified fish oil was not emulsified nor encapsulated, and contained tocopherols. Baked nutrition bars were evaluated for proximate composition, water activity, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) content, and consumer acceptance using a 9-point hedonic scale. The bars were sealed in opaque bags and stored in a stability chamber at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity for 10 wk to assess oxidative stability. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in proximate composition, water activity, or ALA levels among treatments. EPA and DHA levels were significantly (P < 0.05) different among treatments, averaging 178.1 mg/serving (20-FO), 488.3 mg/serving (40-FO), and 664.6 mg/serving (60-FO), but none changed during storage. Headspace hexanal and propanal levels decreased over time but were not significantly different among treatments until week 10. Peroxide values were not significantly different except between the control and 60-FO bars. Low values obtained for these analyses suggest negligible oxidation in the bars. Consumer acceptance scores did not differ significantly between the control and lowest fortification level (20-FO), ranging from 6.4 to 6.6 for aroma, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability. These results suggest that nonemulsified, nonencapsulated fish oil can successfully replace canola oil in intermediate moisture nutrition bars to provide EPA and DHA levels as high as 178 mg/serving without affecting consumer acceptability or oxidative stability. Practical Application: Omega-3 fatty acid rich fish oil has been shown to have numerous health benefits, but there are limitations to its use in shelf-stable food products. In this study, nutrition bars were successfully fortified with nonencapsulated, nonemulsified fish oil to deliver 178 mg EPA and DHA per 35 g serving. The fortified bars were oxidatively stable over 10 wk and acceptable to consumers.     

超声处理对红花籽油理化性质及脂肪酸组成的影响

研究了不同超声条件下,红花籽油过氧化值、酸值、皂化值及脂肪酸组成的变化规律。结果表明:超声温度控制在50℃以下,超声功率小于等于600 W,超声时间短于60 min时,超声处理对红花籽油的过氧化值、酸值无明显影响,当超声功率高于600 W时,过氧化值、酸值随超声时间的延长而增加;超声温度控制在50℃以下,超声功率小于等于900 W,超声时间短于60 min时,超声处理对红花籽油脂肪酸组成没有影响,对脂肪酸含量和皂化值有较小的影响。     

3个杂交油橄榄品种果实发育过程中表型性状、含油率及油质的变化

为明确杂交油橄榄品种最佳采收期,以云杂1号、云杂2号和云杂3号为研究对象,于2018年6—10月期间观测果实表型性状、含油率及油质的变化,并采用主成分分析进行综合评价。结果表明：随着时间推移,3个品种横径、纵径、单果质量、果肉率、成熟度指数、含油率、亚油酸含量总体呈上升趋势,果形指数、含水量、油酸和亚麻酸含量变化趋势与之相反。不同采收时间各指标差异明显,9月末到10月末,3个品种果实生长趋于稳定,成熟度指数为4.56~5.52,果形指数在1.4左右,单果质量为1.25~1.41 g,果肉率为68.82%~71.94%,鲜果含水量为50.01%~51.53%、含油率为1610%~21.61%。从油质看,脂肪酸组成主要为油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸和十六碳烯酸,占总量的98%以上,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量占82%以上。主成分综合评价结果显示,云杂1号最佳采收时间为9月末,云杂2号和云杂3号在10月末采收较为适宜。在最佳采收期综合性状最好的品种依次为云杂2号、云杂3号和云杂1号。     

水产油脂的加工及营养、安全研究进展

随着我国“蓝色粮仓”战略的提出,水产品的营养及相关研究日益得到人们关注。除了作为优质蛋白质来源,许多水产品还富含油脂,特别是其油脂中含有对人体生理与健康有重要作用的二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸。水产油脂具有较高的营养价值,如磷虾油和微藻油开发前景广阔。但水产油脂极易氧化,其提取和生产加工工艺对其品质均有重要影响。重点围绕水产油脂的提取、精炼和DHA、EPA富集工艺进行综述,分析了不同方法的优缺点以及工业化生产的可行性。介绍了水产油脂的营养、安全,以及提高其氧化稳定性的方法。水产油脂资源的开发利用已成为必然趋势,水产油脂类产品将会更加多元化。     

獾油、貂油、貉油的脂肪酸组成及其抗氧化、抑菌性能研究

分别以獾、貂、貉皮下脂肪为原料,提取獾油、貂油、貉油。用气质联用仪分析了獾油、貂油、貉油的脂肪酸组成,并分别对其进行了DPPH自由基清除能力的测定。采用倾注法测定了獾油、貂油、貉油对大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制性能。结果表明:獾油、貂油、貉油的主要脂肪酸组成均为油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为76.296%、76.515%、78.908%;獾油、貂油、貉油清除DPPH自由基的IC50分别为0.315、0.074、0.081 g/m L,即对DPPH自由基清除能力貂油略优于貉油,明显优于獾油;獾油、貂油、貉油对大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均无抑制作用。     

The effects of feeding fish oil on uterine secretion of PGF2alpha, milk composition, and metabolic status of periparturient Holstein cows

The objectives were to determine the effect of dietary fish oil (FO) on uterine secretion of PGF2alpha, milk production, milk composition, and metabolic status during the periparturient period. Holstein cows were assigned randomly to diets containing FO (n = 13) or olive oil (OO, n = 13). Cows were fed prepartum and postpartum diets that provided approximately 200 g/d from 21 d before the expected parturition until 21 d after parturition. The FO used contained 36% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, n-3) and 28% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, n-3). Blood samples were obtained from 14 d before the due date until d 21 postpartum. A total of 6 FO and 8 OO cows without periparturient disorders were used in the statistical analyses of PGF2alpha-metabolite (PGFM) and metabolite concentrations. Length of prepartum feeding with OO or FO did not differ. Proportions of individual and total n-3 fatty acids were increased in caruncular tissue and milk of cows fed FO. The combined concentrations of EPA and DHA in caruncular tissue were correlated positively with the number of days supplemented with FO. Cows fed FO had reduced concentrations of plasma PGFM during the 60 h immediately after parturition compared with cows fed OO. Concentrations of prostaglandin H synthase-2 mRNA and protein in caruncular tissue were unaffected by diet. Production of milk and FCM were similar between cows fed the two oil diets. However, cows fed FO produced less milk fat. Feeding FO reduced plasma concentrations of glucose. Dietary fatty acids given during the periparturient period can reduce the uterine secretion of PGF2alpha in lactating dairy cows and alter the fatty acid profile of milk fat.     

8种不同植物油的脂肪酸组成及抗氧化性比较

以紫苏籽油、芝麻油、胡麻油、青花菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、玉米油、葵花籽油8种植物油为研究对象,比较不同种类植物油的脂肪酸组成、多酚含量和抗氧化性。结果表明：8种植物油脂肪酸组成比例各不相同,其中花生油中油酸含量最高,为43.98%,葵花籽油中亚油酸含量最高,为6500%,紫苏籽油中亚麻酸含量最高,为63.89%;8种植物油的DPPH自由基清除能力强弱顺序为芝麻油>大豆油>玉米油>青花菜籽油>胡麻油>花生油>紫苏籽油>葵花籽油,与其多酚含量一致;8种植物油的铁离子还原能力从大到小依次为芝麻油＞大豆油＞青花菜籽油＞花生油＞胡麻油＞玉米油＞紫苏籽油＞葵花籽油。     

苹果籽油中脂肪酸及植物甾醇成分分析

采用冷榨法制取苹果籽油,并对制取的苹果籽油进行脂肪酸和植物甾醇成分分析.结果表明:苹果籽油中的主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(48.38％),油酸(38.32％),棕榈酸(7.15％)和硬脂酸1.83％;植物甾醇为β-谷甾醇,豆甾醇和菜油甾醇.苹果籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达86.92％,植物甾醇含量达384.7 mg/100 g,是一种具有开发价值的特种油脂.     

粗大鲵油的精制及其脂肪酸组成分析

粗大鲵油通过精制可除去其中的一些磷脂、蛋白质、游离脂肪酸和色素等杂质。结果表明：粗大鲵油精制工艺最佳参数为采用40%磷酸,添加量为1%（占油质量）,70℃脱胶1 min;采用3%氢氧化钠溶液,添加量为1.5%（占油质量）,65℃脱酸30 min;添加1%（占油质量）的活性白土,60℃脱色30 min;85℃下减压蒸馏脱臭30 min。在最佳工艺条件下,所得精制大鲵油澄清透明,略显淡黄色,鱼腥味较轻。对精制后的大鲵油采用气相色谱法共鉴定出25种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）含量为6981%,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）含量为2760%,饱和脂肪酸（SFA）含量为2264%。     

Sensory characteristics and storage quality indicators of surimi franks nutritionally enhanced with omega‐3 rich flaxseed oil and salmon oil

Surimi franks were fortified with flaxseed or salmon oil at 2 g/100 g sample, franks without added oil served as a control. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were highest (P < 0.001) in salmon oil franks; however, these values did not change over the 21‐day storage period regardless of frank type (P > 0.05). Frank pH decreased over time (P = 0.011) for all frank types. There were differences in textural properties between frank types (P < 0.05), with the flaxseed franks being softer and less gummy, cohesive and chewy than the control franks. Participants (n = 79; age 18–35) evaluated visual appeal, colour, aroma, texture, flavour and acceptability on a hedonic scale; there were no differences (P > 0.05) between franks. Fifty‐four panellists reported consuming sausage on a weekly to monthly basis, and most (50/79) indicated interest in purchasing this type product. The surimi franks were accepted by young adult consumers, which may indicate market potential of these types of products.