云南不同品种及成熟度橄榄油主要功能成分分析

旨在寻求云南不同品种油橄榄果最佳采收期,以云南省引种的‘柯基’‘佛奥’‘豆果’‘皮瓜尔’‘科拉蒂’‘鄂植8号’6个主栽品种3个成熟度油橄榄果为原料制取油脂,分析各橄榄油样品的脂肪酸组成,并按脂肪酸组成相似性进行聚类分析,同时对橄榄油的脂质伴随物进行分析,并以此对橄榄油品质进行综合评价。结果表明：不同品种及成熟度橄榄油的脂肪酸含量存在差异,按脂肪酸组成相似性,在欧氏距离为5时18个橄榄油样品可分为3个大类,其中‘鄂植8号’和‘佛奥’3个成熟度橄榄油及‘豆果’成熟度1橄榄油聚为一类,‘柯基’‘科拉蒂’‘皮瓜尔’3个成熟度橄榄油聚为一类,‘豆果’成熟度3与成熟度5橄榄油聚为一类;以橄榄油的β-胡萝卜素、角鲨烯、β-谷甾醇、槲皮素、木犀草素、芹菜素、咖啡酸、p-香豆酸、阿魏酸、香草酸、橄榄苦苷、山楂酸、羟基酪醇、酪醇、α-生育酚、刺激醛16个脂质伴随物含量为指标对18个橄榄油样品进行综合评价,发现‘皮瓜尔’‘柯基’‘鄂植8号’成熟度1橄榄油品质较好,6个品种油橄榄果均在成熟度1时采收最佳。综上,不同品种橄榄油中功能成分受油橄榄果成熟度影响较大,6个品种油橄榄果在果皮刚转为黄绿色时采收其油脂中脂质伴随物含量最丰富。     

Effect of increasing amounts of olive crude phenolic concentrate in the diet of dairy ewes on rumen liquor and milk fatty acid composition

Agro-industrial by-products contain several secondary plant metabolites, such as polyphenols, tannins, saponins, and essential oils. The effects of these compounds on animal metabolism may vary significantly according to the dose, the chemical nature of the molecules, and the overall composition of the diet. In the Mediterranean area, the olive oil extraction is associated with 2 by-products: olive pomace and wastewater, both rich in polyphenols. In particular, wastewater may be further processed to obtain olive crude phenolic concentrate (OCPC). An experiment was carried out aiming to evaluate animal performance, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, diversity of rumen microbial population, and rumen liquor FA profile in dairy ewes fed diets containing extruded linseed (EL) and increasing doses of OCPC. Twenty-eight Comisana ewes in mid lactation were allotted to 4 experimental groups. The experiment lasted 5 wk after 3 wk of adaptation. Diets were characterized by lucerne hay administrated ad libitum and by 800 g/ewe and day of 4 experimental concentrates containing 22% of EL on dry matter and increasing dose of OCPC: 0 (L0), 0.6 (L0.6), 0.8 (L0.8), and 1.2 (L1.2) g of OCPC/kg of dry matter. Milk yield was daily recorded and milk composition was analyzed weekly. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, samples of rumen liquor were collected to analyze FA profile, changes in rumen microbial population, and dimethylacetal (DMA) composition. The inclusion of OCPC did not affect milk yield and gross composition, whereas milk from L0.8 and L1.2 sheep contained higher concentrations of linoleic (+18%) and α-linolenic acid (+24%) and lower concentration of the rumen biohydrogenation intermediates. A similar pattern was observed for rumen liquor FA composition. No differences were found in the diversity of the rumen microbial population. Total amount of DMA did not differ among treatments, whereas significant differences were found in the concentration of individual DMA; in the diet with a higher amount of OCPC, DMA 13:0, 14:0, 15:0, and 18:0 increased, whereas DMA 16:0 decreased. Probably the presence of polyphenols in the diet induced a rearrangement of bacteria membrane phospholipids as a response to the rumen environment stimulus. Overall, the use of OCPC allowed a significant increase in the polyunsaturated FA content of milk, probably due to a perturbation of the rumen biohydrogenation process. Further studies are needed to understand the correlation between diet composition and the pattern of DMA in rumen liquor.     

蟾蜍不同部位氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成分析

分析蟾蜍五个不同部位的氨基酸和脂肪酸含量。五个不同部位的常规氨基酸测定用日立L-8800自动氨基酸分析仪,Trp采用岛津LC-6A高效液相色谱测定,测定的数据用SPSS12.5分析软件分析。蟾肝与蟾皮氨基酸含量差异显著(p<0.05),而蟾肝与蟾卵、蟾皮,蟾骨与蟾卵、蟾肉、蟾皮,蟾卵与蟾肉之间差异极显著(p<0.01);蟾肝脂肪酸与蟾卵、蟾骨与蟾卵、蟾骨与蟾皮、蟾卵与蟾皮、蟾卵与蟾肉之间差异极显著(p<0.01),而蟾骨与蟾肝、蟾肉与蟾肝、蟾皮与蟾肝、蟾肉与蟾骨、蟾肉与蟾皮之间无显著性差异(p>0.05)。蟾卵中含有大量的单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸。     

调和油生产与调和数学模型的建立

根据世界卫生组织与联合国粮农组织为发展中国家提供的ＳＦＡ∶ＭＵＦＡ∶ＰＵＦＡ＝１∶１∶１的建议,完成玉米调和油的调制过程,并建立调和数学模型。经使用,调和模型合理,可用于各种调和油的研制过程中     

云南省不同引种地油橄榄果制取的油脂脂肪酸组成和角鲨烯含量分析

为了对云南省引种油橄榄优异种质资源提供理论依据,收集云南省不同引种地不同品种的油橄榄果,用索氏法提取橄榄油,通过气相色谱法测定其脂肪酸组成及角鲨烯含量。结果表明：不同引种地同一品种的橄榄油脂肪酸组成具有一定的相似性,大多聚于一类;不同品种橄榄油具有不同的脂肪酸组成,同一品种不同成熟度油橄榄果制取的橄榄油脂肪酸组成差异不大;不同品种橄榄油中角鲨烯含量变化幅度较大,最低值与最高值之间相差8.2 mg/g。综上,同一品种橄榄油的脂肪酸组成总体上具有一定的遗传稳定性,不同品种橄榄油具有不同的脂肪酸组成,且角鲨烯含量差异显著。     

陇南两种单品种初榨橄榄油的化学性质和脂肪酸组成随成熟度的变化

分析了陇南2个品种初榨橄榄油的化学性质和脂肪酸组成随成熟度增加的变化规律。结果表明：随着成熟度的增加2个品种的鲜果出油率增加且存在显著性差异。初榨橄榄油风味成分中氮氧化合物、含硫以及烷烃类化合物变化幅度较大,通过电子鼻可以区分不同品种不同成熟度的橄榄油。恩帕特雷和科拉蒂的k232、270值最高分别为1.85和1.91、0.18和0.14,多酚、黄酮含量变化范围分别为2.39～4.53和7.47～10.39、0.07～0.40和0.75～2.84 mg/g。氧化稳定时间在第6（6.28 h）和第5(16.71 h)成熟度为最高。酸价的变化范围分别为0.37～1.02和0.19～0.38 mg/g,过氧化值的变化范围分别为2.92～8.32和2.38～5.19 mmol /kg,油酸含量分别为72.36%～77.76%和59.23%～65.73%,亚油酸含量分别为7.70%～11.81%和9.74%～15.86%,SFA含量分别为11.81%～13.15%和14.25%～20.99%,PUFA含量分别为8.34%～12.36%和10.92%～16.84%,MUFA含量为72.69%～78.50%和62.36%～68.20 %。同一品种的MUFA/PUFA、C18:1/C18:2和MUFA含量变化趋势一致,与PUFA呈相反的变化趋势,2个品种之间各种脂肪酸含量差异明显,上述测定指标完全符合GB 23347—2009中特级初榨橄榄油的标准。科拉蒂的出油率、多酚、黄酮、油酸含量和氧化稳定时间明显大于恩帕特雷,而酸价、过氧化值低于后者。综合考虑认为科拉蒂的初榨橄榄油品质优于恩帕特雷,恩帕特雷和科拉蒂分别在第6和第5成熟度的初榨橄榄油品质最好。     

陇南3个品种油橄榄果实品质比较分析

以陇南市经济林研究院大堡油橄榄品种示范园的3个栽培品种‘阿斯’‘奇迹’‘莱星’果实为原料,观察不同品种不同采摘时间果皮颜色变化,测定果实含油率、多酚含量、黄酮含量及橄榄油脂肪酸组成和含量的变化趋势。结果表明:在生长发育过程中,果皮转色最早的品种为‘莱星’,其次为‘阿斯’,‘奇迹’最晚;‘奇迹’果实含油率总体呈上升趋势,‘阿斯’‘莱星’果实含油率总体呈先上升后下降趋势,含油率最高的品种为‘莱星’,其次为‘奇迹’,‘阿斯’最低;3个品种果实的多酚和黄酮含量呈波浪式的变化;脂肪酸主要成分油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸含量在不同品种间差异较大,MUFA/PUFA、C18∶1/C18∶2也不同,橄榄油品质稳定性不同,11月10日至11月30日3个品种MUFA/PUFA、C18∶1/C18∶2较高,其中‘莱星’的MUFA/PUFA、C18∶1/C18∶2高于其他2个品种。综合分析,以含油率、多酚含量为指标确定最佳采摘时间,‘阿斯’果实最佳采摘时间在次年3月10日至3月20日,‘奇迹’果实最佳采摘时间在次年2月10日至2月20日,‘莱星’果实最佳采摘时间在次年1月30日至2月20日。3个品种中‘莱星’果实品质最佳,‘奇迹’次之,‘阿斯’果实品质最差。     

Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals and omega‐3 fatty acids in commercially available Korean functional fish oil supplements

In this study, the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA), as well as chemical indices including acid and peroxide values were determined among twenty‐four commercially available functional fish oil supplements. The sum of indicator PCB congeners (congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) was below the limit of quantification of 0.043 mg kg^?1. Metallic compounds (Cd, Pb, Hg and As) were not detected in all fish oil supplement samples. The relative percentages of EPA and DHA in fish oil supplements ranged from 25% to 80%. The acid values ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 mg KOH per g oil, and peroxide values ranged from 2.7 to 28.8 meq per kg oil. All fish oil supplement samples tested in current study met the safety standard for fish oil supplements set by Korean government as well as International standard.     

Addition of olive oil to dairy ewe diets: effect on milk fatty acid profile and animal performance

The effects of ruminant diet supplementation with linoleic or different polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) have been well documented. Less abundant information, however, exists on the effects of incorporating monounsaturated FA, such as oleic acid, on lipid metabolism or animal performance. The purpose of this work was to assess the effects of feeding dairy ewes a diet supplemented with high levels of olive oil (OO) on milk yield and composition, paying particular attention to the FA profile. Twenty-four Assaf ewes were fed ad libitum with 2 diets, control or supplemented with 6% OO (2 lots of 6 animals per diet) for 4 wk. Milk yield and composition and dry matter intake were recorded weekly. Milk FA composition was determined by gas chromatography and conjugated linoleic acid profile by silver ion HPLC. Milk yield increased in ewes receiving OO, with no differences in dry matter intake. The OO diet decreased the milk protein percentage but increased the milk fat, protein, and total solids yield. Medium-chain saturated FA (C10:0 to C16:0) content was reduced with OO supplementation, whereas C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 content increased. Leaving aside trans-11, most trans C18:1 isomers, mainly trans-10, increased in supplemented ewes. The main conjugated linoleic acid isomer (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2) decreased with OO supplementation, whereas trans-7, cis-9 and trans-9, cis-11 C18:2 exhibited a remarkable increase. These results support the argument that the supplementation of ewe diets with high levels of OO does not have any detrimental effects on animal performance but substantially modifies the FA profile.     

3个引进油橄榄品种初榨油多酚类化合物含量及抗氧化活性研究

以3个引进油橄榄品种初榨油为材料,测定总多酚含量和各单体酚含量并评价其抗氧化活性,同时采用SPSS应用软件分析总多酚含量、各单体酚含量与体外抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表明:3个品种总多酚含量分别为21.26、23.31、26.04μg/g,品种间无显著差异,而单体酚含量均较少;3个品种中佛奥对DPPH自由基的清除能力最强,而对羟基自由基的清除能力和Fe2+螯合能力则是豆果最强;羟基酪醇含量与DPPH自由基清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力和Fe2+螯合能力极显著负相关或显著正相关,相关系数分别为-0.956、0.713、0.721;对羟基苯甲酸含量与Fe2+螯合能力显著正相关;槲皮素含量与DPPH自由基清除能力显著负相关,与Fe2+螯合能力显著正相关;而总多酚含量、咖啡酸和表儿茶素含量与体外抗氧化能力的的相关程度较低,因此羟基酪醇、对羟基苯甲酸和槲皮素是主要的抗氧化成分。     

橄榄油市场行情及其与其他植物油的脂肪酸组成和微量营养成分比较

旨在更全面、深入地了解橄榄油,对2010—2021年世界橄榄油的产量和消费量以及2015—2019年中国橄榄油的进口量进行了统计分析,测定不同品牌和不同等级市售橄榄油(特级初榨橄榄油、混合橄榄油和混合油橄榄果渣油)与9种其他植物油的脂肪酸组成和微量营养成分,并分析比较其差异。结果显示：世界橄榄油的产量和消费量常年维持在300万t左右,其中欧盟占比最大,分别为58.71%～76.68%和48.73%～62.15%;2015—2019年中国橄榄油产量仅在0.5万～0.7万t,而消费量和进口量分别达到了3.9万～5.75万t和3.86万～5.37万t;不同品牌和不同等级市售橄榄油的脂肪酸组成整体差异不大,但微量营养成分存在明显差异,其中特级初榨橄榄油的角鲨烯、多酚含量明显高于混合橄榄油和混合油橄榄果渣油,而混合油橄榄果渣油的甾醇和总生育酚含量最高;与一级菜籽油、一级玉米油、一级葵花籽油、一级大豆油和亚麻籽油等其他植物油比较,特级初榨橄榄油的油酸、角鲨烯和多酚含量最高,而甾醇和总生育酚含量偏低。     

ω3和ω6型多不饱和脂肪酸及其摄入比例对结肠 黏膜屏障功能影响的研究进展

旨在为居民ω3和ω6型多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的平衡摄入提供指导,基于维持肠道屏障功能实现慢性代谢性疾病的预防,概述了结肠组织黏膜屏障的结构,总结了ω6和ω3型PUFA摄入对结肠黏膜屏障功能的影响,并综述了ω6与ω3型PUFA摄入比例对结肠黏膜屏障功能影响的研究进展。ω3型PUFA可增加肠道有益菌群的丰度、抑制促炎细胞因子的生成,从而调控肠道屏障功能;而ω6型PUFA的摄入会改变机体肠道微生物的种类与数量,影响肠道黏膜屏障功能的发挥;ω6与ω3型PUFA比例与结肠黏膜屏障的稳定性密切相关,脂肪组织中低ω6与ω3型PUFA比例在降低慢性病风险方面意义重大。未来还需进一步深入研究ω6和ω3型PUFA的摄入影响结肠黏膜屏障功能的作用机制,为脂肪酸平衡摄入的膳食指导和慢性代谢性疾病的预防提供更精确的理论参考。     

8种不同植物油的脂肪酸组成及抗氧化性比较

以紫苏籽油、芝麻油、胡麻油、青花菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、玉米油、葵花籽油8种植物油为研究对象,比较不同种类植物油的脂肪酸组成、多酚含量和抗氧化性。结果表明：8种植物油脂肪酸组成比例各不相同,其中花生油中油酸含量最高,为43.98%,葵花籽油中亚油酸含量最高,为6500%,紫苏籽油中亚麻酸含量最高,为63.89%;8种植物油的DPPH自由基清除能力强弱顺序为芝麻油>大豆油>玉米油>青花菜籽油>胡麻油>花生油>紫苏籽油>葵花籽油,与其多酚含量一致;8种植物油的铁离子还原能力从大到小依次为芝麻油＞大豆油＞青花菜籽油＞花生油＞胡麻油＞玉米油＞紫苏籽油＞葵花籽油。     

三种食用油及三油酸甘油酯对小鼠血脂水平的影响

分别用含猪油、花生油、橄榄油或三油酸甘油酯的高胆固醇乳剂或单用高剂量食用油给小鼠灌服,比较各油脂对血脂的影响。结果表明,灌服含各食用油或三油酸甘油酯的高胆固醇乳剂后,小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、肝脏指数明显升高,血清总甘油三酯(TG)含量降低。单独灌服食用油后,三种油均引起小鼠TC水平升高;三种油和三油酸甘油酯均引起血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平升高,体重增加;除花生油外,其他油脂均升高肝脏指数。猪油、花生油和橄榄油与胆固醇合用均引起血中总胆固醇的升高;高油摄入并未引起高甘油三酯血症;花生油不易使脂质在肝脏积聚;三油酸甘油酯单独使用升高TC作用不明显,和胆固醇合用后其对血中总胆固醇的升高未见有改善作用。