基于球面拟合法的机器人与变位机位姿关系标定

提出基于最小二乘法的球面拟合法来标定机器人与变位机的位姿关系.首先变位机分别旋转或倾斜到多个位置,记录TCP点在对应位置的位姿数据并建立球面方程,采用最小二乘法拟合最优球面,从而求得变位机坐标系原点.然后采用同样的方法,让TCP点在变位机两个轴向作多点标记,可进一步求得坐标系各轴的方向矢量,实现位姿关系标定.为消除偶然因素的影响,提出了距离偏差率概念并设定取点阈值判定方法,提高了标定精度.结果表明,该方法可以有效减小随机误差,避免偶然因素的影响,具有较高的标定精度.     

基于双结构光视觉的机器人运动学参数标定方法

为解决机器人因运动学参数误差而导致的绝对定位精度损失,提出一种基于双结构光视觉的关节机器人运动学标定方法,具体研究了双结构光光源配合双目视觉在求取光源发射装置空间位置中的应用、推导了出光源装置位置误差与连杆参数误差的误差方程。通过采集机器人若干末端的机器人坐标系位姿与世界坐标系位姿数据,再基于最小二乘理论求取机器人坐标系与世界坐标系的单应性矩阵,将之后采集的点通过单应性矩阵转换到机器人坐标系下的位姿。再通过误差方程来获取连杆参数误差,并对其真实参数进行修正,从而提高机器人定位精度。最后讨论了该方法在SK-10R关节机器人上进行标定的实验结果,结果表明该方法能实现机器人空间位姿的标定,在低成本的条件下大幅提高机器人的绝对定位精度。     

VPPA穿孔立焊机器人系统的运动学建模

建立3+1轴直角坐标型焊接机器人和二轴倾斜/回转变位机的运动学模型。采用三点定位法并结合齐次变换矩阵的特性,得到焊接机器人偏转轴、变位机倾斜轴及回转轴的安装位姿描述矩阵,进而得到了焊接机器人运动学正解及逆解、变位机正解。根据VPPA焊接立向上姿态的焊缝坐标系特点,计算了变位机倾斜角及回转角。以倍福工控机为主站,并使用实时工业以太网Ether CAT作为通讯手段,连接高精度伺服作为运动控制从站,依据本研究建立的运动学数学模型进行算法编程,下载到工控机,示教后进行了焊接轨迹行走实验,结果验证了运动学模型的有效性。     

基于双机器人协调焊接标定算法

针对双机器人协调焊接任务,对双机器人工具坐标系（TCF）及基坐标系的标定进行研究,提出一种利用四元数法进行位姿坐标表示的工具标定算法以及"基于公共靶标的三点两步法"的双机器人基坐标系标定方案.根据向量的旋转理论,推导出四元数与旋转矩阵的对应转换关系,简化了TCF标定计算.将标定获得的两初始旋转矩阵差值的F-范数作为优化目标函数,利用拉格朗日乘数法进行优化求解,获得双机器人标定的精确值.最后采用上述标定策略进行了TCF标定及双机器人标定试验.结果表明,该方法可有效减少标定误差、提高标定精度.     

线激光视觉测量机器人手眼标定方法研究

线激光视觉测量传感器与工业机器人组成三维测量系统时,法兰盘坐标系与摄像机坐标系之间变换关系求解较复杂。为解决此问题,提出一种基于固定参考点的手眼标定算法。该算法以标定球为靶标,根据标定球球心在机器人基坐标系中坐标不变原则,结合机器人运动学位置约束关系建立了矩阵变换方程,并在旋转矩阵求解中引入四元数,简化计算过程,实现机器人手眼标定。通过试验量化分析测头光平面与标定球相交位置对测量结果的影响,验证了该算法的有效性和实用性     

机器人视觉-位置混合控制及约束条件

本文讨论了机器人视觉-位置混合控制算法及约束条件。只要机器人手端在摄像机视场内，图象平面相对于机器人的位姿可以是任意的。在世界坐标系中，机器人x-y运动为视觉伺服控制，而机器人的z运动为位置伺服控制。用矩阵变换来实现从世界坐标系的运动到机器人关节坐标系运动的映照、仿真结果验证了算法的可靠性。     

基于单目视觉的初始焊位导引技术

针对传统焊缝起始点自动导引技术所采用立体视觉方法存在系统复杂、导引过程繁琐等问题,提出了一种基于eye-in-hand单目视觉的焊缝初始位置导引方法.首先调节机器人关节并获取不同位姿下焊缝初始位置图像,然后建立经过初始焊位点的直线方程,并将其转换到位于机器人基坐标系下.进一步求取上述两直线交点,最终确定初始焊位在机器人基坐标系下的三维坐标,以此引导机器人运动.结果表明,该方法能够在保证精确度的情况下实现对焊缝起始点进行导引.     

双电机协同控制的变掌机械手抓取范围研究

针对双电机协同控制手指变位与转位的变掌机械手的结构,建立了机械手工作时的简化运动模型,通过对手指在抓取过程中的运动学分析,得出了手指的运动轨迹,计算出手指在接触物体后的运动趋势,即驱动力的施加方向;利用D-H变换矩阵表达了相邻连杆间的位姿关系,得到机械手手指的位置坐标表达;根据手指运动轨迹,经计算得出手掌的抓取范围,通过Matlab软件计算实例,验证了运动模型的正确性。     

基于NX二次开发的自动点焊工位仿真与建模环境交互的研究

自动点焊是提高生产效率和制造质量的重要途径,如何规划机器人焊接轨迹是实现自动焊接的关键。针对自动点焊工位,基于NX二次开发,结合SIEMENS工业仿真软件Tecnomatix平台下仿真结果,分析自动点焊焊接轨迹。根据坐标相似变换理论,分析工作坐标系相对于绝对坐标系旋转变换的过程,推出相应的变换矩阵即程序的核心算法。借助C++语言平台依据NXOPEN API帮助文档调用UFUN函数进行程序开发。经仿真得到的机器人的焊接轨迹即TCF位姿以批量创建坐标系的形式进入NX,机器人工具侧焊枪3D数据对应各个坐标系批量导入,最终实现仿真数据与NX中的设计数据相结合。在设计端获得焊枪与其他装备的干涉状况,结果表明该程序具有较好的实用性和可靠性。     

弧焊机器人与数控变位机协同作业规划

在研究了弧焊机器人和变位机协同作业的路径规划之后,提出用仿真进行协同作业规划的方法.该方法以位置和速度约束来规划机器人和变位机的运动,并根据作业路径建立样条函数,以样条函数作为仿真时焊枪位姿的点驱动函数.利用仿真结果,提取出仿真过程中弧焊机器人和变位机各关节的角位移函数,并由此生成孤焊机器人系统的焊接作业程序.经过机器人专用平台验证,采用该方法规划的弧焊机器人与数控变位机协同作业.其运动轨迹完全满足焊接作业要求.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。