DIWA353锅筒纵缝接头外侧焊趾处裂纹的产生原因和预防措施

对制造的DIWA353,δ=90 mm锅炉锅筒外侧纵缝焊趾处微裂纹的产生原因进行分析,发现该焊趾处裂纹是温校圆过程中产生的。认为裂纹产生原因是由于在温校圆过程中,焊接产生的残余应力与筒节校圆过程产生的应力叠加后合应力过大,且焊趾处存在严重的几何不连续,导致锅筒筒节外侧纵缝接头的焊趾处产生裂纹。通过先打磨焊缝去除焊缝余高,后校圆的工序变更,有效地避免DIWA353,δ=90 mm锅炉锅筒外表面纵缝焊趾处裂纹的产生。     

超声冲击对球笼-法兰焊缝残余应力场的影响

为研究超声冲击处理对传动轴总成球笼-法兰焊缝表面残余应力的影响,采用超声冲击强化对球笼-法兰激光焊接焊缝进行了焊趾冲击和全覆盖冲击试验。分析了超声冲击前后裂纹产生原因,测试了焊趾冲击和全覆盖冲击前后残余应力值。残余应力测量结果表明,采用冲击工艺,可以在焊缝表面一定深度下产生压应力,最高测得-237MPa。全覆盖冲击后焊缝整体处于压应力状态下,焊缝中心残余压应力进一步增大;焊趾冲击后,焊缝中心应力值没有较大变化,焊趾处压应力值增大。经超声冲击后,组织发生塑性变形形成了高位错密度的包状结构,这个高位错密度的表面层能够有效阻碍表面应变层底部的晶体在交变应力作用下向表层滑移,抑制表面裂纹产生。     

感应器安装座断裂分析与结构设计优化

运营3年的铁路机车日常检修时发现极少部分安装座加强筋焊趾位置焊缝产生裂纹,部分底板因裂纹扩展导致断裂。对安装座各焊接组件在机车运营过程中的受力状态以及裂纹焊接组件的宏观断口、化学成分和显微组织进行了分析。结果表明：由于各部件组焊后内应力未经退火消除且结构上的缺口易产生应力集中,缺口又正处于较为薄弱的焊缝热影响区和最大受力力矩位置,在运营过程中极易产生疲劳裂纹。为减少焊接应力,应从结构上减少焊缝数量并对焊缝去应力退火或结构优化。     

电磁锤随焊锤击控制焊接应力变形新工艺

通过用电磁锤锤头对焊后尚处于高温状态的焊趾和焊缝区金属施加一定频率的锤击力,迫使焊趾处的金属向焊缝中心流动,抵消致裂拉伸应变,达到防止焊接热裂纹的目的;同时使焊缝金属在纵向和横向充分延展,降低了焊接残余应力.试验结果表明:该工艺简单可靠、轻便灵活,不但能控制焊接变形、防止焊接热裂纹的产生,而且能使焊缝组织均匀细化;与未锤击时相比,试件焊缝纵向残余应力平均下降了约90%.     

列车转向架侧梁焊接应力场数值模拟

利用有限元分析技术建立了列车转向架侧梁箱形焊接结构的有限元模型,对侧梁T型接头的三层12道焊缝的TIG焊接过程进行了应力场的数值模拟。转向架侧梁焊接仿真结果表明,侧梁上四条焊缝不同层间采用不同的焊接顺序,其残余应力是不同的,随着焊接层数的增加其残余应力逐渐减小,说明选择合理的焊接顺序能够降低焊接结构中的残余应力;焊趾处的应力随时间变化的图形上有12个波峰,分别为焊接12道焊缝时对焊趾处的影响,其最大应力已经远远超过材料的屈服强度,并在冷却的过程中应力逐渐减小。转向架在焊后发生了一定的挠曲变形,主要变形为沿着y方向的变形,最大变形量为12.3 mm,x方向和z方向的变形比y方向的变形小了一个数量级。     

核电站发电机焊接裂纹控制工艺研究

核电站发电机结构复杂、壁厚大,焊接后极易出现裂纹,文中通过分析焊缝裂纹生成机理,结合发电机结构特点,选择合适的焊接工艺,采用焊前预热和焊后缓冷,优化焊接顺序等措施,消除焊缝应力集中,避免产生焊接裂纹,以确保发电机组安装的焊接质量。     

氧气储罐埋弧自动焊终端裂纹产生原因及预防措施

利用埋弧自动焊焊接氧气储罐筒体纵焊缝，在接近熄弧板的焊缝段常出现裂纹。本文从焊接冶金学，焊接力学的角度，对材料的可焊性，冷作残余应力，熄弧板的作用等方面进行了分析及试验研究，找出了产生终端裂纹的原因，并提出了防止措施。     

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 结合具体的焊接结构和实际的生产工艺,对5083铝合金部件角接接头焊后延迟裂纹的成因进行了分析。排除了焊接工艺和冶金因素的影响,研究认为工件焊后立即进行热矫正导致了焊缝周围应力过大,破坏了焊缝中未凝固的液相,这是产生延迟裂纹的直接原因,焊缝周围较大的刚性限制了焊接应力的释放是产生延迟裂纹的辅助因素。提出避免焊后立即进行热矫正是控制延迟裂纹产生的有效措施。     

卷板机上导板电弧冷焊修复工艺

介绍了焊接修复卷板机上导板时,采用电弧冷焊修复工艺,严格控制焊接顺序及层间温度,焊后锤击焊缝以减少焊接应力,防止产生裂纹和焊缝剥离的成功经验.     

超声冲击处理对灰铸铁焊接冷裂纹影响

采用HT150,以焊接冷裂纹三要素中的拘束应力和淬硬组织因素为研究方向,用评定铸铁冷裂纹敏感性的直Y形坡口焊接裂纹试验法,研究了超声冲击处理对焊接冷裂纹的影响.结果表明,焊后通过对焊缝进行全覆盖超声冲击,一方面可以大幅度改善焊接结构的残余应力,经超声冲击处理后的试样焊缝测量点的残余应力R1分别为-53,-57MPa,R2分别为-37,-80MPa;另一方面可以加速焊缝石墨球化过程,消除半熔化区白口组织.因此焊后合理的超声冲击处理能够从拘束应力和淬硬组织两方面抑制焊接结构冷裂纹的产生.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.