基于MATLAB的电大尺寸目标RCS计算系统研究

在分析物理光学法(PO)、等效电磁流法(MEC)、几何光学物理光学法(GOPO)等算法的基础上开发了基于MATLAB的电大尺寸目标RCS计算软件系统.应用MATLAB外部接口与FORTRAN语言混合编程提高了计算效率.最后利用该软件系统计算了典型目标和某大型舰艇的RCS,典型目标的RCS计算结果与测量值比较,吻合良好.某大型舰艇目标的RCS计算结果经分析,计算结果合理.     

半空间理想导体目标RCS缩比关系的研究

根据物理光学方法(PO)和半空间并矢格林函数,推导出半空间中理想导体的散射场.根据该散射场,首次推导出半空间中理想导体目标的缩比关系,并具体给出了半空间中典型理想导体目标(薄平板和柱面)的RCS缩比因子表示式.为了验证该公式的正确性,矩量法仿真同时给出了直接计算原型目标和通过该缩比因子和缩比模型所得原型目标的RCS.数值结果表明,该缩比关系是有效的.     

Analysis and characterization of multilayered reflector antennas:rain/snow accumulation and deployable membrane

There are important engineering issues in designing reflector antennas that cannot be addressed by simply assuming a perfect electric conductor (PEC) reflector surface. For example, coatings may exist on antenna surfaces for protection, rain or snow can accumulate on outdoor reflectors, and the deployable mesh or inflatable membrane antennas usually do not have solid PEC reflector surfaces. Physical optics (PO) analysis remains the most popular method of reflector analysis owing to its inherent simplicity, accuracy, and efficiency. The conventional PO analysis is performed under the assumption of perfectly conducting reflector surface. To generalize the PO analysis to arbitrary reflector surfaces, a modified PO analysis is presented. Under the assumptions of locally planar reflector surface and locally planewave characteristic of the waves incident upon the reflector surface, the reflection and transmission coefficients at every point of the reflector surface are determined by the transmission-line analogy to the multilayered surface structure. The modified PO currents, taking into account by the finite transmissions of the incident waves, are derived from the reflection and transmission coefficients. Applications on the analyses of the rain and snow accumulation effects on the direct-broadcast TV antennas and the effects of finite thickness and finite conductivity of the metal coating on a 15-m inflatable antenna are described and results are presented     

Method based on physical optics for the computation of the radar cross section including diffraction and double effects of metallic and absorbing bodies modeled with parametric surfaces

A method to compute the monostatic radar cross section (RCS) of complex bodies modeled by nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces is presented. The bodies can be covered by any kind of radar absorbing material (RAM) with electric and/or magnetic losses. Physical optics (PO) is used to obtain the scattered field of each surface. Fresnel coefficients are included in the stationary phase method (SPM) in order to take into account the effect of the RAM material. The contribution of diffraction by edges and double effects is also considered, improving the results of the PO approach. The diffraction is computed by the equivalent current method (ECM). A combination of geometrical optics (GO) with PO and ECM is used for the double reflection and double interaction between edges and surfaces respectively. Some simple cases are shown to validate the proposed method. The reliability of the method to analyzing the effect of covering a realistic target with RAM is also illustrated.     

基于高频混合方法的海上目标电磁散射特性分析

三面空腔反射器是一种特殊的反射结构,空腔内的多次散射是形成其雷达散射截面(RCS)的主要贡献之一。该文在计算机图形学裁剪的基础上,改进了现有的区域投影方法,结合物理光学法和阻抗边界条件,分析了正确处理目标几何结构的遮挡和消隐之后三面空腔反射器内的多次散射机理。最后,将阻抗边界条件扩展到海上环境,对两类带有反射器结构的海上舰船简化模型进行了RCS计算与分析。结果表明,海面与目标之间以及目标内部的多次散射作用在一定情况下可形成明显的散射特征。     

Application of physical optics to the RCS computation of bodiesmodeled with NURBS surfaces

The paper presents a method for the computation of the monostatic radar cross section (RCS) of electrically large conducting objects modeled by nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces using the physical optic (PO) technique. The NURBS surfaces are expanded in terms of rational Bezier patches by applying the Cox-De Boor transform algorithm. This transformation is justified because Bezier patches are numerically more stable than NURBS surfaces. The PO integral is evaluated over the parametric space of the Bezier surfaces using asymptotic integration. The scattering field contribution of each Bezier patch is expressed in terms of its geometric parameters. Excellent agreement with PO predictions is obtained. The method is quite efficient because it makes use of a small number of patches to model complex bodies, so it requires very little memory and computing time     

A physical optics correction for backscattering from curved surfaces

The conventional physical optics (PO) approximation used to calculate the scattered fields from a conducting body leads to incorrect scattered fields even in the specular reflection region. This is true even when all other subdominant terms are assumed to be absent. The inaccuracy stems from the fact that the surface currents used in the PO approximation suddenly truncate at the shadow boundary of curved surfaces resulting in an erroneous contribution. Expressions for these shadow boundary (end point) contributions are presented in this paper. It is shown that if these end point contributions are subtracted from the conventional PO results, one obtains a better representation of the true scattered field. For illustration, backscattered fields from various conducting bodies are computed using the corrected PO solution and are compared with the exact scattered fields.     

涂敷介质目标的表面反射系数及其雷达散射截面

在金属目标表面涂敷吸波材料可以有效地抑制雷达散射截面．增强雷达目标的隐身性能,而在求解这种目标的雷达散射截面过程中一个重要的问题是计算介质表面的反射系数．给出了一种求解反射系数的通用公式,并且以金属平板为例分别计算其在涂敷三层和五层介质时的反射系数．以及有涂敷五层介质时金属球的雷达散射截面．     

Asymptotic computation of the RCS of low observable axisymmetricobjects at high frequency

A method based on high-frequency asymptotic techniques is described for rapid radar cross section (RCS) computation for arbitrary convex axisymmetric objects whose geometry is described in a computer-aided design (CAD) format. A modified version of the physical theory of diffraction (PTD), which is free from divergence problems at caustics and shadow boundaries and yields good accuracy even for low-RCS objects, is employed. The spurious contributions due to sudden truncation of the physical optics (PO) currents on the shadow boundary, which yield nonphysical results, are removed, and the accuracy of the PTD is enhanced by adding the contributions due to the creeping waves and the fringe-wave currents for discontinuities in the curvature. This modified PTD yields results that are consistent with the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) when the stationary phase evaluation of the fields from the induced currents is valid, and also allows the RCS to be computed for the entire range of incidence angles. The results agree well with those computed with an integral equation code     

RCS reduction of canonical targets using genetic algorithmsynthesized RAM

Radar cross section (RCS) reduction of canonical (planar, cylindrical, and spherical) conducting targets is the focus of this paper. In particular, a novel procedure is presented for synthesizing radar absorbing materials (RAM) for RCS reduction in a wide-band frequency range. The modal solutions of Maxwell's equations for the multilayered planar, cylindrical, and spherical canonical structures is integrated into a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique to obtain the best optimal composite coating. It Is shown that by using an optimal RAM, the RCS of these canonical structures can be significantly reduced. Characteristics of bistatic RCS of coated cylindrical and spherical structures are also studied and compared with the conducting structures without coating. It is shown that no optimal coating can be found to reduce the RCS in the deep shadow region. An in-depth study has been performed to evaluate the potential usage of the optimal planar coating as applied to the curved surfaces. It is observed that the optimal planar coating can noticeably reduce the RCS of the spherical structure. This observation was essential in introducing a novel efficient GA with hybrid planar/curved surface implementation using as part of its initial generation the best population obtained for the planar RAM design. These results suggest that the optimal RAM for a surface with arbitrary curvature may be efficiently determined by applying the GA with hybrid planar/curved surface population initialization     

Scattering of electromagnetic pulses by simple-shaped targets withradar cross section modified by a dielectric coating

We study the scattering interaction of electromagnetic pulses with a spherical target. The target is a perfectly conducting sphere coated with a thin dielectric layer. Two different hypothetical materials are specified: a lossy dielectric and a dielectric that also has magnetic losses. The monostatic radar cross section (RCS) is computed in each case and we examine the influence of the coating on the RCS. In particular, we compare the RCS of the coated sphere with the (normalized) backscattered power when a large perfectly conducting flat plate coated with the same dielectric layer is illuminated at normal incidence by the same waveform. In particular, we find that except for frequencies below those within the efficiency band of the absorbent material, the normalized RCS of the coated sphere agrees well with the power reflection coefficient of the plate covered with the same kind of coating. For low-frequency incidences, the peaks and dips in the RCS are more prominent for the coated target than they are for the bare one. Analyzing the response of the spherical targets in the combined time-frequency domain we demonstrate that the coating itself, although reducing the RCS could introduce additional resonance features in the target's signature at low frequencies that could be used for target recognition purposes. This observation is also confirmed by a study of the bistatic RCS of these coated objects, which we have displayed in various color graphs     

Radar cross section of arbitrarily shaped bodies of revolution

The radar cross section (RCS) of an arbitrarily shaped, homogeneous dielectric body of revolution (BOR) is evaluated by the surface integral equation (SIE) formulation and the method of moments. Method accuracy is verified by the good agreement with the exact solutions for the RCS of a dielectric sphere. To demonstrate the advantages of this method, the RCS for a complex BOR model of human torso is computed with a nonaxially incident plane wave. Seven Fourier modes are considered in the computation. The SIE and approximate integral equation (AIE) formulations are next given for the RCS evaluation of a composite dielectric and conducting BOR. For the cases considered, both formulations give the same surface currents and RCS results. However, significant savings in computer storage and CPU time are realized for the AIE approach, since only one current (electric or magnetic) need be determined for RCS evaluation     

基于高频渐近方法的导弹目标群动态RCS 仿真

针对导弹目标群的动态RCS 仿真问题,该文提出一种基于高频渐近理论的高效预估方法。该方法基于最小能量弹道仿真得到弹头、诱饵和助推级等群目标的弹道,在测量雷达坐标系下解算得到各时刻目标的位置和姿态,建立分离过程的目标群动态场景,并利用物理光学法(PO)、等效边缘流法(EEC)和射线弹跳法(SBR)计算目标群的镜面反射、边缘绕射和多次反射贡献获得动态RCS 数据。与采用静态全极化数据的常规插值方法获取的RCS数据对比分析表明,在场景中各目标距离较远且无相互遮挡时,两者吻合;当目标群密集分布存在相互遮挡时,插值方法实现难度大大增加,而该文方法仍能快速得到有效的结果。      

A compact RCS formula for a dihedral corner reflector at arbitraryaspect angles

A compact closed-form formula for the RCS of a perfectly conducting right dihedral corner reflector at arbitrary aspect angles is presented. The approach is based on a combination of ray tracing, physical optics (PO), and the physical theory of diffraction (PTD). There is good agreement between the results obtained using the closed-form formula and those obtained by the shooting and bouncing rays (SBR) technique     

海面上电大尺寸目标电磁散射特性研究

基于几何光学法(GO)、物理光学法(PO)、射线弹跳法(SBR)和等效电流法(MEC),提出了一种快速计算金属海面上电大尺寸目标电磁散射的解析算法。该算法考虑了阴影效应,运用GO/PO+SBR计算了目标与海面的镜面反射以及它们之间的多次相互作用,并运用MEC计算了目标的棱边绕射以改进计算结果。应用该算法计算了平板上方规则金属目标的双站雷达散射截面(RCS),并与传统矩量法(MoM)进行比较,验证了算法的有效性。最后,计算了PM(Pierson-Moskowitz)海浪谱的随机海洋粗糙面上舰船模型目标的散射特性,并对计算结果进行了分析,讨论了海洋面以及入射波参数对散射结果的影响。     

Finite-difference Time-domain Algorithm for Plasma Based on Trapezoidal Recursive Convolution Technique

The electromagnetic wave propagation in plasma media is modeled using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method based on the trapezoidal recursive convolution (TRC) Technique. The TRC Technique requires single convolution integral in the formulation as in the recursive convolution (RC) method, while maintaining the accuracy comparable to the piecewise linear convolution integral (PLRC) method with two convolution integrals. The three dimensional (3-D) TRC-FDTD formulations for plasma are derived. The high accuracy and efficiency of the presented method is confirmed by computing the transmission and reflection coefficients for a unmagnetized collision plasma slab. The backward radar cross section (RCS) of perfectly conducting sphere covered by homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasma is calculated.     

High-frequency RCS of complex radar targets in real-time

This paper presents a new and original approach for computing the high-frequency radar cross section (RCS) of complex radar targets in real time with a 3-D graphics workstation. The aircraft is modeled with I-DEAS solid modeling software using a parametric surface approach. High-frequency RCS is obtained through physical optics (PO), method of equivalent currents (MEC), physical theory of diffraction (PTD), and impedance boundary condition (IBC). This method is based on a new and original implementation of high-frequency techniques which the authors have called graphical electromagnetic computing (GRECO). A graphical processing approach of an image of the target at the workstation screen is used to identify the surfaces of the target visible from the radar viewpoint and obtain the unit normal at each point. High-frequency approximations to RCS prediction are then easily computed from the knowledge of the unit normal at the illuminated surfaces of the target. The image of the target at the workstation screen (to be processed by GRECO) can be potentially obtained in real time from the I-DEAS geometric model using the 3-D graphics hardware accelerator of the workstation. Therefore, CPU time for RCS prediction is spent only on the electromagnetic part of the computation, while the more time-consuming geometric model manipulations are left to the graphics hardware. This hybrid graphic-electromagnetic computing (GRECO) results in real-time RCS prediction for complex radar targets     

复杂目标的太赫兹波近场RCS快速计算

在太赫兹频段,散射目标大部分处于近场区域,远场计算方法已经不再适用,为此该文推导了近场雷达散射截面(RCS)的计算公式。针对太赫兹频段近场条件下,物理光学法(PO)由于面元数量巨大引起的遮挡判断耗时过长,以及图形电磁学(GRECO)以像素为计算单位计算误差过大的问题,该文提出一种以面元为计算单位,以像素为遮挡判断单位的复杂目标太赫兹波近场RCS的快速计算方法,该方法在保证计算精度的基础上,大大降低了遮挡判断的计算复杂度和时间。最后,以标准目标体平板、球体以及复杂目标体卫星在不同距离下的雷达散射截面的计算为例,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。     

涂覆吸波材料飞行器机翼的RCS计算

本文首先研究了半平面阻抗劈在平面波斜入射下的广义Ｍａｌｉｕｚｈｉｎｅｔｓ电磁散射解，然后把应用于理想导体劈的等效边缘电磁流（ＥＥＣ）概念推广应用到涂覆吸波材料的阻抗劈上，由阻抗劈等边缘电磁流，计算了涂覆吸波材料的机翼的雷达散射截面（ＲＣＳ），并对所得结果进行了比较和验证。本方法特别适合大电尺寸目标的ＲＣＳ计算。