35CrMnSiA钢片状马氏体和贝氏体TEM研究

利用透射电镜对35CrMnSiA钢中的片状马氏体和贝氏体特征进行了研究.结果表明,35CrMnSiA钢中的马氏体为片状孪晶马氏体,孪生面为(112).在马氏体孪晶形成时,中脊快速切变应力诱发两侧马氏体的形成,并与两侧马氏体保持孪晶关系以降低形核功及应变能.分析讨论了平行排列的片状马氏体的形成机理,35CrMnSiA钢中片状马氏体的硅含量高于贝氏体的硅含量,贝氏体相变属于扩散型相变.     

钢中贝氏体长大方式的TEM研究

利用ＴＥＭ考察了钢中贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面台阶结构及奥氏体精细结构。用ＴＥＭ温台发现在贝氏体增厚过程中新形成的贝氏体中存在奥氏体预存孪晶；在贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面存在台阶结构，但台阶阶面可对应于母相奥氏体中孪晶面或层错面，表明台阶的阶面为共格的滑移界面。因而贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面可通过界面台阶沿面缺陷进行保守滑移，贝氏体长大具有滑移切变特征。根据实验结果提出了贝氏体二次层错切变模型及组织形貌示意图。     

钢中贝氏体长大方式的TEM研究

利用ＴＥＭ考察了钢中贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面台阶结构及奥氏体精细结构。用ＴＥＭ温台发现在贝氏体增厚过程中新形成的贝氏体中存在奥氏体预存孪晶；在贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面存在台阶结构，但台阶阶面可对应于母相奥氏体中孪晶面或层错面，表明台阶的阶面为共格的滑移界面。因而贝氏体铁素体／奥氏体相界面可通过界面台阶沿面缺陷进行保守滑移，贝氏体长大具有滑移切变特征。根据实验结果提出了贝氏体二次层错切变模型及组     

贝氏体铁素体精细结构孪晶及纳米结构

用高分辨电子显微镜观察分析贝氏体钢贝氏体铁素体精细结构及其尺寸的结果表明 ,上贝氏体铁素体亚片条间存在孪晶取向关系 ;下贝氏体铁素体内有孪晶 ;贝氏体铁素体条束由细小的亚片条组成 ,这些亚片条多数是精细孪晶细小片条。高分辨电镜 (HREM)准确地确定细小孪晶片条宽度在 2～ 30nm范围内。文中讨论了贝氏体铁素体精细孪晶形成机制     

热处理工艺和应力加载对40CrNiMo钢孪生组织的影响

采用透射电镜技术研究了热处理工艺和应力加载对40CrN iMo钢孪生组织的影响。结果表明,淬火后低温回火组织中存在大量孪晶,中温回火和高温回火孪晶发生了分解,贝氏体组织中未发现孪晶。经过254 MPa应力加载,中温回火组织中形成形变孪晶,高温回火组织和贝氏体组织中无形变孪晶生成。     

室温变形γ—TiAl基合金中形变孪晶与α2片的交截机制

利用透射电镜在室温变形的γ-TiAl基合金中研究了一种新的形变孪晶与α2片的交截机制.选区电子衍射和矩阵分析结果表明γ基体中的形变孪晶切过α2片时,如果形变孪晶的宽度与α2片宽度相当,则α2片可以通过K1={3031},η1=1/18<10 16>的孪生机制来协调形变孪晶产生的切变.由于α2片与γ基体之间存在(0001)α2∥{111}γ,<1120>α2∥<011>γ的晶体位向关系,α2片的1/18<10 16>{3031}切变矢量等价于形变孪晶的切变矢量1/6<112]{111},因此形变孪晶产生的切变可完整地切过α2片而不需要交截区附近γ基体中其它滑移系或孪晶系开动来辅助协调变形.     

高碳马氏体片中脊的研究

研究马氏体中脊形貌和形成机制具有理论意义.采用Fe-C合金、CrWMn、W6Mo5Cr4V2等材料,淬火得马氏体组织,应用QUENTA-400型扫描电镜和JEM-2100高分辩电镜观察马氏体中脊.发现在高碳孪晶型马氏体片中存在中脊,中脊宽窄不等,中脊周围可为孪晶,也可为高密度位错.中脊由精细孪晶片构成,李晶片与中脊线呈夹角分布.中脊的形成与应变能有关,温度越低,弹性模量越高,为调节应变能而形成了中脊.     

Cu-Zn-Al-Mn合金的贝氏体中脊和台阶SCIEI

用透射电镜详细地研究了Cu-Zn-Al-Mn合金的贝氏体相变。观察结果表明:该合金中贝氏体在形成初期已存在层错。同时观察到贝氏体中脊,贝氏体内部的层错面能够连续地通过中脊。在贝氏体宽面及端部存在长大台阶,台阶的宽面和窄面分别平行于贝氏体层错面和惯习面,其晶面指数均属{110}_(B2)晶面族,长大台阶的推进方向平行于层错面。由此推测,Cu-Zn-Al-Mn合金贝氏体在相变初期首先以切变方式形成,而其长大过程是由其层错面的扩展所控制。     

Mg中双拉伸孪晶及其构成的复合孪晶结构

本文系统总结了Mg中{1012}-{1012}双拉伸孪晶及其构成的复合孪晶结构的研究进展。连续多向变形可以显著降低Mg的拉/压不对称性,其基本步骤是连续双向变形,该过程在Mg中激发大量双拉伸孪晶形成,它有36个变体,可分为4个取向差组,其中一组显著择优,无法用Schmid因子(SF)完全解释。一次和二次拉伸孪晶在晶界处或晶内孪晶界处交汇,形成晶间或晶内复合孪晶结构,它们的形成路径具有多样性。SF法则和衡量孪生切变穿越界面的m'因子,对解释晶间或晶内复合孪晶结构的形成,部分或者完全失效,这对人们揭示较复杂条件下孪晶的形成机理提供了机遇和挑战。建议未来的工作重点围绕模拟晶内复合孪晶结构的形成以及实验观察一次拉伸孪晶间界面和二次拉伸孪晶界的界面结构展开。     

硅钢中的贝氏体及其转变模型

含硅钢在贝氏体温区短时等温获得了准贝氏体组织：贝氏体铁素体（ＢＦ）＋残余奥氏体（ＡＲ）．ＢＦ中具有Ｓｐｉｎｏｄａｌ分解现象，类似于马氏体时效的早期现象，结合Ｘ射线衍射法定量测定结果，证明ＢＦ过饱和碳。ＢＦ／ＡＲ相界面位错是以混合位错为主的位错圈。ＢＦ中含有高密度位错和孪晶，而ＡＲ中缺陷主要为层错和孪晶，层错面或孪晶面与界面台阶有对应关系，表明阶面不会沿界面宽面侧向移动。根据实验结果提出了贝氏体铁素     

含硅钢下贝氏体中台阶及残余奥氏体层错的透射电镜观察

用透射电镜研究了６５Ｓｉ２ＭｎＷＡ和４０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＭｏＶＡ钢下贝氏体中台阶及残余奥氏体的精细结构。发现残余奥氏体中有大量层错，并且层错条纹与台阶具有对应关系。认为，贝氏体铁素体长大时，台阶有可能沿母相层错面直接切变增厚，而不是依靠台阶的侧向迁移来完成。     

Fe-C-Mn-Si钢中奥氏体共格孪晶界对贝氏体铁素体变体选择的影响

将C含量(质量分数)分别为0.05%和0.4%的Fe-C-Mn-Si钢进行等温处理得到贝氏体组织,采用EBSD技术对奥氏体共格孪晶界上形成的贝氏体铁素体变体进行分析.结果表明,2种钢中的贝氏体铁素体与母相奥氏体均成近似K-S取向关系.奥氏体孪晶界两侧形成取向相同的变体对.此变体对形成后,孪晶界基本不再显现.晶体学分析表明,共格孪晶界两侧可能出现的变体对最多不超过3组,且这3组变体对的惯习面均与孪晶界平行,因此,贝氏体铁素体变体都将沿孪晶界生长.含C量为0.05%的Fe-C-Mn-Si钢中奥氏体孪晶界上只观察到一组贝氏体铁素体变体对的形成,这是因为C含量较低,贝氏体铁素体生长速度较快,消除了其它变体对的形核机会,先形核的变体对一旦形核就迅速覆盖整个孪晶面.而在含C量为0.4%的Fe-C-Mn-Si钢中,由于C含量较高,贝氏体铁素体生长速度较慢,3组变体对均有机会形核,因此,在孪晶界上可以观察到这3组变体对同时出现.     

Fe-C-Mn-Si钢中奥氏体共格孪晶界对贝氏体铁素体变体选择的影响

将C含量(质量分数)分别为0.05%和0.4%的Fe-C-Mn-Si钢进行等温处理得到贝氏体组织,采用EBSD技术对奥氏体共格孪晶界上形成的贝氏体铁素体变体进行分析.结果表明,2种钢中的贝氏体铁素体与母相奥氏体均成近似K-S取向关系.奥氏体孪晶界两侧形成取向相同的变体对.此变体对形成后,孪晶界基本不再显现.晶体学分析表明,共格孪晶界两侧可能出现的变体对最多不超过3组,且这3组变体对的惯习面均与孪晶界平行,因此,贝氏体铁素体变体都将沿孪晶界生长.含C量为0.05%的Fe-C-Mn-Si钢中奥氏体孪晶界上只观察到一组贝氏体铁素体变体对的形成,这是因为C含量较低,贝氏体铁素体生长速度较快,消除了其它变体对的形核机会,先形核的变体对一旦形核就迅速覆盖整个孪晶面.而在含C量为0.4%的Fe C Mn-Si钢中,由于C含量较高,贝氏体铁素体生长速度较慢,3组变体对均有机会形核,因此,在孪晶界上可以观察到这3组变体对同时出现.     

PHASE TRANSFORMATION UNIT OF BAINITIC FERRITE AND ITS SURFACE RELIEF IN LOW AND MEDIUM CARBON ALLOY STEELS

The lath-or plate-shaped bainitic ferrite of low and medium carbon alloy steels consists ofpackets of ferrite sublaths which are composed of many finer and regular ferrite blocks.Theyare uniform shear growth units of bainitic phase transformation.No carbide is precipitatedfrom them.The bainitic O-carbides are precipitated from γ-α interface or carbon-richaustenite.The mode of arrangement of the units in ferrite sublath packet is in uni-or bi-di-rection.Single surface relief is produced by the accumulation of uniform shear strains with allthe ferrite units arranged unidirectionally in a sublath packet,while tent-shaped surface reliefis formed by the integration of the uniform shear strains of two groups with ferrite units pilingup in two directions and growing face to face;whereas if they grow back to back,the integra-tion will be responsible for invert-tent-shaped surface relief.The interface trace between twogroups of ferrite units in a sublath packet is shown as“midrib”.     

A novel thermomechanical approach to produce a fine ferrite and low-temperature bainitic composite microstructure

A novel thermomechanical processing was developed in the present study to produce a unique microstructure consisting of fine ferrite grains (i.e. ～4 μm on average) and low-temperature bainite in a relatively low-carbon steel with a modest hardenability. The thermomechanical route consisted of warm deformation of supercooled austenite followed by reheating in the ferrite region and then cooling to the bainitic transformation regime (i.e. 400–200 °C). The low-temperature bainite consisted of high dislocation density bainitic laths and very fine retained austenite films. This microstructure offered a high work hardening rate leading to a unique combination of ultimate tensile strength and elongation. This was due to the presence of ductile fine ferrite grains and hard low-temperature bainitic ferrite laths with retained austenite films. The microstructural characteristics of bainite were studied using optical microscopy in conjunction with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and atom probe tomography techniques.     

Cracking resistance of spheroidal graphite bainitic carbide-free irons

The paper presents the results of studying the structure and cracking resistance of so-called carbide-free nonalloyed and alloyed bainitic spheroidal graphite irons. The effect of retained austenite on the static cracking resistance of the irons is shown. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to elucidate the structural affinity of bainitic ferrite (??_B) and dislocation or lath martensite. A high dislocation density (1.1 × 10¹¹ cm^?2) and a small amount of extremely dispersed carbides in bainitic ferrite are the main cause of the increased strength of the irons. The presence of hardened ferrite, along with the possibility of the plastic deformation of retained austenite, yield a high cracking resistance of the bainitic spheroidal graphite irons. The parameters of isothermal hardening are determined at which the maximum resistance to crack propagation is reached.     

LEDGE STRUCTURE ON BROAD FACES OF FERRITE PLATES IN LOWER BAINITE

The ferrite/austenite interfacial structure in lower bainite has been studied in ahypereutectoid steel by means of electron microscopy.It is found that the mobile growthledges and superledges and their three-dimensional morphologies exist on the broad faces offerrite plates.Structural ledges were also observed on the broad faces of lower bainite.Basedon TEM observations,the viewpoint that the growth ledges can also evolve from structuralledges is proposed.These observations provide evidences to the ledge growth mechanism oflower bainite.     

下贝氏体铁素体宽面上的台阶结构

采用透射电镜技术研究高碳钢下贝氏体铁素体与母相奥氏体界面结构,发现铁素体宽面上存在可移动的生长台阶、巨型台阶以及它们的三维形态;在下贝氏体铁素体宽面上还存在结构台阶,生长台阶也可以由结构台阶演变而来,为下贝氏体的台阶生长机制提供了实验证据。