Analysis of detergent mixtures containing amine oxides

Long chain alkyldimethylamine oxides in detergent mixtures have not only been difficult to determine but also interfere with anionic active analysis by the usual quaternary titration with methylene blue indicator. Titration methods have been devised for the quantitative analysis of amine oxides and anionic actives in the presence of each other and low molecular wt sulfon-ates. A gas Chromatographic method has also been developed for determining molecular distribution in alkyldimethylamine oxide mixtures. Analytical data are presented for a series of alkyldimethylamine oxides of different mol wt and for several experimental detergent formulations. The titration method is rapid and amenable to both solid and liquid detergent formulations. Presented at the AOCS Meeting in Minneapolis, 1963.     

Alkaline methylene blue method for determination of anionic surfactants and for amine oxides in detergents

The concn of anionic surfactants in alkaline media has been determined by modification of the methylene blue titration. The method is based on the oxidation of methylene blue chloride to dimethylthionoline, a red dye, in the presence of chloroform and sodium hydroxide. This method in conjunction with the acid methylene blue titration, also may be used to determine the amt of amine oxides in formulated products. For concns of less than 100 ppm a spectrophotometric method was used.     

The determination of unreacted amines in long chain amine oxides by potentiometric titration

During the manufacture of amine oxides information on the amount of unreacted tertiary amine present is needed in order to follow the reaction. A number of analytical procedures have been devised to obtain this information. Wet methods include redox titrations of the amine oxide and differential titrations using derivatization of the amine or amine oxide. Various chromatographic procedures using GC, TLC and HPLC also have been reported. All of these procedures have some limitations. A simple, rapid, quality control procedure would be useful. A rapid, nonaqueous titration procedure has been developed in our laboratory that makes use of the “anomalous salt” behavior of amine oxides. A modified solvent and titrant is used to obtain two potential breaks in the titration. The first break corresponds to half of the amine oxide. The second break represents the second half of the amine oxide plus any unreacted amine. With this information the amine oxide and unreacted amines can be calculated. The precision and accuracy of the titration have been studied using samples spiked with known amounts of amine.     

直链烷基苯磺酸异丙胺盐的性能及其在餐具洗涤剂中的应用研究

对直链烷基苯磺酸异丙胺盐(HIPN)的表面张力、润湿力、乳化力、发泡能力等基本性能进行研究,并与洗涤剂常用阴离子表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)和α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)进行了对比,研究了HIPN在手洗餐具洗涤剂配方中的表现。结果表明,在餐具洗涤剂中HIPN具有优异的增稠性能,能全部代替或者部分代替LAS和AES,实现和AOS复配的低成本无二烷配方。     

Ätheralkohole und Esteralkohole - neue Tensidrohstoffe auf der Basis von Olefinoxiden

Ether Alcohols and Ester Alcohols. - New Surfactant Raw Materials Based on Olefin Oxides Olefin oxides are new versatile raw materials on petrochemical basis. The reaction of internal and terminal olefin oxides having chain lengths that are suitable for the preparation of surfactants with monohydric or polyhydric alcohols is described. The epoxide ring can be ruptured under acidic or alkaline conditions. The reaction rate has been studied as a function of the parameters. Interesting products having surfactant character are obtained by oxalkylation and/or sulfation of the products resulting from the reaction of epoxides with alcohols. Furthermore, a second group of products derived from the epoxides - the ester alcohols - is described and the method for their preparation from olefin oxides and carboxylic acids followed by their derivatization to non-ionic and anionic surfactants is given.     

Synergism and Performance Optimization in Liquid Detergents Containing Binary Mixtures of Anionic–Nonionic, and Anionic–Cationic Surfactants

In this paper evaluation of surface active and application properties in liquid detergent formulations containing binary mixtures of anionic–nonionic, and anionic–cationic surfactants is discussed. Surfactants used include: linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ether sulfate (AES-2EO), alcohol ethoxylate (AE-7EO), lauryl dimethyl amine oxide, and alkyl hydroxyethyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (AHDAC). Surface active parameters relating to the effectiveness and efficiency of surface tension reduction were determined from the surface tension data. Non-ideal solution theory was used to determine the degree of interactions between the two surfactants, and the conditions under which a mixture of two surfactants show synergism in surface active properties. Our data indicated that synergism in mixed surfactants increases with the degree of charge difference between the surfactants. In both mixed micelle and mixed monolayer formation, the degree of interactions between the two surfactants in the mixture increased in the following order: LAS/AE < AES-2EO/amine oxide < AES-2EO/AHDAC. This synergistic behavior as presented in this paper leads to unique application properties and improved performance in terms of foam volume, and soil removal which has applications in formulation of dishwashing liquids, and laundry detergents.     

脂肪胺氧化物的生产及应用前景

论述以α－烯烃为原料经氢溴化、胺化及氧化和回收溴等步骤生产氧化胺的工艺过程、设计基础及技术－经济指标；α－烯烃路线生产氧化胺的生产、应用前景。     

利用生物质资源，发展表面活性剂

以生物质资源代替化石资源开发精细化学品是当前化学工业的一个发展趋势。开发表面活性剂的生物质资源有纤维素、木质素、淀粉、甲壳素、油脂和松脂等。重点介绍了以松脂为原料开发的表面活性剂,包括阴离子、阳离子、非离子和两性表面活性剂。     

松香系列表面活性剂的合成和应用

介绍了国内外以松香及其衍生物为原料合成松香系列表面活性剂的主要方法，松香与环氧乙烷加成可得到松香聚氧乙烯非离子表面活性剂；松香聚氧乙烯和氯磺酸可合成阴离子表面活性剂；松香胺与环氧乙烷反应生成松香胺聚氧乙烯，再与氯乙醇季铵化得到阳离子表面活性剂；松香和二乙烯三胺反应，得到的酰胺与氯乙酸反应可合成两性表面活性剂。松香系列表面活性剂用途非常广泛，可作为乳化剂、洗涤剂、杀菌剂、润湿剂和降黏剂等，并对今后研究工作重点提出了建议和展望。     

Chemical resistance of waterborne epoxy/amine coatings

Waterborne epoxy/amine coatings, compared to solvent-based, show considerably lower chemical resistance. This fact is often blamed on hydrophilic emulsifiers or crosslinking agents remaining inside the coating after curing. To judge this assertion, the influence of surfactants and hardeners, as well as various other parameters were investigated. Surfactants appear just to influence the solvent resistance slightly. The main responsibility for the poor resistance to other chemicals – especially acids – lies with unreacted amine curing agents and/or water trapped inside the coating, and, most important, an inhomogeneous film structure due to insufficient coalescence during the curing process. Incremental improvements are possible by using excess epoxy, increasing the film thickness, or curing at elevated temperatures. The latter forces water out of the coating, drives the epoxy/amine reaction to completion, and also somewhat improves the coalescence. However, the resistance can still not be enhanced to the level of a solvent-based system. But although there seem to be inherent limitations to the chemical resistance of waterborne epoxy systems, for many practical applications it is adequate.     

Amine oxide/alcohol ethoxylate blends: Zero-phosphate,high-performance,hard-surface cleaners

Several instances of synergistic interaction have been identified between amine oxides and alcohol ethoxylates in various surfactant formulations. The purpose of this study was to examine whether these benefits could be observed within the framework of generic hard-surface cleaning formulations. Comparative evaluations were also carried out to determine the performance characteristics of low- and zero-phosphate systems in which alkyldimethylamine oxides and linear alcohol ethoxylates are used. Best cleaning was observed with 1:1 mixtures of the subject surfactants, but substantial improvements over alcohol ethoxylate alone also were noted with formulations that contained lower ratios of amine oxide. These systems displayed good cleaning performance when tested on vinyl floor tiles soiled with an oily/particulate soil. Presented at the 85th AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, May 10, 1994, Atlanta, Georgia.     

Kinetics of curing reaction of epoxide catalyzed by tertiary amine

The kinetic study of the curing reaction of epoxide catalyzed by tertiary amine was carried out through thermal analysis of the reaction by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Using infrared spectroscopy (IR) and neutron magnetic reasonance (NMR) analysis, a reaction mechanism for this reaction was proposed. The reaction proceeded to anionic polymerization. An autocatalytic reaction was induced at high concentration of the tertiary amine catalyst. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Contact angle studies on viable human skin: II. Effect of surfactant ionic type in pretreatment

The effect of presoaking with various surfactant solutions on the skin-water contact angle was investigated. Various cationic surfactants and amine oxides were found to lower the skinwater contact angle at lowest concentrations. Rinsability data supported the findings and suggested that cationic surfactants are tightly bound to the skin.     

The effect of surfactants on peat dewatering

The effect of cationic, anionic and neutral surfactants on the mechanical dewatering of a highly decomposed fuelgrade peat has been examined. Surfactant adsorption and zeta potential of the peat particles correlated with dewatering of peat samples. The cationic surfactants had large positive effects on dewatering, the anionic surfactants had a negative effect while the neutral surfactant had no effect. The effects of the surfactants could be explained by charge neutralization and double layer suppression. The cationic surfactants were superior to analogous organic salts because of enhanced interaction by the hydrophobic effect.     

Cloud point phenomena in mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants in aqueous solution

The interaction between anionic and cationic surfactants was investigated by means of surface tension, conductivity, and nuclear magnetic resonance. It was found that a strong interaction exists between anionic and cationic surfactants and the mixed surfactant has a hydrophobic property. The phase diagram has been determined as a function of temperature for the waterstearyltrimethylammonium chloride (STAC)-sodium laurate (NaL). The Krafft point rose remarkably in equimolar mixtures for this system. The phase diagram has been determined as a function of temperature for the STAC-sodium-N-lauroyl-N-methyl-β-alanine (NaLMA) system. The liquid-liquid phase separation phenomenon was observed around an equimolar mixture. It can be identified with the cloud point, which is shown by nonionic surfactants. This phenomenon seemed to be caused by the decreased solute-solvent interaction (i.e., dehydration of the amido group contained in NaLMA molecule) as the temperature is raised. The decreasing effect of protein (ovalbumin) denaturation was observed in the high area of the mole fraction of cationic surfactant in the cationic-anionic system. We believe that this is due to the remarkable lowering of the monomer concentration by the formation of a hydrophobic complex.     

Counterion-coupled gemini (Cocogem) surfactants based on dodecylisopropylol amine and dicarboxylic acids: synthesis,characterization and evaluation as biocide against SRB

New cocogem surfactants were synthesized by interaction of dodecylisopropylol amine with dicarboxylic (oxalic, succinic, adipic, sebacic, tartaric, maleic, fumaric, isophthalic) acids. By tensiometric method, the surface activity of aqueous solutions of the synthesized cocogem surfactants at the border with air was studied and, by conductometric method, the specific electrical conductivity of these solutions was determined. The degree of counterion binding (β), critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness of surface tension reduction (π_CMC), surface excess concentration (Γ_max), area per molecule at the interface (A_min), changes of Gibbs free energies of adsorption (ΔG_ad) and micellization (ΔG_mic) have been calculated. The character of change of the colloidal-chemical indices depending on spacer-group nature and length has been clarified. So, with an elongation of the spacer group and when passing from cis-form to trans-form, the value of CMC decreases. The obtained cocogem surfactants exhibit a considerable bactericidal effectiveness against sulfate-reducing bacteria. The bactericide properties of the cocogem surfactants containing in the spacer chain a saturated hydrocarbon fragment and benzene ring are stronger than for the others.     

Soil deposition on shrink-resist-treated wool fabrics in the presence of anionic and non-ionic surfactants

The deposition behaviour of carbon black on shrink-resist-treated wool fabric, and on untreated wool, in the presence of different mixtures of anionic and non-ionic surfactants has been investigated. Two types of surfactant mixtures were studied; sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate and sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate were used as anionic surfactants and Triton X-100 as a non-ionic surfactant. An electrokinetic study was also carried out, under similar conditions; the zeta potential was obtained, which was related to the amount of deposition found. From these zeta potential measurements the surface charge density was determined.     

Cationic surfactants in laundry detergents and laundry aftertreatment aids

Cationic surfactants have a positively charged nitrogen atom and at least one hydrophobic, long-chain substituent in the molecule. Because of their fabric-softening and antistatic properties, they are used as active materials in fabric-softening agents. Suitable cationic surfactants are mostly quaternary ammonium salts, and to a lesser extent, imidazolinium salts with two long hydrophobic alkyl chains. Alkylated, partly ethoxylated polyamines, amine amides, ester amines and di-quaternary compounds also have recently been used or proposed. Fabric softeners generally are aqueous dispersions of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or tallow alkylated imidazolinium derivatives in concentrations of 1–9%. Concentrated fabric softeners have recently been pushed into the market as double, triple or 10-fold concentrates. Fabric softeners used in the forms of acrosol sprays, pads or sheets, are not used in the washing machine but can be used in the laundry dryer. The combination of laundry detergent and fabric softener is a single product is impaired by anionic surfactants normally contained in laundry detergents because they react with the cationics to form neural salts. With the so-called soft detergents, one attempts to circumvent these difficulties by means of special formulations, e.g., with nonionics or by using definite physical-chemical mechanisms. They represent a compromise with regard to detergency performance and softening effect.     

Preparation and characterization of surface active erucic acid derivatives

Nonionic, cationic and anionic surfactants, derivatives ofcis-13-docosenoic acid (erucic acid), have been prepared and characterized, and their performance has been evaluated and compared with the corresponding derivatives of fatty acids with shorter alkyl chain length. Nonionic erucic acid ethoxylates give a solution behavior anticipated from the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the molecule; however, the increased molecular size as compared to ordinary surfactants results, e.g., in higher temperature stability of the surfactant aggregates. Anomalous solution behavior was found and investigated for anionic surfactants, triethanolammonium salts of erucic acid, and some shorter homologues. The effects are discussed in terms of the acid-base equilibria of the alkanolammonium counterion and the acid, together with effects due to the molecular size of the counterion.