对甲苯磺酸催化7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的无溶剂合成

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂、乙酰乙酸乙酯和间苯二酚为原料通过Pechmann反应合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素。探讨了以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂时反应温度、催化剂用量、反应时间、原料比诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：对甲苯磺酸是合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的良好催化剂,在反应温度为125℃、反应时间为50min、n（间苯二酚）∶n（三乙）=1∶1.0、催化剂的用量为0.4g（间苯二酚为0.04mol）时,产品收率为65.5%。     

H8SiW12O42催化7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的无溶剂合成

以杂多酸H8SiW12O42为催化剂,以乙酰乙酸乙酯和间苯二酚为原料,通过Pechmann反应合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素.探讨了以H8SiW12O42为催化剂时反应温度、催化剂用量、原料比诸因素对产品收率的影响.实验表明,H8SiW12O42是合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的良好催化剂,在反应温度为130 ℃,n(间苯二酚)∶n(三乙)=1∶1,催化剂的用量为0.6 g(间苯二酚的物质的量为0.04 mol)时,产品的收率为68.0%.     

元溶剂下合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

以一水合硫酸氢钠为催化剂,间苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯为原料,通过Pechmann缩合反应,在无溶剂条件下合成了7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素。探讨了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量及原料配比等因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明,一水合硫酸氢钠是合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的良好催化剂,正交实验法得出反应的最优条件为：反应温度为110℃,反应时间40min,／Z（间苯二酚）：n（乙酰乙酸乙酯）=1：1．2,催化剂用量为0．300g（间苯二酚物质的量为0．010mol）时,产品的收率为81.3％。     

甲烷磺酸催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

以甲烷磺酸为催化剂,乙酰乙酸乙酯和间苯二酚为原料,通过Pechmann缩合反应合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素。考察了原料配比、催化剂用量和反应温度对产品收率的影响,得到了较适宜的反应条件。在120 ℃,催化剂用量为间苯二酚物质的量的7.5%和n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(间苯二酚)=1.25∶1条件下,反应（9.5~10） min,产品平均收率为91.5%,并对产品进行了IR表征。     

超声波辐射氨基磺酸催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

以间苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯为原料,氨基磺酸为催化剂,超声波辐射下合成了7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素,其结构经IR和1 H NMR表征。考察了超声波辐射功率和辐射时间及催化剂用量等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,在80 W辐射反应40min,间苯二酚11g(0.1mol),n(间苯二酚)∶n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(氨基磺酸)=1.0∶1.1∶0.1条件下,7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的收率到达95%以上。     

微波辐射法合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

以对甲苯磺酸作为催化剂,微波辐射间苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯反应合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素。结果表明,在乙酸乙酯存在下,微波加热1 min(档位为中高火,560 W),n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(间苯二酚)=1.3,对甲苯磺酸用量为间苯二酚物质的量的6.0%,产品收率达到65%~82%。该方法操作简单,反应时间短且收率高,环境友好。     

n-Bu_2SnO催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素是重要的中间体,可以合成医药、农药、香料及染料。本实验在无溶剂条件下合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素,催化剂为二正丁基氧化锡(n-Bu_2SnO),原料为间苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯。考察了间苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯的摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素产率的影响。结果得到较适宜的反应条件是:当苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯的摩尔比为1∶1.2,即间苯二酚的加入量为0.05 mol,乙酰乙酸乙酯的加入量为0.06 mol,催化剂用量为0.62 g,80℃反应1.5 h,7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的产率为94.3%。     

苯磺酸催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

以苯磺酸作催化剂,乙酰乙酸乙酯和间苯二酚为原料,通过Pechmann缩合反应合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素。考察了原料配比、催化剂用量和反应温度对产品收率的影响,得到较适宜的合成条件为：在110℃下,催化剂用量为0．5％（以间苯二酚计,n/n）,n（乙酰乙酸乙酯）：n（间苯二酚）=1．3：1时,反应21min,平行实验的平均收率为85．0％。产品结构用IR表征。     

磺酸树脂催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

研究了磺酸树脂催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的反应，考察了反应的各种影响因素，研究表明，磺酸树脂催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素，具有较高的反应活性，可重复使用多次。该合成反应的较优工艺条件：反应温度105 ℃，n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(间苯二酚)=1∶1，磺酸树脂催化剂0.28 g,反应时间3 h，7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素收率达65.8%。     

H2SO4-SiO2催化7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的无溶剂合成

分别制备了4种H₂SO₄-SiO₂。以H₂SO₄-SiO₂为催化剂,乙酰乙酸乙酯和间苯二酚为原料,通过Pechmann反应,在无溶剂条件下,催化合成了7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素。以4种不同H₂SO₄-SiO₂、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度和反应原料的物质的量比设计了五因素四水平的正交试验,得到负载硫酸催化反应的最佳条件：n(H₂SO₄)∶n(Si)=0.75∶1,n(间苯二酚)∶n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)=1∶1,催化剂用量0.35 g（间苯二酚0.04 mol）,反应时间95 min,反应温度105 ℃,最佳条件下产品收率为72.4%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。