二维Renyi熵阈值分割方法中参数的自适应选取

针对如何自适应选取二维Renyi熵阈值分割法中参数α的问题,基于一种图像分割质量评价指标——均匀性测度,利用粒子群优化搜索方法,提出了一种自适应选取参数α的方法。实验表明,所提出的方法可以有效地选取参数α,获得理想的图像分割结果。     

一类新的基于一维renyi熵的图像分割迭代算法

针对一维renyi熵算法的局限性,利用一维renyi熵算法的阈值,提出了一个新的迭代算法。其不断地寻找分割原始图像的子区域,当相邻两次迭代计算出的阈值之差小于一个预设常数时就停止迭代,并且把最后一次迭代得到的阈值作为最终分割阈值。文中不但给出了直观的分割结果,而且运用均匀性测度这一图像分割评价指标给出了分割效果的量化结果。实验表明,所提出的方法不但从直观上达到了较理想的分割效果,而且在整个迭代过程中计算出的均匀性测度呈单调递增的趋势。同时,实验验证了该算法对参数α的不敏感性。     

分解的二维非对称Tsallis 交叉熵图像阈值选取

现有的Tsallis 交叉熵能够度量图像分割前后的差异,但公式复杂,计算效率不高,据此, 提出了基于分解的二维非对称Tsallis 交叉熵图像阈值选取方法。首先给出了非对称Tsallis 交叉熵的定 义,提出了一维非对称Tsallis 交叉熵阈值选取方法;然后,将其拓展到二维,推导出相应的阈值选取 公式;最后,在此基础上提出了二维非对称Tsallis交叉熵阈值选取的分解算法,使求解二维非对称Tsallis 交叉熵阈值法的运算转化到两个一维空间上,将计算复杂度从O(L4)降低为O(L)。大量实验结果表明, 与基于混沌粒子群优化的二维Tsallis 灰度熵法、二维斜分对称交叉熵法,二维斜分对称Tsallis 交叉熵 法等方法相比,该方法分割性能优,运行时间短,可望满足实际应用系统对分割的实时要求。     

基于三维直方图修正和灰度熵分解的图像分割

图像噪声容易引起图像误分割,而常用阈值选取方法仅依赖于图像直方图的概率信息,未直接考虑图像中类内灰度分布的均匀性。为此,提出一种修正三维直方图和分解处理灰度熵的图像分割算法。分析图像的噪声对其邻域灰度造成的影响,通过修正三维直方图来减弱噪声干扰,给出三维灰度熵阈值的选取公式,并将三维灰度熵分解至一维进行处理,使计算复杂度由O(L3)降为O(L)。实验结果表明,与二维最大熵斜分法、二维交叉熵递推法、降维三维Otsu法相比,该算法抗噪性能更强、分割效果更好,同时能使运算时间缩短10%以上。     

微分进化的自适应彩色图像阈值分割

针对阈值的选择依赖于经验和试验的问题,提出了结合微分进化算法和二维最大熵算法得到图像自适应阈值的方法。该方法首先利用全局阈值法中的迭代法得到图像的阈值并初次对图像进行分割,然后利用微分进化算法并且结合二维最大熵阈值进行适应度的计算、个体编码、终断条件等计算图像的自适应阈值,最后对测试的图像应用微分进化算法实现对图像的正确分割。采用微分进化算法可以准确地对图像进行分割,是一个比较高效的方法,有效地提升了分割效果。与现有的自适应阈值分割算法相比,本文算法缩短了计算时间。阈值分割不仅可以对灰度图像进行分割,彩色图像也可以用阈值分割。     

2维对称交叉熵图像阈值分割

现有阈值分割方法中所用的交叉熵不满足距离度量对称性,且算法运行速度尚有提升空间,为此提出基于分解的2维对称交叉熵图像阈值分割方法。首先通过运用对称交叉熵描述分割前后图像之间的差异程度,分别导出1维和2维对称交叉熵阈值选取公式,给出相应的2维快速递推算法,计算复杂性由穷举搜索的O(L4)降到O(L2);然后将2维对称交叉熵法的运算转换到两个1维空间上,计算复杂性进一步降低到O(L)。实验结果表明,与现有的2维非对称交叉熵法相比,该方法具有更强的抗噪性,运行时间大幅减少,是一种更有效的2维交叉熵阈值分割方法。     

基于分解的二维Renyi灰度熵的图像阈值分割

针对传统二维Renyi熵阈值法的高计算复杂性,提出一种新的基于分解的二维Renyi灰度熵阈值分割方法。该方法通过求解两个一维Renyi灰度熵阈值替代二维Renyi灰度熵的最佳阈值,理论上证明当满足一定条件时,两者等价;同时将计算复杂度由O(L4)降到O(L),所耗时间约为传统二维Renyi熵算法的1/10 000。     

利用混沌PSO或分解的2维Tsallis灰度熵阈值分割

现有最大Shannon熵或Tsallis熵阈值选取方法没有从类内灰度均匀性出发,而仅依据图像灰度直方图,并且Tsallis熵法的分割效果通常优于Shannon熵法。为此,提出了基于混沌粒子群优化(PSO)和基于分解的两种2维Tsallis灰度熵阈值分割方法。首先,给出了1维Tsallis灰度熵阈值选取方法并将其推广到2维,导出了相应的2维Tsallis灰度熵阈值选取公式及其递推算法;其次,利用混沌PSO算法搜寻2维Tsallis灰度熵法的最佳阈值,并采用递推方式去除迭代过程中适应度函数的冗余运算,大大提高了运行速度;最后,将2维Tsallis灰度熵阈值选取方法的运算转化为两个1维Tsallis灰度熵法的运算,计算复杂度从O(L2)进一步降低到O(L)。实验结果表明,与2维最大Shannon熵法、2维最大Tsallis熵法及2维Tsallis交叉熵法相比,所提出的两种方法可以大幅提高图像分割质量和算法运行速度。     

基于BBO算法的二维交叉熵多阈值图像分割*

针对复杂图像的分割问题,提出一种基于生物地理学优化算法(BBO,Biogeography-Based Optimization)的二维交叉熵多阈值图像分割方法。首先,根据二维直方图斜分法得出交叉熵阈值选取公式,并将此推广到多阈值分割,以求得多个极值提高分割效果,由于二维交叉熵法在多阈值分割时计时长、复杂性高等问题,然后引入BBO算法的思想,实现对多个阈值快速精确地寻优,最后,对标准图像进行分割以验证该算法。结果表明此算法比二维交叉熵穷举法计算效率高。     

基于组合优化算法的图像阈值分割

针对广义模糊熵图像阈值分割中参数的选取问题,采用两种算法实现自适应选取参数的广义模糊图像熵阈值分割。其中,算法二依据均匀性测度,通过遗传优化算法对参数m在(0,1)区间进行全局寻优,并以广义模糊熵为目标函数,通过粒子群优化算法,对S型隶属度函数中的参数进行全局组合寻优,从而实现广义模糊熵图像阈值分割方法的自动阈值选取。实验结果表明了算法二的有效性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.