基于半监督聚类云模型动态加权的入侵检测方法

针对目前网络入侵检测率低、误报率高的问题,提出一种基于半监督聚类云模型动态加权的入侵检测方法。由于属性对分类贡献程度不同,引入云相对贴近度的概念给出计算属性权重的方法。以半监督聚类算法为基础建立云模型,并对属性使用动态加权,通过对云模型的更新逐渐强化云分类器指导数据的分类。通过实验证明了该方法的可行性与有效性。     

基于特征选择的模糊聚类异常入侵行为检测

网络攻击连接具有行为的多变性和复杂性等特征,利用基于传统聚类的行为挖掘技术来构建异常入侵检测模型是不可行的。针对网络攻击行为的特点,提出了基于特征选择的模糊聚类异常入侵模型。首先通过层次聚类算法改善了FCM 聚类算法结果对初始聚类中心的敏感性,再利用遗传算法的全局搜索能力克服了其在迭代时易陷入局部最优的缺点,并将它们结合构成一种AGFCM 算法;然后采用信息增益算法对网络攻击连接数据集的特征属性进行排序,同时利用约登指数来删减数据集的特征属性以确定特征属性容量;最后利用低维特征属性集和改进的FCM 聚类算法构建了异常入侵检测模型。实验结果表明该模型对绝大多数的网络攻击类型具有很好的检测能力,为解决异常入侵检测模型的误警率和检测率等问题提供了一种可行的解决途径。     

基于云模型与决策树的入侵检测方法

针对入侵检测系统中传统决策树分类算法仅能处理离散化数据的情况,提出一种改进的入侵检测方法。通过云模型对数据集连续属性进行离散化,利用遗传算法引入加权选择概率函数,使得决策树分类算法能检测出DoS、R2L、U2R、PRB攻击。KDDCUP 99数据集上的实验结果表明,与基于贝叶斯、支持向量机与云模型离散化的检测方法相比,该方法具有更好的入侵检测与分类性能。     

一种混合入侵检测模型

为了提高入侵检测模型的准确率,提出一种基于K-均值算法、朴素贝叶斯分类算法和反向传播神经网络的混合入侵检测模型。首先,采用基于分区、无监督式聚类分析的K-均值算法进行数据的聚类处理,得到易于被机器处理和学习的数据集。为了进一步获取必要的数据属性,将聚类处理的结果输入到贝叶斯分类器进行分类。然后,具有较短学习周期的反向传播神经网络负责训练数据分类样本。最后,基于KDD CUP99数据集,对混合入侵检测模型进行了仿真实验,实验结果表明,通过混合入侵检测模型,DoS、U2R、R2L和Probe等入侵数据被精准地检测出。相比其它入侵检测模型,混合入侵检测模型取得了较高的准确率和召回率,以及较低的误报率,具有一定的实用价值。     

K-means聚类算法优化方法的研究

针对K-means算法全局搜索能力的不足,提出基于改进PSO的优化K-means聚类算法(IPSO-KM),该算法克服了K-means聚类算法对初始聚类中心选择敏感问题,能够获得全局最优的聚类划分.同时,提出一种基于信息增益比例的属性加权的实体之间距离计算方法,使用属性加权距离计算方法进行聚类划分时,无论是球形数据还是椭球形数据都能够获得较好的聚类划分结果.仿真实验采用KDD-cup 99的测试数据,实验结果表明本文提出的算法不但能检测到多种已知的网络入侵行为,而且能够检测到许多未知的网络入侵行为,同时保持较高的网络入侵的检测率和较低入侵的误报率.     

基于目标协同规划的网络入侵特征聚类仿真

在网络入侵检测优化的研究中,对网络入侵特征进行准确检测,由于在复杂的网络环境中会存在大量噪声,传统的方法只是单一的入侵特征聚类方法,难以在包含大量噪声的复杂网络环境中进行入侵特征聚类.提出一种基于目标协同规划思想的网络入侵特征聚类方法.利用标准化处理过程和归一化处理过程对对网络入侵数据进行预处理,能够将原始的网络入侵特征属性映射到标准属性空间.提取入侵特征构成数据集合,并进行降维处理,为入侵特征的聚类提供了准确数据基础,将可能性模糊聚类算法和聚类中心分离的模糊聚类算法进行入侵特征聚类目标的协同规划,能够得到准确的聚类中心.实验结果表明,改进算法能够提高网络入侵聚类的准确率.     

一种新的半监督入侵检测算法

针对无监督学习的入侵检测算法准确度不高、监督学习的入侵检测算法训练样本难以获取的问题,提出了一种粒子群改进的K均值半监督入侵检测算法,利用少量的标记数据生成正确样本模型来指导大量的未标记数据聚类,对聚类后仍未能标记的数据采用粒群优化的K均值聚类,有效提高分类器的分类准确性,并实现了对新类型攻击的检测。实验结果表明,算法的整体检测效果明显优于基于无监督学习和监督学习的检测算法。     

混合属性数据流的二重k近邻聚类算法

现有的数据流聚类算法大都只能处理单一数值属性的数据,不能应对同时包含数值属性与分类属性特征的数据,且已存在的混合属性数据流聚类算法在对数据的标准化处理和聚类上还有很大的改进之处,为此,提出二重k近邻混合属性数据流聚类算法.该算法采用CluStream算法的在线、离线框架,并提出了混合属性数据流下三步聚类的思想.算法先运用二重k近邻和改进的维度距离生成微聚类,然后利用动态标准化数据方法和基于均值的余弦模型生成初始宏聚类,最后利用基于均值的余弦模型和先验聚类结果进行宏聚类优化.实验结果表明,所提出的算法具有良好的聚类质量及可扩展性.     

基于模拟退火和半监督聚类的入侵检测方法

由于缺少监督数据,传统的基于聚类算法的入侵检测系统存在误报率高、检测率低等问题。针对这种情况,提出基于模拟退火和半监督K均值聚类的入侵检测方法。该方法首先利用少量标记入侵类型的网络数据改进聚类初始化过程,在K均值聚类算法中引入半监督学习,然后利用模拟退火算法跳出局部极值的能力与半监督K均值聚类算法结合以得到全局最优聚类,最后根据标记数据确定聚类类别,并应用于入侵行为的检测。基于KDDCUP99的对比实验表明,该方法利用监督数据和模拟退火算法改进了聚类算法,能够有效提高入侵检测的准确率。     

云模型与用户聚类的个性化推荐

针对传统推荐系统数据稀疏、相似性计算方法导致共同评分用户少的问题,提出利用云模型定性概念与定量数值转换的优势,研究云模型、用户聚类的个性化推荐改进算法。用户对项目属性评价的偏好,转换为用户对加权综合云模型表示的数字特征的偏好。利用改进的聚类算法,对评分数据、原始用户属性标准化后的信息进行聚类;同时考虑用户兴趣的变化,结合用户之间项目属性评价的综合云模型的相似度、用户对项目评分的聚类、用户属性聚类这三种方法产生的邻居用户的并集进行推荐。理论分析和实验结果表明,提出的改进算法不但解决数据稀疏性带来的共同评分用户少的弊端,即使是在新用户的情况下,仍能获得较低的平均绝对误差和平均平方误差     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.