Comparison of Erythorbic and Ascorbic Acids as Inhibitors of Enzymatic Browning in Apple

The effectiveness of ascorbic acid (AA) and erythorbic acid (EA) in inhibiting enzymatic browning at cut surfaces of apple and in raw apple juice was determined by tristimulus calorimetry. Red Delicious and Winesap plugs, dipped for 90 set in 0.8–1.6% solutions of AA or EA, showed longer lags before the onset of browning with the former compound. AA and EA were similar in effectiveness in apple juice. Because the relative effectiveness of AA and EA depends on the system in which they are compared, they should not be used interchangeably as sulfite alternatives without experimental verification of equivalence.     

Measurement of Enzymatic Browning at Cut Surfaces and in Juice of Raw Apple and Pear Fruits

Reflectance procedures were developed to measure the extent of enzymatic browning at cut surfaces and in the raw juice of apple and pear fruits. Reflectance L and a measurements, made at transversely cut surfaces of plugs bored from fruit halves, were linear or bilinear with log time and related to the extent of browning in six apple cultivars. With apple and pear juices, tristimulus values changed linearly with time in samples undergoing browning. Differences between initial and final tristimulus values were better indices of browning than the slopes of time curves. The suitability of these procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of browning inhibitors was demonstrated with SO₂ and ascorbic acid treatments.     

Enzymatic Browning of Model Solutions and Apple Phenolic Extracts by Apple Polyphenoloxidase

Model solutions containing chlorogenic acid (CG) and (-)-epicatechin (EP), and phenolics from nine apple cv., were oxidized with apple polyphenoloxidase (PPO). Browning was determined by absorbance at 380–700 nm, and transformed into CIE L*, a* and b*. Multilinear correlations were established between initial and degraded amounts of each phenolic. In model solutions of CG and EP, color values and A₄₀₀ correlated strongly with initial and oxidized CG and EP. Both phenolics contributed to decrease in L* and increase in A₄₀₀. Increase ii CG increased a*, but EP had little effect. The imnact of increased EP on b* was two to three times higher than for CG_: In each phenol class (hydroxycinnamic (HD), flavan-3-ol (FA), flavonol (FO) and dihydrochalcone (DC) derivatives), degraded amounts were increased or decreased by increasing amounts of other classes. Besides major phenolics, HD (mainly CG) and FA (mainly EP and procyanidin B2), FO and DC, appeared to affect color development.     

曲酸、抗坏血酸及柠檬酸对鲜切苹果褐变的影响

以鲜切苹果为试材,分别用曲酸、抗坏血酸和柠檬酸浸泡3 min,于4℃存放9 d,对鲜切苹果的硬度、色泽、总酚、可溶性醌、多酚氧化酶活性、维生素C等指标进行分析。结果表明,3种有机酸对鲜切苹果的硬度和多酚氧化酶的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),而对褐变、总酚和维生素C影响差异显著(P<0.05)。综合来看,3种有机酸均对鲜切苹果褐变都有抑制效果,而曲酸明显优于柠檬酸和抗坏血酸,说明曲酸是一种潜在的鲜切苹果保鲜和护色剂。     

超高压和酶抑制剂对山药泥中多酚氧化酶活性的影响

本文采用超高压、温度和酶抑制剂单独和复合处理山药泥，对山药泥中多酚氧化酶活性和色泽变化进行了研究。结果表明，山药泥中多酚氧化酶(PPO)最适作用温度为35℃。压力400MPa、温度20℃时，PPO的活性有一个峰值，当压力大于或小于400MPa，PPO的活性都明显减弱，600MPa时PPO活性最弱。对山药泥进行温度、压力、时间的L9(3^4)正交试验结果表明：在550MPa、40℃下处理10min后，PPO活性最弱，抑制效果最佳。通过酶抑制剂正交试验筛选出最佳PPO抑制剂配方为：0．05％柠檬酸 0．4％抗坏血酸 0．02％EDTA。用超高压(550MPa)和酶抑制剂共同处理山药泥，不仅抑制了PPO活性，而且保持了山药泥原有的色泽。     

Control of Enzymatic Browning in Apple with Ascorbic Acid Derivatives, Polyphenol Oxidase Inhibitors, and Complexing Agents

Novel browning inhibitors were evaluated in raw apple juice and on the cut surface of apple plugs, using quantitative measurements of color changes during storage to assess treatment effectiveness. Ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AAP) and -triphosphate (AATP) showed promise for cut surfaces but were ineffective in juice. Ascorbic acid-6-fatty acid esters showed anti-browning activity in juice. Cinnamate and benzoate inhibited browning in juice but induced browning when applied to cut surfaces. Combinations of β-cyclodextrin with ascorbic acid (AA), AAP or ascorbyl palmitate were effective in juice but not on cut surfaces. Combinations of AA with an acidic polyphosphate were highly effective with both juice and cut surfaces.     

Enzymatic Browning Inhibition in Cloudy Apple Juice by Electrodialysis

Cloudy apple juice (pH 3.8) was acidified to pH 2.7, at 16–24°C and at a constant current density of 40 mA/cm², in an electrodialysis (ED) unit composed of an AB electrocell with three compartments, a bipolar membrane (Neosepta BP-1) and two ion-exchange membranes (anion- and cation-exchange). The treatment inhibited 81% of the activity of polyphenoloxidase and slowed enzymatic browning, indicated by a decrease in indice “a” and an increase in “L” on the Hunter Lab colorimeter scale. During ED treatments, conductivity and K⁺ concentration in apple juice decreased by, respectively, 21% and 86%.     

Contribution of Sucrose to Nonenzymatic Browning in Potato Chips

The contribution of sucrose, a nonreducing sugar, to nonenzymatic browning in potato chips was investigated using a model system of buffered sugars and glycine applied to filter paper discs that were then heated in oil. It was found by fiber optic colorimetry that sucrose and the amino acid produced darkening comparable to that of reducing sugars. It is postulated that sucrose enters the reaction by thermal hydrolysis to yield glucose and fructose. Addition of glucose and glycine to potato slices by vacuum infiltration resulted in increased darkening after frying but the sugar proved to be the limiting factor in nonenzymatic browning of potato chips, emphasizing the importance of sucrose in this reaction.     

Induction of Vesicle Formation by Exposing Apple Tissue to Vacuum Impregnation

This paper demonstrates that vacuum impregnation of mature apple tissue in the presence of different sugars results in the formation of membrane vesicles inside the cells. Vesiculation is regarded to be a metabolic consequence of the impregnation process. Vesiculation is shown when the endocytic marker FM4-64 was impregnated into the apple tissue together with the sugar solutions. Vesicles were formed at the plasma membrane already 30 min after impregnation and remained inside the cells for at least 24 h, a metabolic process that was inhibited in the presence of chloroquine, a specific endosomic inhibitor. This phenomenon was not dependent on the osmotic strength when sucrose was used for impregnation. However, the vesiculation drastically dropped when a hypertonic trehalose solution was impregnated. We suggest that the impregnated sugars may not totally remain in the extracellular space between the cells, as normally believed, but at least a fraction might be incorporated into the cells.     

Texture of Vacuum Microwave Dehydrated Apple Chips as Affected by Calcium Pretreatment, Vacuum Level, and Apple Variety

ABSTRACT: The effects of calcium pretreatment, vacuum level, and apple variety on the texture of apple chips, processed using a combination of air drying and vacuum microwave dehydration (VMD), were determined. Pretreatment of apple slices by immersion in 1-5% aqueous CaCl₂ significantly increased crispness of chips as determined by instrumental and sensory analysis; however above 1%, chips were perceived as bitter. Higher vacuum applied during VMD significantly lowered density and increased crispness of chips. This effect was mediated by the vaporization of water in the interior of the chip, which caused expansion of the tissue. Chips made from Fuji apples had higher calcium contents, and were crisper than Red and Golden Delicious apple chips. Microstructure of the chips evaluated by scanning electron microscopy indicated that chips with thicker cell walls and large internal voids were crisper.     

壳寡糖防止苹果果汁褐变的机理

以红富士苹果为材料,分别测定不同质量浓度壳寡糖(OCS)对果汁中自由基的清除作用,对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)4种抗氧化酶酶活性和多酚氧化酶(PPO)酶活性以及与抗氧化有关物质(还原型VC和总酚)含量的影响。结果表明:壳寡糖对果汁中自由基的清除作用比较明显,尤其在2mg/mL和4mg/mL的质量浓度条件下可以较好的抑制O2-.的产生。壳寡糖可以明显提高抗氧化酶的酶活性,并且降低PPO的酶活性。壳寡糖对果汁中还原型VC和多酚含量的变化无显著性影响。提示壳寡糖可以提高抗氧化酶的活性,降低果汁中自由基的含量,抑制PPO的酶活性,从而抑制苹果果汁加工中褐变的发生。     

半胱氨酸控制鲜切苹果褐变的生理机制

为研究半胱氨酸对鲜切苹果褐变控制的生理机制,以鲜切苹果为研究对象,采用0.5 g/L的半胱氨酸溶液处 理1 min,分析贮藏过程中鲜切苹果褐变指数（browning index,BI）、多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）和 抗氧化酶活力、抗氧化物质和丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）质量摩尔浓度及抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明, 与蒸馏水处理相比,半胱氨酸处理能够显著抑制鲜切苹果的褐变,在贮藏初期半胱氨酸处理降低了鲜切苹果的PPO 活力,同时在贮藏过程中不同程度提高了鲜切苹果的抗氧化酶活力以及抗氧化能力,减缓了抗氧化物质在贮藏过程 中的损失,并且抑制了MDA的积累。相关性分析显示,鲜切苹果的BI值与抗坏血酸含量、过氧化氢酶活力以及抗 氧化能力呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与MDA质量摩尔浓度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。因此,半胱氨酸可能是 一方面通过抑制鲜切苹果的PPO活力,另一方面通过提高其抗氧化能力,延缓贮藏过程中的组织褐变。     

常压、真空和脉冲真空渗透脱水加工芒果脯

在24℃下,以60%蔗糖水溶液作为渗透溶液,在常压、真空和脉冲真空(压力为510 mmHg)条件下对芒果进行渗透脱水,然后置于热风干燥箱中70℃干燥制成芒果脯,测定芒果脯的硬度、颜色、含水量、复水率.通过感官评定及统计分析得出,真空和脉冲真空渗透脱水制成的芒果脯品质明显优于常压渗透脱水制成的芒果脯.     

苹果汁的前褐变及苹果PPO的部分特性研究

苹果汁贮藏过程中色泽加深、色值和透光率不稳定是苹果汁生产中普遍存在的问题,文中尝试采用苹果自身的PPO进行前褐变反应,以减少果汁中的酚类化合物,防止后期褐变。研究表明,果汁经30℃前褐变反应4 0min后,总酚质量含量可下降约30 % ,可溶性固形物质量分数提高了2 8% ,常温下贮藏3个月后,色值和透光率基本保持不变,明显地改善了苹果汁的质量指标。同时,文中还探讨了PPO的最适pH值、最适反应温度及其pH稳定性、热稳定性等性质     

苹果多酚结构及褐变研究进展

本文对已报道的苹果多酚物质进行了归类。并列出了它们的结构图。在苹果加工业中,褐变备受关注,其直接影响着产品的营养、风味和感官。这种褐变主要由于多酚类物质在西每（多酚氧化酶PPO和过氧化酶POD）的氧化下生成了有色物质,文中对这两种酶氧化多酚机理进行了分析,并时褐变抑制剂及抑制机理作了阐述。     

Enzymatic Browning Inhibited in Fresh and Dried Apple Rings by Pineapple Juice

Sliced apple rings were treated with water (control), canned pineapple juice, frozen pineapple juice, ion-exchanged pineapple juice, frozen orange juice, ascorbic acid, a commercial antibrowning preparation or sodium bisulfite. The rings were either left exposed to air, vacuum packaged, or dehydrated. Browning was measured calorimetrically and by visual examination over extended periods of time. Pineapple juice was an effective browning inhibitor in both fresh and dried apples. Pineapple juice was fractionated using various size and charge separation procedures. All fractions inhibited enzymatic browning of crude apple extracts by at least 26%. Results indicate that the inhibitor is a neutral compound of low molecular weight.     

蜂蜜对苹果酶促褐变的抑制及有效成分分析

作者以防止新鲜苹果切口的褐变为目标,比对不同食品配料组成的复配成分,发现蜂蜜作为涂膜材料可以有效延缓鲜切苹果片的褐变。将鲜切苹果片浸泡在质量分数0.1 g/g的椴树蜂蜜水溶液中,8 d后其仍能维持新鲜的色泽;探究了蜂蜜对苹果多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase, PPO）抑制的动力学,发现蜂蜜对苹果PPO起非竞争性抑制作用,酶活抑制能力来自蜂蜜的抗氧化、清除自由基（相关系数r>0.6）能力;进一步分析蜂蜜成分与酶活抑制率的关系,发现蜂蜜中蛋白质与多酚（r值分别为0.79、0.63）是蜂蜜发挥抗褐变作用的重要成分。     

Chitosan Enhances Control of Enzymatic Browning in Apple and Pear Juice by Filtration

Browning could be prevented in McIntosh apple juice by the addition of at least 200 ppm chitosan, irrespective of the chitosan product tested, followed by filtration with diatomaceous earth filter aid. Chitosan at 1000 ppm was required to prevent browning in juice from ripe Bartlett and Bosc pears. Juice from very ripe Bartlett pears did not respond to chitosan treatment. Chitosan addition interfered with the prevention of browning in apple and pear juice by centrifugation.