Comparison of Erythorbic and Ascorbic Acids as Inhibitors of Enzymatic Browning in Apple

The effectiveness of ascorbic acid (AA) and erythorbic acid (EA) in inhibiting enzymatic browning at cut surfaces of apple and in raw apple juice was determined by tristimulus calorimetry. Red Delicious and Winesap plugs, dipped for 90 set in 0.8–1.6% solutions of AA or EA, showed longer lags before the onset of browning with the former compound. AA and EA were similar in effectiveness in apple juice. Because the relative effectiveness of AA and EA depends on the system in which they are compared, they should not be used interchangeably as sulfite alternatives without experimental verification of equivalence.     

Measurement of Enzymatic Browning at Cut Surfaces and in Juice of Raw Apple and Pear Fruits

Reflectance procedures were developed to measure the extent of enzymatic browning at cut surfaces and in the raw juice of apple and pear fruits. Reflectance L and a measurements, made at transversely cut surfaces of plugs bored from fruit halves, were linear or bilinear with log time and related to the extent of browning in six apple cultivars. With apple and pear juices, tristimulus values changed linearly with time in samples undergoing browning. Differences between initial and final tristimulus values were better indices of browning than the slopes of time curves. The suitability of these procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of browning inhibitors was demonstrated with SO₂ and ascorbic acid treatments.     

Enzymatic Browning of Model Solutions and Apple Phenolic Extracts by Apple Polyphenoloxidase

Model solutions containing chlorogenic acid (CG) and (-)-epicatechin (EP), and phenolics from nine apple cv., were oxidized with apple polyphenoloxidase (PPO). Browning was determined by absorbance at 380–700 nm, and transformed into CIE L*, a* and b*. Multilinear correlations were established between initial and degraded amounts of each phenolic. In model solutions of CG and EP, color values and A₄₀₀ correlated strongly with initial and oxidized CG and EP. Both phenolics contributed to decrease in L* and increase in A₄₀₀. Increase ii CG increased a*, but EP had little effect. The imnact of increased EP on b* was two to three times higher than for CG_: In each phenol class (hydroxycinnamic (HD), flavan-3-ol (FA), flavonol (FO) and dihydrochalcone (DC) derivatives), degraded amounts were increased or decreased by increasing amounts of other classes. Besides major phenolics, HD (mainly CG) and FA (mainly EP and procyanidin B2), FO and DC, appeared to affect color development.     

Enzymatic Browning Inhibition in Cloudy Apple Juice by Electrodialysis

Cloudy apple juice (pH 3.8) was acidified to pH 2.7, at 16–24°C and at a constant current density of 40 mA/cm², in an electrodialysis (ED) unit composed of an AB electrocell with three compartments, a bipolar membrane (Neosepta BP-1) and two ion-exchange membranes (anion- and cation-exchange). The treatment inhibited 81% of the activity of polyphenoloxidase and slowed enzymatic browning, indicated by a decrease in indice “a” and an increase in “L” on the Hunter Lab colorimeter scale. During ED treatments, conductivity and K⁺ concentration in apple juice decreased by, respectively, 21% and 86%.     

Control of Enzymatic Browning in Apple with Ascorbic Acid Derivatives, Polyphenol Oxidase Inhibitors, and Complexing Agents

Novel browning inhibitors were evaluated in raw apple juice and on the cut surface of apple plugs, using quantitative measurements of color changes during storage to assess treatment effectiveness. Ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AAP) and -triphosphate (AATP) showed promise for cut surfaces but were ineffective in juice. Ascorbic acid-6-fatty acid esters showed anti-browning activity in juice. Cinnamate and benzoate inhibited browning in juice but induced browning when applied to cut surfaces. Combinations of β-cyclodextrin with ascorbic acid (AA), AAP or ascorbyl palmitate were effective in juice but not on cut surfaces. Combinations of AA with an acidic polyphosphate were highly effective with both juice and cut surfaces.     

Contribution of Sucrose to Nonenzymatic Browning in Potato Chips

The contribution of sucrose, a nonreducing sugar, to nonenzymatic browning in potato chips was investigated using a model system of buffered sugars and glycine applied to filter paper discs that were then heated in oil. It was found by fiber optic colorimetry that sucrose and the amino acid produced darkening comparable to that of reducing sugars. It is postulated that sucrose enters the reaction by thermal hydrolysis to yield glucose and fructose. Addition of glucose and glycine to potato slices by vacuum infiltration resulted in increased darkening after frying but the sugar proved to be the limiting factor in nonenzymatic browning of potato chips, emphasizing the importance of sucrose in this reaction.     

Induction of Vesicle Formation by Exposing Apple Tissue to Vacuum Impregnation

This paper demonstrates that vacuum impregnation of mature apple tissue in the presence of different sugars results in the formation of membrane vesicles inside the cells. Vesiculation is regarded to be a metabolic consequence of the impregnation process. Vesiculation is shown when the endocytic marker FM4-64 was impregnated into the apple tissue together with the sugar solutions. Vesicles were formed at the plasma membrane already 30 min after impregnation and remained inside the cells for at least 24 h, a metabolic process that was inhibited in the presence of chloroquine, a specific endosomic inhibitor. This phenomenon was not dependent on the osmotic strength when sucrose was used for impregnation. However, the vesiculation drastically dropped when a hypertonic trehalose solution was impregnated. We suggest that the impregnated sugars may not totally remain in the extracellular space between the cells, as normally believed, but at least a fraction might be incorporated into the cells.     

苹果汁的前褐变及苹果PPO的部分特性研究

苹果汁贮藏过程中色泽加深、色值和透光率不稳定是苹果汁生产中普遍存在的问题,文中尝试采用苹果自身的PPO进行前褐变反应,以减少果汁中的酚类化合物,防止后期褐变。研究表明,果汁经30℃前褐变反应4 0min后,总酚质量含量可下降约30 % ,可溶性固形物质量分数提高了2 8% ,常温下贮藏3个月后,色值和透光率基本保持不变,明显地改善了苹果汁的质量指标。同时,文中还探讨了PPO的最适pH值、最适反应温度及其pH稳定性、热稳定性等性质     

常压、真空和脉冲真空渗透脱水加工芒果脯

在24℃下,以60%蔗糖水溶液作为渗透溶液,在常压、真空和脉冲真空(压力为510 mmHg)条件下对芒果进行渗透脱水,然后置于热风干燥箱中70℃干燥制成芒果脯,测定芒果脯的硬度、颜色、含水量、复水率.通过感官评定及统计分析得出,真空和脉冲真空渗透脱水制成的芒果脯品质明显优于常压渗透脱水制成的芒果脯.     

苹果多酚结构及褐变研究进展

本文对已报道的苹果多酚物质进行了归类。并列出了它们的结构图。在苹果加工业中,褐变备受关注,其直接影响着产品的营养、风味和感官。这种褐变主要由于多酚类物质在西每（多酚氧化酶PPO和过氧化酶POD）的氧化下生成了有色物质,文中对这两种酶氧化多酚机理进行了分析,并时褐变抑制剂及抑制机理作了阐述。     

Enzymatic Browning Inhibited in Fresh and Dried Apple Rings by Pineapple Juice

Sliced apple rings were treated with water (control), canned pineapple juice, frozen pineapple juice, ion-exchanged pineapple juice, frozen orange juice, ascorbic acid, a commercial antibrowning preparation or sodium bisulfite. The rings were either left exposed to air, vacuum packaged, or dehydrated. Browning was measured calorimetrically and by visual examination over extended periods of time. Pineapple juice was an effective browning inhibitor in both fresh and dried apples. Pineapple juice was fractionated using various size and charge separation procedures. All fractions inhibited enzymatic browning of crude apple extracts by at least 26%. Results indicate that the inhibitor is a neutral compound of low molecular weight.     

Chitosan Enhances Control of Enzymatic Browning in Apple and Pear Juice by Filtration

Browning could be prevented in McIntosh apple juice by the addition of at least 200 ppm chitosan, irrespective of the chitosan product tested, followed by filtration with diatomaceous earth filter aid. Chitosan at 1000 ppm was required to prevent browning in juice from ripe Bartlett and Bosc pears. Juice from very ripe Bartlett pears did not respond to chitosan treatment. Chitosan addition interfered with the prevention of browning in apple and pear juice by centrifugation.     

Changes in Apple Polyphenoloxidase and Polyphenol Concentrations in Relation to Degree of Browning

Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and polyphenol concentrations decreased during maturation and remained relatively constant during cold storage. However, there was no set pattern of changes in degree of browning during maturation and cold storage. Not all cultivars showed the same relationship between degree of browning and enzyme activity. In some cultivars (Classic Delicious, RI Greening, McIntosh and Cortland), PPO activity was directly related to degree of browning while in others (Empire, Rome and Golden Delicious), degree of browning was related more to phenolic concentration. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the phenolics in apples showed that the types of phenolic compounds in all cultivars were similar and that no one particular compound could account for the differences observed in browning.     

Microbiology of Fresh Apple and Potato Plugs Preserved by Gas Exchange

SUMMARY: Gas exchange as a means of preservation of fresh disk-shaped plugs of apples and potatoes at ambient temperatures was studied. Death kinetics of the microorganisms E. coli, St. aureus and CL botolinum were determined. The concurrent effects of the gas on the browning enzyme systems of the products was followed. Gram negative rods in the environment of the test materials were rapidly killed when exposed either to a mixture of ethylene oxide (10%) and carbon dioxide (90%) or to pure sulfur dioxide and sulfur dioxide (50%) air mixtures. Gram positive cocci and the spores of the anaerobes showed somewhat slower rates of destruction under the same conditions. Treatment with pure carbon monoxide, nitrogen or packaging in vacuum achieved considerable freedom from color changes but had no appreciable effect on microorganisms.     

Phenolic Composition and Browning Susceptibility of Various Apple Cultivars at Maturity

Phenolic compounds and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in the fruits of 11 apple cultivars before and after bruising were studied in relation to their susceptibility to browning. The degree of browning has been determined by the simultaneous measurements of soluble (absorbance at 400nm) and insoluble (lightness) brown pigments. The sum of these two expressing the extent of browning, closely correlated with the amount of phenolics (hydroxycinnamic derivatives and flavan-3-ols) degraded. Maturity did not appear to greatly influence the development of browning.     

浓缩苹果汁酶促褐变及其控制

酶促褐变是引起苹果浓缩汁色值降低、品质劣变的主要原因之一 ,本文介绍了浓缩苹果汁酶促褐变的三个必要生化条件 :酚类物质、多酚氧化酶 (PPO)和氧气 ,并综述了浓缩苹果汁生产中酶促褐变的控制方法 ,如加热钝化酶、调节pH值、添加酶或底物的抑制剂、使用膜技术、添加漆酶等 ,均能有效控制浓缩苹果汁的酶促褐变 ,提高果汁的品质     

曲酸对苹果汁酶促褐变抑制作用的研究

将几种护色剂在苹果破碎时加入,考察它们对苹果汁的防褐变作用。L-半胱氨酸、曲酸对苹果PPO的抑制作用最强,防褐变效果最好。曲酸是值得推广的防褐变剂。     

烤烟中多酚氧化酶促褐变反应抑制剂的筛选

为解决调制、加工过程中烟叶颜色过度转深问题.进行了用柠檬酸、硼酸、二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(NaDDC)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、ι-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸(Vc)和硫脲在磷酸盐缓冲溶液中抑制烤烟烟叶多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性试验.结果表明:①PVP(1.0 mmoL/L)、ι-半胱氨酸(0.6 mmol/L)、Vc(1.0 mmol/L)和硫脲(3.2 mmol/L)均能有效抑制缓冲液中多酚氧化酶的活性;②1.0 mmol/L PVP 3.0 mmol/L硫脲 0.75 mmol/L Vc 0.375 mmol/L Z一半胱氨酸或3.0 mmol/L硫脲 0.75 mmol/L Vc 0.375 mmol/L ι-半胱氨酸复合制剂的抑制效果较佳.     

ClO_2与Vc对苹果汁褐变与澄清的影响

以富士苹果为试材,研究了ClO2与VC对苹果汁褐变的影响。在380～600nm波长范围内,ClO2与Vc对苹果汁吸收曲线都没有影响。用4、6、8mg/L的ClO2处理苹果汁有一定的防褐作用,10mg/L和12mg/LClO2处理的苹果汁色度略高于对照。单独用Vc防褐,尤其是无法避免接触氧时,效果不理想。用ClO2与Vc协同处理时,苹果汁色度变化受添加顺序的影响。添加ClO2利于苹果汁澄清,也利于保持苹果汁的澄清。