Power Line Communication in Digitally Controlled DC–DC Converters Using Switching Frequency Modulation

This paper investigates power line communication (PLC) in digitally controlled high-frequency switched-mode power supplies in distributed architectures that share the same bus voltage. Communication between different DC-DC converters is obtained by using switching frequency modulation and by detecting the switching signal on the common supply bus voltage. In case of low power transmission, a small duty-cycle perturbation at half of switching frequency is added to enhance the energy of the transmitted signal. Each converter operates at three different switching frequencies: the first is associated with bit 1 transmission, the second is associated with bit 0 transmission, and the third is associated with no transmission state. In the proposed solution, there is no need for an additional power amplifier in order to inject the communication signal on the power lines, but the signal used for the PLC is inherently generated by the pulsewidth modulation of DC-DC converters. Even if aimed at a dedicated digital IC, the communication architecture has been implemented in field-programmable gate arrays. Simulation and experimental results on DC-DC synchronous buck converters confirm that the performance is achievable by the proposed PLC techniques.     

一种混沌随机TPWM低载波频率逆变器及其在变频洗衣机中的应用

本文提出了一种基于logistic映射的混沌TPWM（CTPWM）方法，并采用M37705单片机实现。给出了该映射的统计特征分析和量化实现。大量实验表明，与传统的PWM方法相比，CTPWM在较低载波频率情况下具有低噪音及较好的谐波特性。采用CTPWM方法成功地开发了低成本高性能洗衣机变频调速器。     

Direct Power Control of Active Filters With Averaged Switching Frequency Regulation

This paper has developed a direct power control (DPC) structure to improve the performance of an active filter. A control algorithm directly uses the instantaneous power terms as control variables to replace the current and voltage variables that are commonly used in proportional-integral (PI) control systems. Compared to the other DPC schemes that have been reported so far, the proposed algorithm is oriented to harmonic current compensation, for which the switching functions are redefined, the bandwidths of the two hysteresis comparators are dynamically adjusted, and consequently, the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switching frequencies are regulated to eliminate the unnecessary short switching pulses, and the control system can be used directly and effectively for various types of nonlinear load compensation. With the proposed control scheme, full control of the active filter, including the line current and the dc bus voltage, can be realized within an integrated power control loop. The advantages of the proposed control strategy have been verified by simulation and experimental results on a 2-kVA laboratory prototype.      

Digital quasi-random modulated SFAVM PWM in an AC-drive system

A main research topic in PWM-VSI inverter-driven electrical machines is to reduce the generated acoustic noise which often is dominated by a multiple of the switching frequency in the inverter. This paper proposes a modulation scheme for reducing the acoustic noise effect from an AC machine which can be implemented digitally for low and high performance systems. The scheme is based on a stator flux asynchronous vector modulation (SFAVM) imposed by a digital band limited PWM white noise generator for varying the switching frequency randomly. The white noise generator can be used for 8, 16 and 32 bit microcontrollers. The modulation strategy is tested in a 1 kVA high performance 16 bit microprocessor controlled AC drive system. Voltage-spectra on the line-to-line voltage and the acoustic noise spectra are presented and show that the new modulation strategy can decrease the noise effect. The stator-flux-polygon and the line current are measured and demonstrate the random modulation strategy. Finally, the total sound pressure level from the AC machine is investigated with fixed switching frequencies and with different randomly modulated frequency spans. It is concluded that a properly chosen fixed switching frequency has the lowest total sound pressure level. However, the random modulation strategy distributes the noise frequencies and the noise is more comfortable and less annoying     

适用于包络跟踪的开关电源调制电路设计

包络跟踪技术已经成为提高功率放大器效率的重要研究方向,其中高效率、高功率开关电源调制器是研究重点.对实际的开关电源调制电路以及相应的参数进行了分析,提出了适用于包络跟踪技术的开关电源调制电路.利用Spice软件对设计的电路进行了电路仿真,利用Cadence软件进行了印制电路板(PCB)电路的设计.经过实际测试,该开关电源调制器的输出电压达到48 V,电流约为0.9A,整个功能模块效率接近96％.该开关电源调制电路不仅具有高效率高功率输出脉冲信号,还可以根据设计需求改变NMOS管型号,并设计出不同开关频率、不同功率输出的开关电源调制电路.     

A simple and low-cost control strategy for active power filtersconnected in cascade

A simple and low-cost control strategy for active power filters implemented with pulsewidth modulation voltage-source inverters (PWM-VSIs) connected in cascade is presented and analyzed in this paper. The principal component of the control circuit is an INTEL 8031 AH microcontroller, which generates the current reference waveforms and respective switching patterns for each inverter. The switching pattern is obtained by using a vector control technique. The proposed active power filter consists of two PWM-VSIs, connected in cascade, each operating at a different switching frequency. This paper presents the proposed control strategy in terms of principles of operation, circuit design and implementation. Finally, predicted results are verified experimentally on a 10 kVA breadboard model     

Power losses in PWM-VSI inverter using NPT or PT IGBT devices

This paper investigates the power losses for two different IGBT technologies (nonpunch through and punch through) for use in PWM-VSI inverters in order to choose the right device technology for a given application. A loss model of the inverter is developed based on experimental determination of the power losses. The loss model is used on two different modulation strategies which are a sine wave with a third harmonic added and a 60°-PWM modulation where only two inverter legs are active at the same time. The two IGBT technologies are characterized on an advanced measurement system which is described. The total power losses in the inverter are estimated by simulation at different conditions and it is concluded that the nonpunch through (NPT) technology is most useful for higher switching frequencies, while the punch through (PT) technology is especially useful at lower switching frequencies and high load currents. It is also concluded that the 60°-PWM modulation has the lowest power losses and the power losses are almost independent of phase angle cos(φ) for normal motor operation     

A fully integrated switched-capacitor DC–DC converter with hybrid output regulation

In this paper, we propose a fully integrated switched-capacitor (SC) DC–DC converter with hybrid output regulation that allows a predictable switching noise spectrum. The proposed hybrid output regulation method is based on the digital capacitance modulation for fine regulation and the automatic frequency scaling for coarse regulation. The automatic frequency scaler and on-chip current sensor are implemented to adjust the switching frequency at one of the frequencies generated by a binary frequency divider with change in load current. Thus, the switching noise spectrum of the proposed SC DC–DC converter can be predicted over the entire load range. In addition, the bottom-plate losses due to the parasitic capacitances of the flying capacitors and the gate-drive losses due to the gate capacitances of switches are reduced at light load condition since the switching frequency is automatically adjusted. The proposed SC DC–DC converter was implemented in a 0.13 µm CMOS process with 1.5 V devices, and its measurement results show that the peak efficiency and the efficiency at light load condition are 69.2% and higher than 45%, respectively, while maintaining a predictable switching noise spectrum.     

一种新的MIMO—OFDM白适应比特功率分配方案研究

针对MIMO-OFDM系统的自适应调制问题,在完全已知信道状态和满足固定速率以及给定的误比特率的约束下以最小化发射功率为目的,文中提出了一种低复杂度的自适应方案。该方案将对Chow算法和Campello算法进行功率分配和步长加载的改进。仿真结果表明,该算法在降低复杂度的同时提高了系统的性能。     

EMI reduction in switched power converters using frequency Modulation techniques

Frequency-modulation techniques have been used to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) produced by the clock of digital systems working in the range of hundreds of megahertz. The working principle consists of modulating the original constant clock frequency in order to spread the energy of each single harmonic into a certain frequency band, thus reducing the peak amplitude of EMI at harmonic frequencies. Nowadays, the switching frequency of power converters has increased up to values that make interesting the application of such techniques to reduce EMI emissions due to switching of power circuits. This paper presents the theoretical principles of frequency modulation using deterministic profiles for the modulating function. It shows the effectiveness of such methods in terms of EMI reduction for different modulation profiles and other parameters. The method is compared with other methods using random modulation. Tests carried out on a buck converter are presented for experimental validation of the method. A short discussion on optimal modulation profiles and parameters is also included.     

Use of sigma-delta modulation to control EMI from switch-mode powersupplies

Conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a major cause of concern in switch-mode power supplies (SMPSs) which commonly use standard pulsewidth modulation (PWM). In this paper, sigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulation is proposed as an alternative switching technique to reduce conducted EMI from an SMPS. The result of using ΣΔ modulation is a spread in the spectrum of the conducted emissions so that large concentrations of power at discrete frequencies are avoided. Experimental time-domain waveforms and spectra of the switching function of first-order and second-order ΣΔ modulators are presented to prove the viability of the scheme for EMI mitigation. These modulators are then applied to a DC-DC converter in an off-the-shelf computer power supply and experimental results show a reduction of roughly 5-10 dB·μV in EMI emissions over standard PWM modulators     

Switchable compliant actuator with fast stiffness modulation and energy efficient power transmission

This article presents the design of a switchable compliant actuator (Swi-CA), capable of fast stiffness modulation over a wide range and energy-efficient equilibrium position control. Compliant actuators are designed to have a variable stiffness to generate a restoring force upon displacement. In previous studies, such actuators provided compliance by changing both output stiffness and equilibrium position using a clutch to switch between two modes. We implemented a bifurcation-based switching mechanism to shift between stiffness modulation and equilibrium position control modes via mechanical integration of a variable stiffness spring with a parallel elastic unit without the use of an additional clutch. The distinctive features of the proposed Swi-CA are threefold. First, the central bending of a leaf spring widens the range of modulated stiffness and increases the average stiffness modulation speed. Second, the developed slider-crank mechanism has high power transmission efficiency and fast stiffness modulation. Lastly, an optimized elliptical cam generated negative stiffness during output and enabled switching between the two modes without the use of a controllable clutch. Analytical models and experimental validation of the proposed design clearly demonstrated its advantages for applications requiring fast stiffness modulation and energy-efficient operation, such as some robotics applications.     

基于预测控制的三相双降压逆变器统一调制策略

针对三相双降压逆变器(Dual Buck Inverter,DBI)这种无需死区时间、开关频率较高、输出高功率因数的变换器调制策略较多的问题,将现有的3种不同的调制策略进行结合,引入预测控制方法,提出统一的调制策略。所提方法能够在同一种控制方法下切换正弦脉宽调制策略(SPWM),空间矢量脉宽调制策略(SVPWM)和不连续空间矢量脉宽调制策略(DSVPWM)3种不同的调制方法,实现控制方法的简化。通过仿真与实验验证了3种调制方法之间的切换,同时对比了3种不同调制方法下的逆变器传输效率。     

New charge pump power-factor-correction electronic ballast with awide range of line input voltage

A new charge pump power-factor-correction (CPPFC) electronic ballast with a wide range of line input voltage is proposed in this paper. Circuit derivation and DC-bus voltage stress at start-up mode are discussed. The average lamp current control with switching frequency modulation is developed to achieve constant lamp power operation and low-crest factor. The proposed CPPFC electronic ballast is analyzed, implemented, and evaluated. It features continuous line input current, low total harmonic distortion (THD), constant lamp power operation, low-crest factor, and less switching current stress with low-DC-bus voltage stress for the line voltages from 180 to 265 V     

A high performance amplitude/phase modulated digital-to-synchro switching power converters

In this paper, a high performance three-phase switching digital-to-synchro (D/S) power converter is proposed for driving high power synchro motors. An amplitude/phase modulation algorithm is implemented with digitally controlled sinusoidal pulse-width-modulation. Design methodology and synchronization improvement are also presented. The generated synchro format output is first verified by simulation and then by a digital signal processor controlled hardware prototype testing. Experimental results indicate that the switching amplifier based D/S converter not only shrinks the size over the conventional linear amplifier based unit, but also demonstrates superior performance to the commercially available unit.     

用非线性光纤连接的长周期光栅对的光开关特性

提出用一根掺铒光纤连接两个对称的长周期光纤光栅(EDF-LPFG)对构成的新型全光开关.数值模拟了在交叉相位调制下对应于不同抽运功率的信号光的透射谱;还研究了在不同光栅的有效折射率调制幅度和光纤吸收系数下,信号光透射率随抽运光功率的变化.导出了器件的阈值开关功率公式.EDF-LPFG对光开关的阈值开关功率比单LPFG光开关的开关功率降低了5个数量级,不到25 mW.     

Characteristic Analysis for Multisampled Digital Implementation of Fixed-Switching-Frequency Closed-Loop Modulation of Voltage-Source Inverter

In this paper, a fixed-switching-frequency closed-loop modulation of a voltage-source inverter (VSI), upon the digital implementation of the modulation process, is analyzed and characterized. The sampling frequency of the digital processor is considered as an integer multiple of the modulation switching frequency. An expression for the determination of the modulation design parameter is developed for smooth modulation at a fixed switching frequency. The variation of the sampling frequency, switching frequency, and modulation index has been analyzed for the determination of the switching condition under closed loop. It is shown that the switching condition determined based on the continuous-time analysis of the closed-loop modulation will ensure smooth modulation upon the digital implementation of the modulation process. However, the stability properties need to be tested prior to digital implementation as they get deteriorated at smaller sampling frequencies. The closed-loop modulation index needs to be considered maximum while determining the design parameters for smooth modulation. In particular, a detailed analysis has been carried out by varying the control gain in the sliding-mode control of a two-level VSI. The proposed analysis of the closed-loop modulation of the VSI has been verified for the operation of a distribution static compensator. The theoretical results are validated experimentally on both single- and three-phase systems.      

The Delta-Rectifier: Analysis, Control and Operation

The three-phase Delta-Rectifier is formed by a delta-connection of single-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier modules and has the advantage that it can provide full rated output power in the case of a mains phase loss. In this paper the Delta-Rectifier, implemented with a standard (two-level and/or three-level) boost converter, is analyzed based on an equivalent star connection. Analysis of the Delta-Rectifier shows a redundancy in the switching states concerning the input voltage formation. Furthermore, the Delta-Rectifier has reduced current ripple in the mains phase currents if the modulation is implemented with synchronized PWM. A disadvantage of two-level Delta-Rectifier is the higher voltage stress on the switching devices; however this is mitigated when the boost converter is implemented with a three-level topology as realized for a 10.5-kW laboratory prototype. The Delta-Rectifier concept is proposed based on theoretical considerations and is verified experimentally. The influence of non-idealities on the current ripple formation in the practical realization is analyzed and a high quality mains phase current is demonstrated     

Multiple converter performance and active filtering

The application of active power filtering to power systems in limited by the low switching rate of available high power inverter switches. In this paper, parallel and series connection of multiple voltage source inverter bridges are examined to increase their effective switching rate. The analysis of the inverter voltage spectrum for double edge modulation shows the modulation desired for the separate bridges in open loop. Intuitively “i” bridges in series or parallel increases the effective switch rate by a factor “i”. However the modulation process for each power converter maintains its pattern for its switching period T which gives a roll off at high frequencies and reduces effective bandwidth. The experimental system of two 10 kVA voltage source inverters demonstrated how the closed loop control strategies for the active filter can be applied for multiple bridges implementing periodic optimized error sawtooth feedback control. The double bridge closed loop system showed that the lowest switch frequency terms were double that of the separate bridges. The higher frequency switching lines that should have been cancelled in theory were still discernible due to the finite precision of the edge timing     

A CMOS RF Polar Transmitter of a UHF Mobile RFID Reader for High Power Efficiency

A CMOS radio frequency (RF) polar transmitter architecture for a UHF (860–960 MHz) RF identification (RFID) reader is proposed, which consists of a switch-mode CMOS power amplifier (PA) and an analog pulse-shaping filter implemented in 0.25-$mu$ m CMOS process. The amplitude modulation of a amplitude shift keying signal is performed by simply switching the common gate transistor of a cascode power amplifier. Extremely low power consumption is achieved when the PA is switched off. The power efficiency of the transmitter is enhanced not only by using switching power amplifier but also by employing this architecture.