利用ad hoc网络实现下一代移动互联

随着ad hoc网络的研究工作的发展,以Internet接入为代表的ad hoc网络的应用问题越来越被人们所关注.在本文中,我们提出了一个将ad hoc网络和移动IPv6相结合的方案,首先将基于动态源路由(dynamic source routing,DSR)的MANET升级到IPv6使其能够接入6Bone网,并通过搭建测试床进行了验证和测量;在此基础上,又提出了移动IPv6的兼容方案,并通过仿真对其在不同环境下的性能进行了验证.     

An IPv4-IPv6 translation mechanism for SIP overlay network in UMTS all-IP environment

Both IPv6 and session initiation protocol (SIP) are default protocols for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) all-Internet protocol (IP) network. In the existing mobile telecommunications environments, an IPv6-based UMTS all-IP network needs to interwork with other Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4)-based SIP networks. Therefore, mobile SIP applications are typically offered through an overlay structure over the IPv4-Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) interworking environments. Based on 3GPP 23.228, we propose an IPv4-IPv6 translation mechanism (i.e., SIPv6 translator) that integrates different IP infrastructures (i.e., IPv4 and IPv6) to provide an overlay network for transparent SIP application deployment. In this paper, we present the architecture and the call flows of the SIPv6 translator. An analytic model is proposed to investigate the fault tolerance issue of our approach. Our study provides guidelines to select appropriate number of processors for fault tolerance.     

Integrating Mobile Ad Hoc Network to the Internet

A novel scheme is presented to integrate mobile ad hoc networks （MANETs） with the lnternet and support mobility across wireless local area networks （WLANs） and MANETs. The mobile nodes, connected as a MANET, employ the optimize d link state routing （OLSR） protocol for routing within the MANET. Mobility management across WLANs and MANETs is achieved through the hierarchical mobile IPv6 （HMIPv6） protocol. The performance is evaluated on a HMIPv6 based test-bed composed of WLANs and MANETs. The efficiency gain obtained from using HMIPv6 in such a hybrid network is investigated. The investigation result shows that the use of HMIPv6 can achieve up to 27% gain on reducing the handoff latency when a mobile roams within a domain. Concerning the reduction of the signaling load on the lnternet, the use of HMIPv6 can achieve at least a 54% gain and converges to 69%.     

An efficient anonymous communication protocol for peer-to-peer applications over mobile ad-hoc networks

An efficient anonymous communication protocol, called MANET Anonymous Peer-to-peer Communication Protocol (MAPCP), for P2P applications over mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is proposed in this work. MAPCP employs broadcasts with probabilistic-based flooding control to establish multiple anonymous paths between communication peers. It requires no hop-by-hop encrypt ion/decryption along anonymous paths and, hence, demands lower computational complexity and power consumption than those MANET anonymous routing protocols. Since MAPCP builds multiple paths to multiple peers within a single query phase without using an extra route discovery process, it is more efficient in P2P applications. Through analysis and extensive simulations, we demonstrate that MAPCP always maintains a higher degree of anonymity than a MANET anonymous single-path routing protocol in a hostile environment. Simulation results also show that MAPCP is resilient to passive attacks     

基于稳定闭域的异构无线网络混合路由策略

分析了异构的网络模型,并提出了一种基于MANET稳定闭域的混合路由策略,使得基于该路由策略设计的路由协议能够实时地根据本地拓扑状态进行转换,在稳定闭域内使用AODV提高路由转发的效率。当数据分组转发到闭域边界后,将转换为改进的Prophet路由继续在非连通区域内寻路,以充分利用MANET与DTN路由的优势。仿真实验证明了该路由策略的可行性,通过比较多种路由算法验证了在特定的异构网络环境下该路由策略的高效性。     

IPv6网络路由体系架构的建立

由于IPv6地址更加结构化和层次化,使得IPv6网络的路由协议体系与IPv4相比也更加层次化,可扩展性也较优,如何利用这些路由协议的特点构建独立的、便于演进的IPv6网络是目前IPv6研究的重点.本文在简要介绍IPv6路由协议特点的基础上,从影响IPv6路由体系架构的因素、多种EGP(外部网关协议)和IGP(内部网关协议)的选择等方面,对如何建立IPv6网络的路由体系架构进行了分析和研究.     

Routing Algorithms for MANET-IoT Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

With the powerful evolution of wireless communication systems in recent years, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are more and more applied in many fields such as environment, energy efficiency, intelligent transport systems, smart agriculture, and IoT ecosystems, as well as expected to contribute role more and more important in the future Internet. However, due to the characteristic of the mobile ad hoc environment, the performance is dependent mainly on the deployed routing protocol and relative low. Therefore, routing protocols should be more flexible and intelligent to enhance network performance. This paper surveyed and analysed a series of recently proposed routing protocols for MANET-IoT networks. Results have shown that these protocols are classified into four main categories: performance improvement, quality of service (QoS-aware), energy-saving, and security-aware. Most protocols are evolved from these existing traditional protocols. Then, we compare the performance of the four traditional routing protocols under the different movement speeds of the network node aim determines the most stable routing protocol in smart cities environments. The experimental results showed that the proactive protocol work is good when the movement network nodes are low. However, the reactive protocols have more stable and high performance for high movement network scenarios. Thus, we confirm that the proposal of the routing protocols for MANET becomes more suitable based on improving the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol. This study is the premise for our further in-depth research on IoT ecosystems.

     

A Proxy Mobile IPv6 Based Global Mobility Management Architecture and Protocol

This paper specifies a global mobility management architecture and protocol procedure called GPMIP, which is based on Proxy Mobile IPv6. In GPMIP, mobility management is performed by the network entity rather than individual mobile nodes. The benefit is the elimination of the wireless link data delivery tunnel overhead between a mobile node and the access router. To compare with the well known Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 mobility management protocol, the location update, packet delivery, and total cost functions generated by a mobile node during its average domain residence time are formulated for each protocol based on fluid flow mobility model. Then, the impacts of various system parameters on the cost functions are analyzed. The analytical results indicate that the proposed global mobility management protocol can guarantee lower total costs. Furthermore, a qualitative comparison between GPMIP and some other global management protocols is also investigated.     

Cross-layer design of P2P file sharing over mobile ad hoc networks

Peer-to-peer file sharing over mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) has become a popular application due to the rapid growing number of mobile devices. However, the fact that mobile nodes in a MANET dynamically alter their locations and join/leave the P2P system has posted many challenges in designing a robust and scalable P2P system. Although, in the literature, flooding-based P2P approach has been shown to be robust in a highly dynamic network, it leads to poor efficiency in terms of bandwidth usage and scalability. A new design is required in which cross-layer designs and cognitive approaches could be applied such that it could interact with the requests of users and respond to dynamic change of network topology. In this paper, we propose an efficient and scalable P2P file sharing system over MANET based on Swarm Intelligence, referred to as P2PSI. By applying the cognitive behaviour of the real ant colonies, P2PSI owns the capability of adaptive learning of routing path and is able to cope with mobility problem without flooding. Moreover, P2PSI also adopts cross-layer design to reduce the redundant message overhead and query latency. Performance of P2PSI is evaluated and compared to two existing cross-layer design service discovery protocols through simulations. Our simulation results show that P2PSI achieves better performance in terms of control overhead and request success ratio.     

The Performance Analysis of the Multicast Extension Support for Proxy MIPv6

Mobile multicast is based on the traditional multicast protocols and the mobility support protocols to provide the multicast services for the mobile subscribers. Several mobile multicast methods were proposed in the past few years, but most of them are based on Mobile IPv6 and its variants which require the mobile node to support the mobility function. Recently, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) was proposed to provide the mobility support for the mobile node with or without mobility function, and the previous studies have shown that PMIPv6 can improve the performance in term of the handover performance and protocol cost. However, PMIPv6 mainly concerns on the mobility support for unicast routing and little considers the multicast routing. In this paper, we propose two multicast methods called the MAG (Mobile Access Gateway)-based method and LMA (Local Mobility Anchor)-based method based on the different multicast delivery transmission path to extend PMIPv6, and analyze their performance under the different scenarios. The analytical results show that the LMA-based method is suitable for the higher speed, bigger domain size, and larger network topology scenarios, whereas the MAG-based method is suitable for the lower speed, smaller domain size and smaller network topology scenarios.     

A cross-layer approach for real-time multimedia streaming on wireless peer-to-peer ad hoc network

Peer-to-peer (P2P) live streaming over mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a state-of-the-art technique for wireless multimedia applications, such as entertainments and disaster recovery. The peers share the live streaming over MANET via multi-hop wireless link, so an efficient data delivery scheme must be required. However, the high churn rate and the frequent mobility baffle the P2P membership management and overlay maintenance. The unreliable wireless connection of MANET leads to the difficulties of large-scale and real-time streaming distribution, and a lack of overlay proximity leads to the inefficient streaming delivery. We present a cross-layer design for P2P over MANET to manage and maintain the overlay, and select efficient routing path to multicast media streams. Our proposed scheme (COME-P2P) integrates both P2P DHT-based lookup and IPv6 routing header to improve the delivery efficiency. Through the cross-layer design, the low layer detects mobility for informing high layer to refine the finger table, and high layer maintains the efficient multicast path for informing low layer to refine the routing table. How to keep stable routing paths for live streaming via IPv6 routing is the main contribution of this paper. The overlay proximity can shorten routing propagation delay, and the hop-by-hop routing can avoid the traffic bottleneck. Through the mathematical analysis and simulation results, COME-P2P can be demonstrated to achieve high smoothness and reduce signaling overhead for live streaming.     

Proficient link state routing in mobile ad hoc network-based deep Q-learning network optimized with chaotic bat swarm optimization algorithm

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a category of ad-hoc network that can be reconfigurable its network. MANETS are self-organized networks, that can use the wireless links to connect various networks via mobile nodes: but it consumes more energy and it also has routing problems. This is the major drawback of being connected with the MANET technology. Therefore, this study proposes a new protocol as deep Q-learning network optimized with chaotic bat swarm optimization algorithm (CBS)-based optimized link state routing (OLSR) (CBS-OLSR) for MANET. This protocol reduces MANET energy usage and adopts OLSR multi-point relay (MPR) technology. MANET's OLSR and the CBS algorithm utilize a similar method to locate the best optimum path from source to destination node. By embedding the new improved deep Q-learning and OLSR algorithms, both are used for optimizing the MPR sets selection, it can efficiently diminish the energy consumption in the network topology, but automatically increase the lifespan of the network. It also enhances the package delivery ratio and decreases end-to-end delay. The experimental outcomes prove that the proposed protocol is reliable and proficient that is appropriate for numerous MANET applications.     

IPv6 anycast for simple and effective service-oriented communications

Although anycast communication supports service-oriented addresses, many of its current definitions in IPv6 are unclear. Furthermore, since there are no protocol standards or even a consensus on controlling routing, intersegment anycast communications are not yet available. In this article we first review IPv6-based anycast communication. At present, there are several possible applications that are suited to this. We then raise several problems and provide possible solutions to these. Based on this background, we present the Anycast Address Resolving Protocol (AARP) to establish TCP connections with a specific anycast address, and then propose a routing protocol for intersegment anycasts. Our proposed architecture makes anycast addresses.more useful without (or with at most minimal) need for modifications/extensions to existing applications and/or upper-layer protocols.     

一种基于移动IPv6协议的软切换实现方案

移动IPv6协议解决了IPv6网络中移动节点的位置更新和路由可达问题,使移动节点能够在不同IPv6子网间进行切换而不中断当前连接。但是这种切换的时延较长,影响移动IPv6网络的性能。为了减少切换时延,文章在移动IPv6协议中引入软切换技术,提出一种采用绑定更新计时器和路由优先级变换机制的软切换工程实现方案,实验结果表明,该软切换方案可以有效提高移动IPv6网络的性能。     

SDR: A Stable Direction-Based Routing for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

A stable and reliable routing mechanism for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an important step toward the provision of long data transmission applications, such as file sharing and music download. Traditional mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols are not suitable for VANET because the mobility model and environment of VANET are different from those of traditional MANET. To solve this problem, we proposed a new stable routing algorithm, called stable directional forward routing. The novelty of the proposed routing protocol is its combining direction broadcast and path duration prediction into ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocols, which including: (1) Nodes in VANET are grouped based on the position, only nodes in a given direction range participating in the route discovery process to reduce the frequency of flood requests, (2) Route selection is based on the link duration while not the hops or other metrics to increase the path duration, (3) Route discovery is executed before the path expiration in order to decrease the end to end delay. The performance of the new scheme is evaluated through extensive simulations with Qualnet. Simulation results indicate the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of decreasing routing control packet, reducing the number of link-breakage events, improving the packet delivery ratio and decreasing the end-to-end delay.     

基于无证书公钥的移动IP注册协议认证

移动IPv6是IPv6的子协议,有着巨大的地址空间、对移动性和QoS的良好支持,内嵌的IPSec协议,以及邻居发现和自动配置等诸多优势,它为未来的全IP移动通信系统提供了一个标准的全球移动性解决方案。针对移动IPv6技术的特点,将IPSec安全协议和无证书公钥体系（CL-PKC）两者结合起来,在分析无证书公钥的优缺点的基础上,提出了一种在移动IPv6环境下的注册协议认证与注册方案,并对该协议的性能进行了分析,以方便日后的改进。     

Improving Bandwidth Utilization of Intermittent Links in Highly Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks

Non-uniform node densities occur and intermittent links exist in highly dynamic ad hoc networks. To fit these networks, researchers usually combine delay tolerant network (DTN) routing protocols and mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols. The DTN protocol separates end-to-end links into multiple DTN links, which consist of multi-hop MANET links. Determining how to arrange DTN links and MANET links from source to end and dealing with intermittent links are performance issues, because node density ranges from sparse to dense and MANET protocols are much lighter than DTN protocols. This paper presents HMDTN, an application-network cross-layer framework, to solve the previously mentioned issues. The application layer in HMDTN supports disrupt tolerance with a large data buffer while adjusting the routing table on the basis of the connection state of links (link is disrupted or recovered), which are collected by the network layer. As a result, HMDTN increases the bandwidth utilization of intermittent links without compromising the efficiency of the MANET protocol in a reliable network. The HMDTN prototype was implemented based on Bytewalla (a Java version of DTN2) and Netfilter-based AODV. Experiments on Android devices show that unlike AODV and Epidemic, HMDTN increases the bandwidth utilization of intermittent links with a negligible increase of network overhead. In particular, HMDTN maintains the network throughput as high as regular network conditions even if the network undergoes relatively long-term (dozens of seconds or few minutes) data link disruptions.

     

A routing protocol for mobile ad‐hoc networks using the profit optimization model

Recently, wireless networks have become one of the major development trends in computer network technology. Because there is no more need of the wired transmission medium, applications have thus diversified. One such growing field of wireless networks is the mobile ad‐hoc network (MANET). A MANET consists of mobile hosts (such as portable laptops, vehicles, etc.), and no fixed infrastructure is required. MANETs provide ease of self‐configuration and can extend coverage at a low cost. Numerous applications have therefore been proposed under this network environment for daily life use. Because MANETs nodes are capable of moving, MANET network topology changes frequently. Thus, the traditional routing protocols fail to fit such an environment. In this paper, we propose an efficient routing protocol for MANETs, which integrates the mathematical model of profit optimization (the Kelly formula) from the field of economics to cope with the routing problem caused by node mobility. Some numerical simulations have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method using the network simulator NS‐2. The results show that our proposed method outperforms conventional routing protocols in packet delivery ratio comparisons; and the average end‐to‐end delays are within a tolerable range. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

移动自组网络MANET路由策略综述

路由策略是网络技术研究的焦点问题之一。由于移动自组网络MANET中节点的动态性和节点资源的有限性,以及多媒体应用服务质量的需求,导致在MANET网络实现路由存在诸多困难。综述了目前文献中基于MANET网络的普通路由协议和满足服务质量需求的QoS路由协议/算法,详细说明了不同协议的实现过程和存在的优缺点,并指出了目前路由策略研究中存在的问题和将来的发展方向。     

A survey of routing attacks in mobile ad hoc networks

Recently, mobile ad hoc networks became a hot research topic among researchers due to their flexibility and independence of network infrastructures, such as base stations. Due to unique characteristics, such as dynamic network topology, limited bandwidth, and limited battery power, routing in a MANET is a particularly challenging task compared to a conventional network. Early work in MANET research has mainly focused on developing an efficient routing mechanism in such a highly dynamic and resource-constrained network. At present, several efficient routing protocols have been proposed for MANET. Most of these protocols assume a trusted and cooperative environment. However, in the presence of malicious nodes, the networks are vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. In MANET, routing attacks are particularly serious. In this article, we investigate the state-of-the-art of security issues in MANET. In particular, we examine routing attacks, such as link spoofing and colluding misrelay attacks, as well as countermeasures against such attacks in existing MANET protocols.